Thesis (M.W.S.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 134-142.

The aim of this study is to analyse how the concept of ‘women and children’ is represented bytwo humanitarian organisations; International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) andMédecins Sans Frontières (MSF). The analyses concludes that there is (still) an assumptionthat women have an inherent vulnerability and women are often described together with‘children’ as if they are one vulnerable group instead of two. This study suggests aproblematization of the concept since activities planned by humanitarian organisations mayhave a big impact on people’s lives when assuming one group to be more vulnerable thananother.

The health of women is compromised by the experience of sexual abuse in childhood. Women who have been sexually abused in childhood say they are `healing', but there is little literature on this healing process. The purpose of my research is to gather stories of healing from women who were sexually abused in childhood, analyze them, and learn about healing. The themes that emerged were integrated with a chronological restorying of the women's narratives and the literature, resulting in a model of healing that addresses the complexities of women's lives.

The health of women is compromised by the experience of sexual abuse in childhood. Women who have been sexually abused in childhood say they are `healing', but there is little literature on this healing process. The purpose of my research is to gather stories of healing from women who were sexually abused in childhood, analyze them, and learn about healing. The themes that emerged were integrated with a chronological restorying of the women's narratives and the literature, resulting in a model of healing that addresses the complexities of women's lives.

"The research primarily investigated the causes of abduction of women and children in conflict areas in Sudan. In doing this, it addressed the effects of abduction on women and children and considered some solutions to the problems identified. The study is significant because it examines an area hitherto not addressed that is, the abduction of women and children as a result of conflict between Sudanese tribes. It differs from earlier studies, which limit their examination to the abduction of children as soldiers. An additional aim of this research is to raise the awareness of the international community's efforts at stopping the practice of abduction, with a view of ensuring that the Government of Sudan (GOS) and the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) are educated about the problem. Though the main focus of my research is abduction that arises from clashes among tribes, a portion of it has been dedicated to the issue of abduction of children by the SPLA for the purpose of engaging them as soldiers. Some International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) described the abduction of women and children as slavery, this allegation arose from the fact that the abductees were subjected to forced labour such as cutting trees for fuel and herding cattle under harsh conditions. However, the Sudanese Government and other INGOs such as the Sudan Foundation in United Kingdom have challenged this claim. Sudan, which is the largest country in Africa, is approximately 2,505,810 sg Km. Its large size constitutes the main obstacle that sets back serious efforts in the area of resolving human rights violations. The illiteracy of the poeole, especially in rural areas, plays an important role in the perpetuation of some repugnant traditions and customs that decrease the chances of interaction among the different tribes and groups in some parts of the Sudan. Disputes of socio-economic nature occasionlly arise between tribes in the war zone areas due to scarcity of water and pasture for the people and the animals. These tribal disputes, which lead to the abduction of women and children of one tribe by another, caused the Ministry of Justice in Sudan to issue an order which led to the establishment of the Committee for the Eradication of Abduction of Women and Children (CEAWC). The Committee of which I am a member, is mandated to investigate and trace abducted women and children for the purpose of retrieval." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Sylvia Tamale at the Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Uganda / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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Master of Arts / Department of Modern Languages / Douglas Benson / The purpose of this report is to demonstrate mastery of content in the Spanish MA program in Second Language Acquisition at Kansas State University. After graduation from this program, I plan to pursue a career as a high school Spanish teacher. As evidence of content mastery, this report contains my philosophy of education, which emphasizes communicative competence in the Spanish classroom. I discuss best teaching practices in presenting and practicing Spanish vocabulary and grammar with students. The use of the target language and the integration of culture and the four language skills is designed to further my students’ development through the progression of the lesson plan, from warm-up, to input, to the activity sequence, to closure. This report also contains a rationale, or how my philosophy of education directly and specifically applies to my teaching, for a unit plan including daily lessons and related appendices on the subject of the Spanish Civil War, and outlines student learning outcomes for this unit, such as the ability to compare their home culture to the culture of the second language as well as the ability to relate art and literature to the events of the war. The topic of my unit plan is of particular interest to my students and me as wars and violence are a present reality in our world. The secondary focus of my unit plan involves the significant detrimental effects of the Spanish Civil War and well as its specific consequences in the lives of women and children.

A tese ora apresentada procura discutir, a partir da análise de contratos de trabalho, artigos de jornal e, principalmente, autos produzidos no âmbito do Juízo de Órfãos da cidade de São Paulo, as condições de agenciamento e trabalho de menores de idade e suas alterações, ao longo do século XIX notadamente em sua segunda metade, diante da aproximação da abolição e seus desdobramentos. Concentrando-se nas dimensões dessas transformações estruturais vividas pelos próprios trabalhadores menores de idade e por suas mães, em grande parte mulheres sós, empobrecidas e egressas da escravidão, a tese tem o objetivo de investigar, por um lado, as formas de organização familiar e as práticas de maternidade produzidas por mulheres populares chefes de família, profundamente afetadas pela imposição de normas sociais que consagravam os parâmetros da maternidade burguesa. Confrontadas as representações inatingíveis da maternidade ideal, mulheres empobrecidas eram qualificadas como tutoras inadequadas para os próprios filhos, que, assim, eram encaminhados aos cuidados e serviços de terceiros. Esses menores, por seu turno, desde sempre haviam frequentado as fileiras dos serviços urbanos em arranjos informais de trabalho, sendo empurrados à formalização, utilizada como instrumento de controle, diante dos abalos trazidos pelo acirramento das pressões da emancipação e do pós-abolição. Entre a formalidade e a informalidade do trabalho, as experiências de exploração e violência se repetiam para esses menores, que a elas regiam procurando, como podiam, saídas para suas vidas e arranjos de trabalho melhores. Ao mesmo tempo em que fala sobre a especificidade das experiências de menores de idade e suas mães, a tese procura endereçar suas histórias a um contexto ampliado de formulação de protocolos de trabalho livre, forjados ao longo do século XIX, que, mesmo na ressaca da abolição, espelhavam formas de exploração, dominação e resistência herdadas da escravidão. / Based on the analysis of work contracts, newspaper articles and mainly judicial records produced at the Ohphans Court, this dissertation aims at discussing the conditions under which underage laborers were recruited in the city of São Paulo over the Nineteenth Century especially during its second half, when abolition and its developments approached. It focuses on the dimensions of such structural changes experienced by underage workers themselves, as well as by their mothers, mostly single, poor head-of-family women coming out of slavery. The dissertation intends to investigate the family arrangements and mothering practices adopted by such women, which were deeply impacted by the establishment of social norms enshrining the parameters of bourgeoisie motherhood. Faced with unattainable representations of the ideal maternity, impoverished women were characterized as unfit tutors to their own children, who thus were conducted to the care and services of third parties. Furthermore, the dissertation also focuses on the underage workers, who had historically been engaged in urban service provision and informal work arrangements in the city. In the face of social turmoil brought on by pressures on the advancement of emancipation and the aftermath of abolition, such workers were forced into formal service arrangements, which intended to keep them under control the of their employers or former masters. Between the worlds of labor formality and informality,) experiences of exploitation and violence were constant, and child workers acted upon them the best they could. At the same time as it discusses the specificities of the experiences lived by underage workers and their mother, however, this dissertation intends to link their histories to a broader context of elaboration of free labor protocols forged over the Nineteenth Century which, even in the dawn of abolition, mirrored forms of exploitation, domination and resistance bequeathed by slavery.

A tese ora apresentada procura discutir, a partir da análise de contratos de trabalho, artigos de jornal e, principalmente, autos produzidos no âmbito do Juízo de Órfãos da cidade de São Paulo, as condições de agenciamento e trabalho de menores de idade e suas alterações, ao longo do século XIX notadamente em sua segunda metade, diante da aproximação da abolição e seus desdobramentos. Concentrando-se nas dimensões dessas transformações estruturais vividas pelos próprios trabalhadores menores de idade e por suas mães, em grande parte mulheres sós, empobrecidas e egressas da escravidão, a tese tem o objetivo de investigar, por um lado, as formas de organização familiar e as práticas de maternidade produzidas por mulheres populares chefes de família, profundamente afetadas pela imposição de normas sociais que consagravam os parâmetros da maternidade burguesa. Confrontadas as representações inatingíveis da maternidade ideal, mulheres empobrecidas eram qualificadas como tutoras inadequadas para os próprios filhos, que, assim, eram encaminhados aos cuidados e serviços de terceiros. Esses menores, por seu turno, desde sempre haviam frequentado as fileiras dos serviços urbanos em arranjos informais de trabalho, sendo empurrados à formalização, utilizada como instrumento de controle, diante dos abalos trazidos pelo acirramento das pressões da emancipação e do pós-abolição. Entre a formalidade e a informalidade do trabalho, as experiências de exploração e violência se repetiam para esses menores, que a elas regiam procurando, como podiam, saídas para suas vidas e arranjos de trabalho melhores. Ao mesmo tempo em que fala sobre a especificidade das experiências de menores de idade e suas mães, a tese procura endereçar suas histórias a um contexto ampliado de formulação de protocolos de trabalho livre, forjados ao longo do século XIX, que, mesmo na ressaca da abolição, espelhavam formas de exploração, dominação e resistência herdadas da escravidão. / Based on the analysis of work contracts, newspaper articles and mainly judicial records produced at the Ohphans Court, this dissertation aims at discussing the conditions under which underage laborers were recruited in the city of São Paulo over the Nineteenth Century especially during its second half, when abolition and its developments approached. It focuses on the dimensions of such structural changes experienced by underage workers themselves, as well as by their mothers, mostly single, poor head-of-family women coming out of slavery. The dissertation intends to investigate the family arrangements and mothering practices adopted by such women, which were deeply impacted by the establishment of social norms enshrining the parameters of bourgeoisie motherhood. Faced with unattainable representations of the ideal maternity, impoverished women were characterized as unfit tutors to their own children, who thus were conducted to the care and services of third parties. Furthermore, the dissertation also focuses on the underage workers, who had historically been engaged in urban service provision and informal work arrangements in the city. In the face of social turmoil brought on by pressures on the advancement of emancipation and the aftermath of abolition, such workers were forced into formal service arrangements, which intended to keep them under control the of their employers or former masters. Between the worlds of labor formality and informality,) experiences of exploitation and violence were constant, and child workers acted upon them the best they could. At the same time as it discusses the specificities of the experiences lived by underage workers and their mother, however, this dissertation intends to link their histories to a broader context of elaboration of free labor protocols forged over the Nineteenth Century which, even in the dawn of abolition, mirrored forms of exploitation, domination and resistance bequeathed by slavery.