There has been considerable debate in the gender and development literature on income earning opportunities and their empowerment potential for women, particularly rural women, in developing countries. In this, a critical question for the empowerment of women is, does access to resources, for example, enterprise income, translate into power and its various manifestations for women within their households? This study argues that access to resources alone is not a sufficient prerequisite for empowerment. Improved access to resources will only transform into empowerment outcomes if women are able to exercise their agency to achieve desired outcomes. The study, therefore, highlights the centrality of agency in the empowerment process. Agency acts as a link between resources on the one hand and empowerment outcomes on the other. Furthermore, the relationship between agency and empowerment is dialectical as the two concepts under investigation are constitutive of each other. Put differently, enhanced agency results in empowerment, which in turn feeds back to increased agency, leading to further empowerment. Hence, empowerment is presented as both an outcome of the exercise of agency and a driver of agency. The study frames the question of agency and empowerment within feminist theory of agency - Western, African and South African. Using a case study of the Ikhowe Craft Group in rural Eshowe, the study examines the role of agency in the empowerment process for rural women crafters in two ways. Firstly, through the feminist political ecology approach, it evaluates their ability to access the natural resource, Cyperus spp. for use in craft making. Secondly, it examines their individual agency within their households and their collective agency in the Craft Group. Within the overarching feminist research paradigm, a mixed methods research methodology was used, which entailed embedding quantitative data collection and presentation within qualitative research techniques. The empirical evidence suggests that the women crafters’ agency was enacted and empowerment achieved within a context of enablement and constraints, with gender culture and traditional leadership emerging as significant variables that mediate the rural women’s agency within their households and in accessing the raw material for their craft. Gender and culture intersect to influence how the women construct their identities, roles and responsibilities within their households. Despite the constraints of social structure, the women emerge as important agents of social change in their households. In addition, the study has revealed the private sphere to be a significant site of both the women crafters’ agency and subordination. Hence, any conceptualization of women’s agency and empowerment, particularly that of rural women, needs to be context-specific to be able to adequately capture the realities of the women that impinge on their ability to act. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

The Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EEA) deals with the achievement of equity in the workplace. This involves the promotion of equal opportunities and fair treatment as well as the implementation of affirmative action measures. Telkom, like many other organizations in South Africa was, and is expected to comply with the Act. Compliance includes the development and promotion of female employees into leadership positions. Very few Telkom female employees are in top leadership positions. Even those that are in top positions have been recruited externally. South African history may play a role in the problem by regarding males as leaders at work and at home. The intention of the study was to explore leadership challenges facing female employees within Telkom and to be able to understand the perceptions and realities accompanying these challenges. Theories based on gender, traits, leadership, the hierarchy of needs and development were used as the theoretical framework in this study. The systems thinking approach was used to assist in looking towards a broader perspective. The population of the study was female employees at Telkom Head Office in Pretoria. From these, twelve served as a sample for the study. In gathering data, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative analysis was used to analyse data. Analysis and interpretation involved identifying themes, coding and interpretation. The findings in the study are: the strong belief that leadership is solely for males or females is incorrect; there are leadership challenges facing Telkom female employees. The study focused on leadership challenges facing Telkom female employees at middle management, junior management and operational level. These are OP to M4. It is for this reason that the researcher thinks that a future study that will focus on leadership challenges facing top and senior female leaders can be conducted for comparison, as well as another study to ascertain the influence of the working environment on these leaders. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

This research report set out to provide an evaluation of the progress made by the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development with respect to affirmative action and employment equity, and particularly with respect to the promotion of greater gender equity in employment, especially at the management levels.

Essa dissertação mapeia e interpreta trajetórias de mulheres participantes do projeto de geração de renda Vitrine Social, a fim de compreender os valores, relações e conflitos envolvidos nos processos de capacitação, produção e comercialização de artefatos. A pesquisa está centrada nas trajetórias de vida de quatro mulheres que participaram do Programa Vitrine Social, na cidade de Curitiba-PR entre os anos de 2010 e 2015 e que comercializam seus produtos nas feiras de artesanato de Curitiba, mais especificamente, nas feiras do Largo da Ordem e da Praça Osório. A partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, apresentamos os embates vivenciados no processo de tornar-se uma “empreendedora-artesã”, uma vez que o programa se propõe a formar empreendedoras/es. Os procedimentos metodológicos realizados para esta pesquisa qualitativa foram observação participante nas feiras de artesanato, registros em diário de campo e entrevistas que foram guiadas a partir das materialidades confeccionadas ao longo do curso: colchas de patchwork costuradas pelos grupos, portfólios de costura e outros produtos costurados. Em diálogo com as narrativas e memórias das interlocutoras deste trabalho, procuramos produzir uma imagem de todo processo: a decisão por começar a fazer o curso, a trajetória de aprendizado da costura e de noções de gestão de negócios, a formação de um grupo produtivo (e de um “projeto” coletivo), a comercialização nas feiras de artesanato, o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e, por fim, a produção dentro dos lares. Com um olhar sensível às relações e aos espaços envolvidos em cada etapa, foi possível evidenciar a não homogeneidade do processo de aprendizado e das formas de criação e produção de artefatos costurados. / This thesis maps and interprets women’s trajectories, which participate in a social project called Vitrine Social, which goal is to generate income. The aim is to understand values, relationships and conflicts experienced during training, production and commercialization of the handcrafts. This research is centred on life trajectories of four women, who were participants of the Vitrine Social in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, from 2010 to 2015 and sold their products in Curitiba’s handicraft fairs, mainly at Largo da Ordem and Praça Osório Fairs. From a gender perspective, we present conflicts experienced in the process of becoming a “handcraft-businesswoman”, since this program proposes to form entrepreneurs. The methodological procedures performed on this qualitative research were participative observation of handicraft fairs, records on field diaries and life history interviews with participants from latest groups of Vitrine Social. Interviews were guided starting from handcrafts made during the course: patchwork bedspreads sewed by groups, sewing portfolios and other stitched products. In dialogue with conversationalist narratives and memories we attempted to build an image of the whole process: the decision of taking part of the course, the learning process of sewing, the business management, the formation of a productive group (and of a “Project” collective), commercialization in craft fairs, the new product development, and at last, the production at home. Looking carefully at relationships and spaces involved in each stage, it was possible to evidence inhomogeneity in the learning process, development and production of sewed handcrafts.

This study critically assesses how far the Mauritian EPZ, which consists of a predominantly female workforce, is conducive to women’s empowerment, particularly in a context of rife global competition. Focus Group Discussions with actual female workers and semi-directive interviews of those who have been laid off reveal that there have effectively been some benefits which may be construed as empowerment. However, low wages and harsh treatment of workers at the workplace, compounded with rising costs of living and pervasive patriarchal values impede the extent of empowerment. Yet, when contrasted with the experiences of laid off women, the centrality of employment becomes more palpable. The experiences of job loss are in many cases destructive of not only the laid-off worker’s self-image and aspirations, but also on their ability to juggle with poverty and its associated outcomes. Despite being a relatively difficult sector to work in, its benefits outweigh its limitations. / Sociology / MA (Social Science)

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-11-21T09:01:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luna Pereira Gimenez.pdf: 1634913 bytes, checksum: 5c77ad014c0b772ece6b52916c0486da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T09:01:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luna Pereira Gimenez.pdf: 1634913 bytes, checksum: 5c77ad014c0b772ece6b52916c0486da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Women have been fighting for recognition for a long time, whether within their homes or in other contexts of society, such as for political representativeness or in the labor market. Work has represented an important factor in the construction of contemporary women’s identity, often playing a key role in their daily life. The aim of this dissertation was to weave a Jungian approach of the feminine and of women and investigate how these relate within the scope of the labor market, a highly important social sector in contemporary life. To this end, a qualitative research design was adopted. Analytical psychology was used as the theoretical framework. Thus, the ontological perspective that grounds this study is based on the assumption that psychic reality is expressed through images and symbols. Data analysis was conducted through a symbolic understanding of the content of the speech and drawings of seven women inserted in the labor market in leadership positions, between 28 and 40 years old, results which were correlated with Jungian theory. Some central ideas were formulated as result of the analysis: the feminine appears in the discourse of the participants as a group of aspects, such as: caregiving, sixth sense, and the ability to multitask. However, other characteristics normally associated with the masculine were cited as feminine, such as planning. Many conflicts and much suffering that emerged from the workplace such as moral and sexual harassment, and discrimination, were strongly associated by the women with Brazilian culture; motherhood was presented as a conflict-introducing element in relation to a women’s professional identity. On telling their stories, they contributed to the construction of the knowledge lapidated here in this study. They pointed to the possibility of realizing themselves as women in the context of aspects considered masculine, presented new configurations of expressions of what they call “feminine,” and indicated the need to be seen as having potential to achieve under any circumstance. Analytical psychology and the clinical context, linked to profession’s ethical commitment, enables and fosters fertile ground for new configurations and demands to be embraced, reflected about, cared for and transformed into action in the world, by means of those who appropriate these increasingly wide-reaching changes / As mulheres há muito lutam por reconhecimento, seja dentro de seus lares ou em outros diversos âmbitos da sociedade, como na representatividade política ou no mercado de trabalho, por exemplo. O trabalho caracteriza-se como fator importante na constituição de identidade das mulheres contemporâneas, muitas vezes ocupando um espaço central na vida cotidiana destas. A pesquisa teve como objetivo uma compreensão junguiana do feminino e da mulher, bem como essas se relacionam no âmbito do mercado de trabalho, seguimento social que se caracteriza como fator de grande importância nas vidas contemporâneas. Para tanto, o método utilizado foi o qualitativo de pesquisa. O referencial teórico é o da psicologia analítica, de forma que a perspectiva ontológica que subsidia esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que a realidade psíquica se expressa por meio de imagens e símbolos. A análise se deu por meio de uma compreensão simbólica do conteúdo das falas e desenhos de sete mulheres inseridas no mercado de trabalho em cargos de liderança, de 28 a 40 anos, articulando tais achados com a teoria junguiana. Chegou-se à formulação de algumas ideias centrais como resultados da análise: o feminino aparece no discurso das participante na qualidade de conjunto de aspectos como, por exemplo, cuidado, sexto sentido e habilidade de fazer diversas coisas ao mesmo tempo. Entretanto, outras características normalmente associadas ao masculino foram citadas como femininas, como por exemplo o planejamento; as mulheres associam muitos conflitos e sofrimentos advindos do ambiente de trabalho como o assédio moral e sexual e a discriminação, ao fato de que os aspectos chamados de femininos são fortemente associados à mulher na nossa cultura; e a maternidade é apresentada como geradora de conflito quando em relação à identidade de mulher profissional. Contando suas histórias, contribuíram para a construção do conhecimento aqui lapidado. Evidenciaram a possiblidade de realizar-se como mulheres no domínio dos aspectos considerados masculinos, apresentaram novas configurações de expressão do que chamam de feminino e apontaram para a necessidade de serem vistas com potencial de realização sob qualquer aspecto. A psicologia analítica e o contexto clínico, atrelados a uma atitude de compromisso ético que a profissão pressupõe, permitem e promovem terreno fértil para que as novas configurações e demandas sejam abarcadas, pensadas, cuidadas e transformadas em ação no mundo, por meio daqueles que se apropriam de tais mudanças cada vez mais amplas

O final do século XIX, com a inserção maciça da mulher no mercado de trabalho, se deu início a um processo de fusão e, mútua ocupação, do espaço doméstico (privado) e do público. Nesse cenário, percebe-se mudanças significativas, nas suas trajetórias econômica, profissional e familiar. Tomando essa cartografia como contexto, este trabalho consistiu analisar, as múltiplas atividades desenvolvidas pela mulher (nos âmbitos domésticos e profissionais) e as possíveis ressonâncias sobre a saúde. Participaram desse estudo, sete mulheres residentes na Região Metropolitana do Recife, e com rotina diária, de duas ou mais, jornadas de trabalho. Suas idades, variaram entre 30 e 49 anos. No que se refere à profissão, uma era taxista; duas professoras do estado, locadas em área de risco; duas policiais militares; e uma segurança armada. Realizamos entrevistas semidirigidas, no local de melhor conveniência das participantes. Posteriormente, elegeu-se como procedimento de organização, descrição e análise das falas das entrevistadas, a análise temática de conteúdo. Identificaram-se três unidades de sentido, a saber: sobrecarga das múltiplas atividades; identificação com a profissão; e repercussões sobre a saúde e estratégias de enfrentamento. Neste contexto, identificamos a presença de uma grande satisfação e realização nas tarefas e nos compromissos assumidos por essas mulheres, contudo, alguns impactos negativos foram notados. O preço pelo alto desempenho e, elevadas cobranças, culminaram em diversas formas de sofrimento e sobrecarrega emocional. Entre os quais, destacamos: presença de alguns sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade, assim como, pressão alta, insônia, excesso de peso, estresse e dores de cabeça. A busca por redes de apoio familiar e social, se configurou como o mais importante fator de proteção ao risco e manutenção da saúde no grupo estudado. Essas parcerias assumiram lugar fundamental, na tessitura das estratégias de enfrentamento para o grupo estudado. O estudo da interação, entre as múltiplas atividades desenvolvidas pela mulher e, as ressonâncias sobre a saúde permitiram fornecer informações e recursos para o desenvolvimento de intervenções clínicas, como também, de subsídios para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas, que visem o atendimento e proteção das necessidades da mulher no exercício de suas variadas funções / The Final of the XIX century, with the massif (salid) insercion of woman into the market of work, has given origin to a process of fusion and mutual occupation of the domestic (private) space and of the public one. In this scenery, we can perceive meaninful changes in her economical, profissional and familiar trajectories. Using, employing this cartography as a certain context, this work has consisted os analysing the multiple activities developed by woman (in her domestic and profissional fields of action) and the possible resonanges upon her healthiness. Seven women from the Metropolitan Region of Recife, having in their daily work routine, two or more days labor. Their ages varied from 30 to 49 years old . Relating to profession, one of them was a taxical driver; two of them were teachers from state of pernambucos official schools, locates in risking areas; two of them from women military police, and one from armed-weaponed safety. We had perfomed, accomplished semidirect interviews in the participants better convenience place. Later on, we have elected, chosen, as the inverviwed persons speeches organization, description and analysis proceeding, content thematic analysis. We have identified meaning three units of senses, multiple activities overload; identification with profession and resonanges upon healthiness and confronting strategies-fieds a great satisfaction presence and fruition in their tasks and in the commitments assumed by these women. However, notwith-standing, we have found out some negative impacts. Price for high fulfillment and high changes, exigences on demands have reached their clímax, their highest point in suffering several ways and emotional overload wchich we can emphasize: some depressive syntoms and anxiety syntoms presence, as well as high pressure, sleeplesness, height excess, stress and headaches. The supporting nets search -the familiar and social ones - has taken shape has (configurated itself) as the most important factor of protection to healthiness risk and maintenance in this studied group. These partnerships have assumed, have developed a fundamental locus- place in these women confronting strategies texture. The interaction study among the multiples activities accomplished, developed by women and their resonance upon their healthiness has allowed, permitted providing (informations and ressonances for clinical interventions development, as well as subsidies for public politics furnishing that aim at the women needs attendances and protection in their several and varied functions exercise

No description available.

Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Public Management In the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / One of the post 1994 Government foremost tasks has been to transform the Public Service into an efficient and effective instrument capable of delivering equitable service to all citizens and driving the country’s economic and social development. Towards this end a number of legislative and policy changes were made which saw the emergence of a new public administration paradigm, both in terms of how Public service are to be managed and how they are to be delivered to the public. This was particularly relevant to the equality status of women on all levels of the public service in South Africa and the Western in particular. Transformation in the Western Cape Administration and in the two departments in particular will not advance enough to benefit the majority of the Populace adequately, unless individuals from the designated groups are largely employed in positions with authority and with real decision-making powers. Males will continue to dominate in the middle to upper levels as long as the leadership is caught up with the vicious cycle of continuing to employ people with mainly the same race and gender profile in the two departments in the Provincial government of the Western Cape. Therefore, it is critical for the Western Cape government to align their employment equity interventions, including skills and succession planning, with its employment equity objectives. Commitment by the leadership of the Western Cape Province to effectively implement the Act in substance and spirit is likely to assist transformation by creating workplaces that are equitable in nature and free from discrimination. This Mini- dissertation provides insight into the historical and current situations of women in the Western Cape and the departments of local government and human settlement in particular and ventures to make a number of recommendations to improve the status of women in the administration of the Western Cape government.

A sustentabilidade da vida humana, entendida como conjunto de atividades necessárias para o processo de reprodução social e manutenção da vida, por não ser considerada como trabalho produtivo, não tem sido tratada como prioritária para o desenvolvimento da sociedade e do indivíduo. Desenvolvida basicamente por mulheres no ambiente doméstico, é palco de desigualdades e conflitos, onde mulheres que não conseguem dividir responsabilidades vivem a dupla, tripla jornada de trabalho. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo conhecer quais as estratégias as mulheres curitibanas, que possuem trabalho remunerado fora do lar com exigência de escolaridade de nível médio, estão utilizando para enfrentar este desafio, com quem e com o que podem contar. É uma pesquisa qualitativa-interpretativa, que entrevistou 15 mulheres e procurou entender o significado da divisão sexual do trabalho, isto é, como o trabalho doméstico é dividido entre homens e mulheres de uma mesma família, e qual é a participação do Estado e do empregador. Através dos discursos das entrevistadas percebe-se que o momento é de avanços e permanências, onde a reprodução de comportamentos convive com mudança de valores e atitudes. O modelo predominante da divisão sexual do trabalho, definido por Hirata e Kergoat, é o da conciliação, embora apareçam os modelos tradicionais e de parceria em menor escala. Destaca-se também a participação das avós na emancipação das mulheres mães trabalhadoras, que podem contar com as suas próprias mães, sobretudo quando não conseguem o apoio do Estado e do empregador, por meio de creches para seus filhos. No que se refere às inovações tecnológicas notou-se que contribuíram significativamente como poupadores de tempo e esforço para realização das tarefas domésticas, mas não representam o foco principal na divisão sexual do trabalho. / The sustainability of human life, meaning the activities necessary for the process of social reproduction and life maintenance, as not conceived as productive work has not been treated as a priority for the development of the individual or the society. Performed basically by women in the domestic environment, it is the scene of inequalities and conflicts, in which women who cannot divide responsibilities face a double or triple day work. The object of this research is to know which strategies the working women of Curitiba, holders of a high school diploma, are using to go through this challenge, what services they can be provided and who they can count on. This qualitative and interpretative research has interviewed 15 women and tried to understand the meaning of the gender division of labour i.e. how is domestic work divided between men and women of the same family, and what is the role of the Government and the employer. Their testimonies evidence they are facing times of change and persistency, where the reproductive behaviour coexists with change of values and attitudes. The prevalent model of gender division of labor, defined by Hirata and Kergoat, is the conciliation, although traditional and partnership models also occur in a smaller degree. Grandmothers play a substancial role on the emancipation of the working women. They can count on their own mothers mostly when they cannot get the Government and employer’s support through day-cares for their children. Technological innovations have significantly contributed as time and effort savers for the accomplishment of domestic tasks, but do not quite picture the main focus in the gender division of labour.