This thesis investigates the importance of higher education for women of Babati, Tanzania. The research has been carried out by focusing three research questions; What does an education at the Open University of Tanzania (OUT) mean for the female students on a personal level? What is the female students’ perception on the importance of women’s higher education for development? How can the female students’ perceptions on the importance of women’s higher education be analyzed within the context of the term women empowerment? In order to answer these questions semi-structured interviews were conducted in Babati town, Tanzania in February 2012 with female students and graduates of the Open University of Tanzania. Out of these interviews is concluded that higher education has significant personal effects for the women interviewed such as increased happiness, independence and self-esteem, which in turn have effects on development. Also it can be shown that the definition of the term women empowerment is disputed and thereby insufficient as a mean for development.

De par sa multi dimensionnalité, l’accès à l’énergie permet de contribuer grandement à l’atteinte de nombreux Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement et notamment l’OMD3 qui vise à promouvoir l’égalité des sexes et l’autonomisation des femmes. Dans les zones rurales, le faible accès à l’énergie contraint les femmes dans leurs activités quotidiennes, et les freine dans leur développement et leur émancipation. Ce constat est à la base de la création du concept des plates-formes multifonctionnelles (PTFM). Une PTFM est un ensemble d’équipements qui fournit des services énergétiques. La configuration de base d’une PTFM comprend un moteur diesel qui entraine un moulin, une décortiqueuse et un alternateur. Ce dernier fournit de l'électricité. Au Burkina Faso, le Programme National Plates-formes Multifonctionnelles pour la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté (PN-PTFM/LCP) a été lancé en 2005. Une enquête ménage à deux passages (2009 et 2011) a été mise au point afin d’analyser l’impact de ce programme sur les conditions de vie des femmes et des enfants, et afin de déterminer si les PTFM sont un bon moyen de contribuer à l’atteinte des OMD au Burkina Faso.Les analyses en variables instrumentales et en double différence menées dans cette thèse montrent que les PTFM permettent de réduire le temps quotidien consacré aux travaux domestiques de certaines femmes. Pour ces femmes, les analyses montrent que ce gain de temps est réinvesti dans la création d’AGR. En revanche, il existe peu d’effets de diffusion bénéfiques sur l’éducation ou la santé des enfants. Ainsi, le programme PTFM au Burkina ne contribue que partiellement à la réalisation des OMD relatifs aux bien être des femmes, en effet les résultats positifs obtenus ne concernent qu’une catégorie de ces dernières. En ce qui concerne les OMD relatifs à la santé ou à l’éducation des enfants, le programme PTFM ne semble pas avoir les effets bénéfiques escomptés. Nous estimons que ces résultats mitigés du programme PTFM au Burkina Faso sont le fruit de problèmes de fonctionnement récurrents des plates-formes, et du faible degré de multifonctionnalité des PTFM. / Through its multidimensionality, energy access actively contributes to the achievements of several Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and especially MDG3 which aims at promoting gender equity and women empowerment. Lack of access to energy is a major issue for women in rural areas since it limits their choices in their daily activities and, therefore, undermines their development and their empowerment. This statement is at the core of the creation of the concept of the multifunctional platform (MFP). MFPs are a set of equipment which provides energy services. The basic version of MFPs comprises a diesel engine turning a mill, a husker and an electric alternator which furnishes electricity. In Burkina Faso, the Programme National Plates-formes Multifonctionnelles pour la Lutte Contre la Pauvreté (PN-PTFM/LCP) was launched in 2005. A household survey with two rounds (2009 and 2011) have been implemented in order to analyze the impact of the MFP program on woman and child living conditions, and in order to determine if MFP are a good way to contribute to achieving the MDGs in Burkina Faso. Instrumental variable and double difference analyses lead in this thesis conclude that MFPs enable to reduce the daily time dedicated to domestic tasks for some women. For these women, this time saved is reinvested in creating income generating activities. By contract, little evidence has been found regarding positive externalities on child education and health. Thus, the MFP program only partially contributes to achieving the MDGs related to woman well-being, since the positive effects only concern some women. Concerning the MDGs related to child health and education, the MFP program doesn’t seem to have the expected results. We consider that these mixed results of the MFP program in Burkina Faso are mainly due to repeating technical problems, and to the weak degree of multifunctionality of the MFPs.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / South Africa is undergoing a period of transition from Apartheid to democracy. In this process, redressing discriminatory factors (race and gender) is of utmost urgency and importance. The equity Act, and within this, affirmative action, are ways in which these isuses can be addressed. South Africa has undergone a process of dramatic change. Since the first democrataic election of 1994, notably so in the area of gender equity. This report examined female representivity in senior management within Drakenstein municipality in the Western Cape. The study evaluated employment barriers, which inhibits women from entering senior positions. The study also compared and analyzed past, present and future development, to evaluate the efforts that have been made to promote employment equity within local government. / South Africa

This report investigates how and to what extent knowledge sharing through the NAWOU gender training programmes empower the members, in the central and north region of Uganda, together with examining the members’ experiences from the programmes. Through observations, interviews and a survey during a qualitative case study in Uganda empirical data was collected and by using thematic analysis the data was analysed. The findings show that knowledge is shared on all levels and directions within the NAWOU network and is also spread outside the network to families and communities. Challenges faced by Ugandan women are today many and even though women are entitled to rights, the unawareness of them, together with social constructs, culture, sparse resources and accessibility are daily challenges to overcome. After participating in the gender training programmes, the members have become more self-aware with an increased self-esteem and self-confidence. They have gained a strong group belonging and together they accomplish social transformation. The awareness of women’s rights has increased among members and cultural structures are challenged. The members’ economic status has also increased by learning new practical skills. Even though empowerment is a process, the presented outcomes indicate that women participating in NAWOU programmes are being empowered.

No description available.

Ethiopia is a country that for centuries has been dominated by men. However, since 2018, the Prime Minister Abiye Ahmed has introduced gender reforms, including a gender balanced cabinet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the gender reforms affect three non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in their work to empower women. The paper focuses on the following research questions: 1) How do non-governmental organisations work with women empowerment in Ethiopia? 2) To what extent and how have non-governmental organisations been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018? 3) How have Ethiopian women been affected by the gender reforms of the Ethiopian government that took office in 2018 according to non-governmental organisations? The paper follows the theoretical framework by Dibie and Dibie, and Bratton as analytical framework. The methodological framework that has been used is a qualitative method, conducting semi- structured interviews. The NGOs main approach in relation to women empowerment is Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Women Watch Groups. The NGOs are unanimous that the gender reforms have improved NGOs relationship with the government due to a new law that was implemented in relation to the reforms. Finally, the NGOs have a positive image of Ethiopian women’s future and argues that the gender reforms empower women.

Date: 2022-06-01Level: Master Thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Enkhluun Enkhmandakh (93/02/20) Vanda Vlajkovic (94/09/16) Title: The Impact of FemvertisingSupervisor: Stylianos PapaioannouKeywords: Femvertising, CSR, equal rights, women empowerment, #LikeAGirl Research question: How has femvertising impacted corporate social responsibility? Purpose: The aim of the study is to describe and define the changes in P&G’sCSR strategy after their subsidiary’s successful #LikeAGirlfemvertising campaign. Further, explain the phenomenon of howf emvertising influenced the internal and external CSR activities of theircorporation. Method: The study was conducted through qualitative analysis on an abductiveapproach. The data has been collected based on literature reviews andtwo semi-structured interviews of one corporation that works towardscreating a global change in the world. Conclusion: The study has shown that the femvertising campaign #LikeAGirlsignificantly impacted P&G’s internal and external CSR activities.

Background – This study is an attempt to explore the relationship between microcredit and the socio-economic empowerment of women in rural Bangladesh. Microcredit is simply the extension of a small amount of collateral-free institutional loans to jointly liable poor group members to generate employment and income enhancing activities. As it is too difficult for poor members to get loan from the formal credit institutions, Grameen Bank (GB) or other Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) provide small loans to vulnerable groups of the society by which they are expected to empower over his counterparts. Research questions – RQ1: How does micro-credit affect different indicators of women empowerment in the rural areas of Bangladesh? RQ2– Is the impact different from the male counterparts in the sample households? Purpose – This study is an effort to find the impact of microcredit on a number of indicators of women’s empowerment in the rural areas in Bangladesh. Methodology – Quantitative Regression Techniques such as Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Instrumental Variable (IV) method have been applied to get the relationship between microcredit and women empowerment. Conclusion – Applying nationally representative cross-section survey data, Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS) 2015, this thesis is intended to find the causal linkage between microcredit and women empowerment’s with different dimensions of women’s decisions are taken as empowerment indicators: production, resources, income, leadership, savings and time. The analysis has been conducted at the household level. The study assumes that women empowerment is endogenous. After controlling for endogeneity in the estimation by using an instrumental variable (IV) ‘distance to the market’ this study finds a significant relationship between microcredit and different dimensions of women’s empowerment. Participation in the microcredit program is found to be significant in explaining some of the outcome indicators of empowerment for the sampled households.

No description available.

Digital aid to increase financial inclusion in developing countries is an increasing area of interest growing together with the global expansion of mobile phone penetration. This paper analyzes technical, social and financial aspects of the possibility of digitizing Xitique, a local community-based microfinance model in rural Mozambique. The aim was to understand the technical requirements of building a GSM based application while preserving cultural importance and the native features of the Xitique savings method. Data was gathered through field studies, where technical experts and the target group, being rural women, provided extensive contributions for the thesis’ findings. The results proved substantial evidence supporting the motive of developing a Xitique application from both a social as well as economic perspective. This was supported by the expressed customer demand that, as part of the result, emanated in a prototype and sustainable Social Business Model for the Xitique application’s service / Användning av digitala hjälpmedel för att öka ekonomiska inkludering i utvecklingsländer är ett växande intresseområde som tilltar tillsammans med den globala expansionen av mobilanvändning. I denna rapport analyseras tekniska, sociala och finansiella aspekter av möjligheten att digitalisera Xitique, en lokal samhällsbaserad mikrofinansmodell på landsbygden i Moçambique. Syftet med arbetet var att förstå de tekniska kraven för en GSM-baserad applikation och hur kulturell betydelse bäst kunde bevaras genom den digitala imitationen av de existerande metoderna som används i den traditionella Xitiquen. Data samlades genom fältstudier där tekniska experter och målgruppen, kvinnor på landsbygden, gav omfattande bidrag till avhandlingens resultat. Resultatet visade att det fanns väsentliga bevis som stöder motivet att utveckla en Xitique-applikation från både ett socialt som ekonomiskt perspektiv. Detta understödjs vidare av den uttryckta efterfrågan hos kvinnorna, som en del av resultatet, ledde till en prototyp och en hållbar social affärsmodell för en Xitique-applikation.