The selection of the bulk power transmission technology in offshore wind farms is strongly related to the wind farm size and its distance to shore. Several alternatives can be evaluated depending on the rated power of the offshore wind farm, the transmission losses and the investment cost for constructing the transmission system. However, when is necessary to connect larger and more distant offshore wind farms; the best technological solution tends to the transmission system based on highvoltage and direct-current with line commutated converters (LCC-HVdc). This dissertation proposes the use of diode-based rectifers as a technical alternative to replace the thyristor-based rectifers in an LCC-HVdc link with unidirectional power flow. This alternative shows advantages with regard to lower conduction losses, lower installation costs and higher reliability. Nonetheless, as a counterpart the offshore ac-grid control performed by the thyristor-based HVdc rectifer is no longer available. This lack of control is compensated by using new control strategies over an offshore wind farm composed by wind turbines with permanent-magnet generators and fully-rated converters. The control strategies have been based mainly on the ability of the wind turbine grid-side converter to perform the control of the offshore ac-grid voltage and frequency. The performance has been evaluated by using PSCAD. Wherein, the most common grid disturbances have been used to demonstrate the fault-ride-through capability as well as the adequate steady state and transient response. / Rodríguez D'derlée, JJ. (2013). Control strategies for offshore wind farms based on PMSG wind turbines and HVdc connection with uncontrolled rectifier [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34510

Atualmente, a energia eólica é uma das fontes renováveis mais reconhecidas, e sua penetração em sistemas elétricos de potência está se incrementando consideravelmente. Por consequência, a participação de turbinas eólicas em sistemas elétricos de potência tem se incrementado e pode influenciar o comportamento geral do sistema de potência. Portanto, é importante estudar o desempenho de turbinas eólicas em sistemas elétricos e sua interação com outros equipamentos de geração e cargas. O principal objetivo nesta dissertação é determinar o desempenho dinâmico de diferentes tecnologias ligadas nos sistemas elétricos considerando diferentes níveis de penetração e diferentes perturbações elétricas mediante simulações realizadas usando um toolbox de Matlab/Simulink, SimPowerSystems. As tecnologias avaliadas são (a) o gerador de indução duplamente alimentado com fator de potência unitário, (b) o gerador de indução duplamente alimentado com controle de tensão, (c) o gerador de indução de gaiola de esquilo com compensação baseada em condensadores, e (d) gerador de indução de gaiola de esquilo sem equipamentos auxiliares. Os fatores técnicos analisados são perfil de tensão em estado estacionário, as dinâmicas durante afundamentos e elevações de tensão, correntes de curto circuito, e incremento gradual nas cargas do sistema, para verificar a estabilidade de tensão da rede para pequenas perturbações. É proposta uma estratégia para promover uma integração efetiva de turbinas eólicas em sistemas de potência com altos níveis de penetração considerando diferentes normas de operação da rede para sistemas de transmissão e de distribuição. O objetivo nesta estratégia é o cumprimento dos requisitos para conexão de rede com a combinação de tecnologias, minimizando o valor do investimento. Os efeitos na estabilidade de sistemas de potência da fazenda eólica determinada com a metodologia proposta são comparados com os efeitos de uma fazenda eólica de igual capacidade de energia eólica considerando somente geradores de indução duplamente alimentados com controle de tensão. Para as analises realizadas neste trabalho são considerados os sistemas IEEE de 9 e 30 barras. / Nowadays, wind power is one of the most accepted renewable energy sources, and its penetration in electrical power systems is increasing considerably. Consequently, the participation of wind turbines in electrical power systems has increased and may influence the overall power system behavior. It is therefore important to study the performance of wind turbines in electrical power systems and their interaction with other generation equipment and loads. The main objective of this dissertation is to determine the dynamic performance of different wind turbines technologies connected in electrical system considering different penetration levels and electrical perturbations by simulations performed using a Matlab/Simulink toolbox, SimPowerSystems. The assessed technologies are (a) double fed induction generator with unity power factor, (b) double fed induction generator with voltage control, (c) squirrel cage induction generator with capacitor-based compensation, and (d) squirrel cage induction generator without ancillary devices. The technical factors analyzed are steady-state voltage profile, the dynamics during voltage sags and swells, short-circuit currents, and gradual increase in the system loading, in order to check the network small-disturbance voltage stability. A strategy to promote an effective integration of wind turbines into the power systems with high levels of wind power penetration regarding different grid code requirements in transmission and distribution networks is proposed. The objective in this strategy is fulfilling the grid code requirements with a technology combination, minimizing the invested value. The effects on power system stability of the wind farm, found by the proposed methodology, are compared with the effects that have the same installed capacity of wind power but only considering double fed induction generators with voltage control. The IEEE 9 bus transmission system and the IEEE 30 bus system are regarded for the analysis performed in this work.

Atualmente, a energia eólica é uma das fontes renováveis mais reconhecidas, e sua penetração em sistemas elétricos de potência está se incrementando consideravelmente. Por consequência, a participação de turbinas eólicas em sistemas elétricos de potência tem se incrementado e pode influenciar o comportamento geral do sistema de potência. Portanto, é importante estudar o desempenho de turbinas eólicas em sistemas elétricos e sua interação com outros equipamentos de geração e cargas. O principal objetivo nesta dissertação é determinar o desempenho dinâmico de diferentes tecnologias ligadas nos sistemas elétricos considerando diferentes níveis de penetração e diferentes perturbações elétricas mediante simulações realizadas usando um toolbox de Matlab/Simulink, SimPowerSystems. As tecnologias avaliadas são (a) o gerador de indução duplamente alimentado com fator de potência unitário, (b) o gerador de indução duplamente alimentado com controle de tensão, (c) o gerador de indução de gaiola de esquilo com compensação baseada em condensadores, e (d) gerador de indução de gaiola de esquilo sem equipamentos auxiliares. Os fatores técnicos analisados são perfil de tensão em estado estacionário, as dinâmicas durante afundamentos e elevações de tensão, correntes de curto circuito, e incremento gradual nas cargas do sistema, para verificar a estabilidade de tensão da rede para pequenas perturbações. É proposta uma estratégia para promover uma integração efetiva de turbinas eólicas em sistemas de potência com altos níveis de penetração considerando diferentes normas de operação da rede para sistemas de transmissão e de distribuição. O objetivo nesta estratégia é o cumprimento dos requisitos para conexão de rede com a combinação de tecnologias, minimizando o valor do investimento. Os efeitos na estabilidade de sistemas de potência da fazenda eólica determinada com a metodologia proposta são comparados com os efeitos de uma fazenda eólica de igual capacidade de energia eólica considerando somente geradores de indução duplamente alimentados com controle de tensão. Para as analises realizadas neste trabalho são considerados os sistemas IEEE de 9 e 30 barras. / Nowadays, wind power is one of the most accepted renewable energy sources, and its penetration in electrical power systems is increasing considerably. Consequently, the participation of wind turbines in electrical power systems has increased and may influence the overall power system behavior. It is therefore important to study the performance of wind turbines in electrical power systems and their interaction with other generation equipment and loads. The main objective of this dissertation is to determine the dynamic performance of different wind turbines technologies connected in electrical system considering different penetration levels and electrical perturbations by simulations performed using a Matlab/Simulink toolbox, SimPowerSystems. The assessed technologies are (a) double fed induction generator with unity power factor, (b) double fed induction generator with voltage control, (c) squirrel cage induction generator with capacitor-based compensation, and (d) squirrel cage induction generator without ancillary devices. The technical factors analyzed are steady-state voltage profile, the dynamics during voltage sags and swells, short-circuit currents, and gradual increase in the system loading, in order to check the network small-disturbance voltage stability. A strategy to promote an effective integration of wind turbines into the power systems with high levels of wind power penetration regarding different grid code requirements in transmission and distribution networks is proposed. The objective in this strategy is fulfilling the grid code requirements with a technology combination, minimizing the invested value. The effects on power system stability of the wind farm, found by the proposed methodology, are compared with the effects that have the same installed capacity of wind power but only considering double fed induction generators with voltage control. The IEEE 9 bus transmission system and the IEEE 30 bus system are regarded for the analysis performed in this work.

Cette thèse de doctorat propose une méthodologie d’identification et de quantification du gisement éolien dans un contexte insulaire caractérisé par une topographie complexe et une forte pression sur l’usage des sols, puis elle l’applique au cas de l’île de La Réunion. Notre approche est interdisciplinaire, faisant appel tour à tour au droit, à la géographie, à la statistique et à la physique pour quantifier le gisement éolien à l’île de La Réunion, puis à l’économie pour évaluer le coût d’exploitation de ce gisement et définir des politiques publiques de soutien à la production d’électricité éolienne. La première partie de la thèse évalue l’impact du cadre réglementaire foncier sur le potentiel éolien en termes de puissance éolienne crête installable à La Réunion. Ce cadre réglementaire est défini en termes de scenarios décrivant les enjeux sociaux et environnementaux propres à l’installation de capacités éoliennes à l’île de La Réunion. Une approche basée sur les Systèmes d’Information Géographique est développée pour identifier la répartition spatiale des sites éoliens accessibles en fonction de l’évolution du cadre juridique foncier à La Réunion. La deuxième partie de la thèse vise à quantifier le gisement éolien sur les sites accessibles du point de vue règlementaire. La thèse expose la méthodologie d’étude de la distribution jointe de la distribution de la vitesse et de la direction horizontales du vent basée sur une analyse des variations saisonnières et journalières, et identifie les différents régimes de vent en vigueur à La Réunion. Elle justifie le recours au modèle paramétrique de Weibull dans un cadre probabiliste et montre l’intérêt d’utiliser un mélange de distributions de Weibull conditionnelles à la direction du vent, pour quantifier le potentiel éolien d’un site, par rapport au modèle conventionnel de Weibull à deux paramètres. La thèse présente également une méthodologie de construction de l’information géographique concernant les obstacles au sol, nécessaire pour profiler le cisaillement vertical du vent à La Réunion. Elle propose ensuite deux méthodes de prévision spatiale de la ressource éolienne permettant de l’évaluer à partir des observations réalisées aux stations météorologiques disponibles et utilise ces méthodes pour modéliser l’évolution spatiale de la moyenne et du coefficient de variation empiriques de la vitesse du vent. La dernière partie de notre thèse présente une méthode d’évaluation croisée de la politique réglementaire et de la politique de subvention de l’électricité éolienne par le biais de systèmes de tarifs de rachat garantis. Pour chaque scénario de politique réglementaire, on identifie les éoliennes qui sont économiquement profitables dans le cadre de la politique publique de subvention de l’éolien pratiquée à La Réunion. Pour chaque scénario réglementaire, on évalue également le niveau du tarif de rachat garanti de l’électricité éolienne permettant d’atteindre les objectifs publics de développement de l’éolien à La Réunion, ce qui permet de chiffrer le montant du subventionnement public nécessaire pour atteindre ces objectifs. / This doctoral thesis proposes a methodology to identify and quantify the wind power resource in a context characterized by a complex topography and a strong competition for land use, and then it applies it to the case of Reunion island. Our approach is interdisciplinary by using in turn law, geography, statistics and physics to quantify the wind power resource in Reunion Island, then economics to cost the mining of this deposit and to formulate public policies to support wind power generation. The first part of the thesis assesses the impact of land regulatory framework on the wind power resource defined in terms of installable peak power. This regulatory framework is defined in terms of scenarios depicting the social and environmental challenges associated with wind power generation in Reunion Island. A methodology based on Geographic Information Systems is developed to identify the spatial distribution of installable wind farms and to assess the impact of an evolution of land legal framework in Reunion. The second part of the thesis aims at quantifying the wind power on sites accessible from a regulatory point of view. The thesis presents a methodology to study the joint distribution of horizontal wind speed and direction based on the analysis of its seasonal and daily variations, and identifies the different wind regimes in force in Reunion. The thesis supports the use of Weibull distribution model on ground of probability theory, and provides evidence of superiority of using a mixture of Weibull distributions conditional on wind direction to quantify the wind power resource of an accessible site with respect to the use of the conventional marginal two parameters Weibull model. The thesis also provides a methodology to construct the geographical information regarding ground obstacles necessary for profiling the vertical wind shear profile in Reunion. Then, the thesis proposes two spatial prediction methods to assess the spatial distribution of wind resource allowing its estimation from the observations recorded at the available weather stations, and uses these methods to model the spatial evolution of the wind speed mean and variation coefficient. The last part of the thesis provides a method to cross assess the regulatory public policy and the public subsidy policy for wind power generation through feed-in-tariff schemes. For each regulatory scenario, we identify the wind power plants which are profitable under existing feed-in-tariff schemes. For each regulatory scenario, we also evaluate the level at which the feed-in-tariff must be set to reach public objectives of wind power development in Reunion, which allows to assess the amount of public subsidy needed to achieve these objectives.

Nous proposons dans cette thèse, différents outils de réglage de tension et de gestion de la puissance réactive en fonction des conditions de raccordement des éoliennes au réseau électrique. Trois cas figure sont étudiés : raccordement direct sur un poste source de distribution, raccordement des éoliennes réparties dans un réseau de distribution et raccordement d’un ensemble de parcs éoliens au réseau de transport.Un algorithme de réglage basé sur l’asservissement de la puissance réactive est proposé pour le raccordement direct d'un parc sur un poste source. Un réglage coordonné de tension en présence de régleur en charge est proposé (D-RCT) pour le raccordement des éoliennes reparties dans un réseau de distribution. On propose aussi une version plus décentralisée du réglage coordonné (D2-RCT) qui pourrait être implantée sous forme de système multi-agents intelligents (SMA). Un system de control multi-niveaux est proposé pour le raccordement d’un ensemble de parcs éoliens au réseau de transport. Il permet de répondre de manière optimale à une demande puissance réactive envoyée par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport. Les différents types de réglages proposés sont basés sur des algorithmes d’optimisation multi-objectifs. Afin de valider en temps réel le bon fonctionnement des stratégies de réglages développées ainsi que leurs modes de communication, une implantation expérimentale sous simulateur temps réel RT-Lab a été effectuée. Enfin, les résultats des simulations montrent l’amélioration de l’intégration de la production décentralisée dans les réseaux électriques / In this PhD dissertation, we propose various voltage and reactive power regulation algorithms for different connection types of the wind farm to the power network. Three connection types are considered here: a wind farm connected directly to the distribution network, dispersed wind turbines connected to the distribution network and a set of wind farms connected to the transmission system.A closed loop controller (Wind Farm Controller) is proposed in case of a directly connected wind farm to the distribution network.A coordinated voltage control in the presence of on load tap changer (D-CVC) is proposed in case of dispersed wind turbines connected to the distribution network. We also propose a more decentralized version of D-CVC named D2-CVC; this version can be also implemented under multi-agent system (MAS).A multi-level control system is proposed in case of a set of wind farms connected to the transmission system. It allows the wind farms to optimally participate at reactive power balancing in transmission network. All the proposed voltage algorithms are based on a multi-objective optimization function. The experimental implementation of these regulation algorithms is run under RT-Lab real-time simulator. It allows validating their real-time operation and their communication modes before the implementation on a real site.The results of the current thesis show the improvement of distributed generation integration in the power system network

L’intégration de l’énergie éolienne, qui est une ressource renouvelable très utilisée, n’est pas toujours facile pour le micro-réseau urbain. Dans cette thèse, une éolienne urbaine basée sur une machine synchrone à aimants permanents (MSAP) est étudiée pour être intégrée dans un micro-réseau urbain à courant continu. Un état de l'art concernant les énergies renouvelables, les micro-réseaux à courant continu et les stratégies de contrôle de la production d'énergie éolienne, est réalisée. Basé sur un modèle d’éolienne urbaine répondant à la demande du système électrique, qui se compose d’un émulateur de vent et de pales, un MSAP et un convertisseur DC/DC, cette thèse propose des méthodes de poursuite du point de puissance maximale satisfaisant à l’obligation de produire de l’énergie dans la mesure du possible. Une stratégie de contrôle à puissance limitée répond correctement. De simples à complexes, quatre algorithmes MPPT, P&O à pas fixe, P&O à pas variable avec la méthode Newton-Raphson améliorée, P&O à pas variable à base de logique floue et une méthode indirecte de type lookup table, sont étudiés et implémentés pour être comparés à l’aide de trois profils de vitesse du vent. Par expérimentation, les algorithmes MPPT et PLC sont comparés, analysés et discutés. Résumant tous les résultats expérimentaux, la méthode lookup table peut gérer toutes les exigences du mode de fonctionnement MPPT en présentant la meilleure performance, mais, dans le mode de fonctionnement PLC, la P&O à base de logique floue présente les meilleures performances. / The integration of the wind power, which is one mostly used renewable resource, is always one challenger for urban microgrid. In this thesis, one urban wind turbine based on a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is studied in order to be integrated into a DC urban microgrid. A state of the art concerning the renewable energies, DC microgrid, and control strategies of wind power generation is done. Based on a model of urban wind turbine fitting the demand of urban electric system, which consists of an emulator of wind speed and blades, a PMSM and a DC/DC converter, this thesis proposes the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods satisfying the requirement of producing energy as much as possible, and power limited control (PLC) strategies answering the demand of flexible energy production. From simple to complex, four MPPT algorithms including Perturbation and Observation (P&O) fixed step-size method, P&O with improved Newton-Raphson method, P&O with fuzzy logic method and lookup table method are studied and implemented to be compared with each other using three wind velocity profiles. According to the experience about MPPT subject, four PLC algorithms are introduced and implemented to be analyzed and compared with each other with one power demand profile calculated randomly. Summarizing all experimental results, the lookup table method can handle all requirement of MPPT operating mode supplying the best performance, however, in the condition of more flexible power demand operating mode, the combination of P&O and fuzzy logic method presents the best performance and potential which can be achieved in future works.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer l'approche la plus appropriée afin de minimiser le coût d'intégration de petite éolienne dans un micro-réseau DC urbain. Une petit éolienne basé sur un machine synchrone à aimant permanent (MSAP) est considéré à étudier. Un état de l'art concernant les énergies renouvelables, micro-réseau DC, et la production d'énergie éolienne, est fait. Comme le capteur mécanique de cette structure est relativement d'un coût élevé, les différents types de contrôle pour un système de conversion éolienne sont présentés afin de choisir une structure active de conversion d'énergie et un MSAP sans capteur. Par conséquent, un estimateur de vitesse/position est nécessaire pour contrôler le système. Ainsi, les méthodes différentes proposées dans la littérature sont considérées et classifiées à étudier dans les détails, puis les plus efficaces et largement utilisés sont à vérifier dans la simulation et expérimentalement pour le système étudié. Les méthodes choisies sont: estimation de la flux de rotor avec boucle à verrouillage de phase (PLL), observateur à mode glissement (SMO), observateur de Luenberger d'ordre réduit, et filtre de Kalman étendu (EKF). Face à d'autres méthodes, l'estimateur basé sur un modèle EKF permet une commande sans capteur dans une large plage de vitesse et estime la vitesse de rotation avec une réponse rapide. Le réglage des paramètres EKF est le problème principal à sa mise en œuvre. Par conséquent, pour résoudre ce problème, la thèse présente une méthode adaptative, à savoir réglage-adaptatif d’EKF. En conséquence, et grâce à cette approche, le coût total du système de conversion est réduite et la performance est garantie et optimisée. / The aim of this thesis is to propose the most appropriate approach in order to minimize the cost of integration of a wind generator into a DC urban microgrid. A small-scale wind generator based on a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is considered to be studied. A state of the art concerning the renewable energies, DC microgrid, and wind power generation is done. As the mechanical sensor for this structure is relatively of high cost, various types of wind conversion system control are presented in order to choose an energy conversion active structure and a sensorless PMSM. Therefore, a speed/position estimator is required to control the system. Thus, different methods proposed in literatures are considered and classified to be studied in details, and then the most effective and widely used ones are to be verified in simulation and experimentally for the studied system. The methods which are chosen are: rotor flux estimation with phase locked loop (PLL), sliding mode observer (SMO), Luenberger observer of reduced order, and extended Kalman filter (EKF). Facing to other methods, the EKF model-based estimator allows sensorless drive control in a wide speed range and estimates the rotation speed with a rapid response. The EKF parameters tuning is the main problem to its implementation. Hence, to solve this problem, the thesis introduces an adaptive method, i.e. adaptive-tuning EKF. As a result and grace to this approach, the total cost of conversion system is reduced and the performance is guaranteed and optimized.