Wong Kar-wai is a premier avant-garde auteur of Hong Kong cinema. In the existing research, postmodernism is considered as a predominant approach to shed light on Wong’s aesthetics, poetics and politics. Being the iconoclastic ‘poet of time,’ Wong Kar-wai is extolled as a leading figure for his postmodernist style of visually unique and emotional resonant film works. Recurring motifs, such as alienation and rejection, time and memory, pursuit and loss, are regarded as representations of cultural and political anxieties of Hong Kong people in the context of 1980s and 1990s. Wong’s characteristic exoticism and cosmopolitism in his films also distinguishes him from other Chinese-language directors. However, when we expand the scope of the postmodern terrain, we find modernism and its attendant aesthetics are just as relevant and important as postmodernism to the understanding of Wong’s oeuvre. This thesis evokes a comparative perspective of modernism proposed by Eugene Lunn as an aesthetic approach, with an illustrative analysis by using David Bordwell’s and Kristin Thompson’s work on non-Hollywood cinema. This approach emphasizes four major directions of the social and cultural aspects influenced by modernism in art. Using this approach requires researchers to find cinematic representations of modernism in terms of aesthetic self-consciousness, juxtaposition of time, ambiguity and dehumanization within the film. This research takes Wong Kar-wai’sAshes of Time Redux (2008) as a case study to explore the alternative interpretations beyond postmodernism. The investigation of Wong’s uses of modernist approach involves the analysis of his experiments of conventional film techniques and strategic employment of the mise-en-scene, camera angles, lenses, lighting, and music, which constitute his pictorial world. My assertion is that Wong’s juxtaposition of time and space createsan elusive and ambiguous fictional world in response to his reflection on the dehumanization of an integral individual subject in the modernized world.

姚偉雄. / "2002年7月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2002. / 參考文獻 (leaves 419) / 附中英文摘要. / "2002 nian 7 yue" / Yao Weixiong. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2002. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 419) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / Chapter 上卷 --- (正文) / 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter I. --- 批判漫畫批判 --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- 《龍虎門》是什麼？ --- p.5 / Chapter III --- .尋找香港文化一尋找香港文化結構 --- p.9 / Chapter IV --- .如何閱讀〈分析三部曲〉？ --- p.11 / 文獻回顧 --- p.14 / Chapter I. --- 漫畫在學術研究的窘困 --- p.14 / Chapter II. --- 重申文本分析：兩種主流文獻之間的空隙 --- p.17 / Chapter III. --- 漫畫研究在香港一忽視文本所產生的問題 --- p.22 / Chapter IV. --- 由「意識」到「無意識」的新路線 --- p.29 / 方法論 --- p.39 / Chapter 第一節 --- 必須研究流行文化的「無意識」層面 --- p.39 / Chapter 第三節 --- 李維史陀與巴特：神話學的「虎鶴雙形拳」 --- p.49 / Chapter 第三節 --- 文本符號研究詳述 --- p.66 / 分析部份 --- p.76 / （前傳） / 《龍虎門》的世界觀 --- p.76 / Chapter I. --- 結構層次上的世界觀 --- p.76 / Chapter II. --- 「穩定」的五六十時代世界 --- p.77 / Chapter III. --- 黑´ؤ白´ؤ灰：不穩定的六七十時代世界 --- p.78 / Chapter IV. --- 動蕩中的「社會觀」：由大染缸中向上流動到「小流氓」起源神話 --- p.80 / Chapter V. --- 「江湖觀」´Ø「全球觀」的奇妙邏輯：從獨行俠到群英會的功夫歷險延績 --- p.86 / Chapter VI. --- 小結 --- p.93 / 〈首部曲〉 / 龍虎群英與香港的文化想像：不在地組織的在地投射 --- p.94 / Chapter I. --- 不是小夾縫，而是大夾心：「黑一灰一白」三角形 --- p.96 / Chapter II. --- 《小流氓》時期的命名模式一正/邪人物的符號任意性 --- p.100 / Chapter III. --- 《龍虎門》時期：由外地建構在地 --- p.109 / Chapter IV. --- 小結：Big Mac雙層夾心結構與開放社會 --- p.122 / 〈二部曲〉 / 被社會壓抑的尚武思維：漫畫《龍虎門》的技擊符號結構 --- p.125 / Chapter I. --- 肉搏.赤膊一獷悍「公仔」的時代意義 --- p.127 / Chapter II. --- 武勇歷險的基本圖式 --- p.129 / Chapter III. --- 經過深思的拳來腳往：功夫語言系統初探 --- p.135 / Chapter IV. --- 象形拳術與理性的平民抗暴 --- p.138 / Chapter V. --- 鐵鑽、電鑽、毒龍鑽一科技的異化與拿捏 --- p.141 / Chapter VI. --- 小結：由功夫英雄到驟變社會的兩難式 --- p.151 / 〈二部曲〉附圖集 --- p.154 / 〈三部曲〉 / 群雄殉道錄：社會的定型與現代武勇理念式微 --- p.165 / Chapter I. --- 八十年代一群雄義勇模式之失落 --- p.167 / Chapter II. --- 孤星宿命論令世界觀逆動 --- p.173 / Chapter III. --- 小結：電視´Ø電影´Ø漫畫的連環透視 --- p.180 / 〈三部曲〉附圖集 --- p.189 / 結論 --- p.194 / Chapter I. --- 倒後的瀏覽 --- p.194 / Chapter II. --- 從文化「無意識」探出社會新浪潮的「內情」 --- p.196 / Chapter III. --- 一種對流行文化的態度 --- p.198 / Chapter IV. --- 王小虎，你為何不死？ --- p.201 / 參考書目 --- p.205 / Chapter 下卷 --- (附錄專輯：《龍虎門》故事簡介) / 龍虎門故事簡介 --- p.215 / 形式解說 --- p.216 / 《小流氓》時期 --- p.218 / 小流氓的起源 --- p.219 / 第1至37期：降龍十八腿的傳授 --- p.221 / 第38至66期：十字追魂棍的發明 --- p.228 / 第67至73期：李小龍之死 --- p.233 / 第74至78期：王家恩仇 --- p.236 / 第79至98期：羅刹教第一役(上） --- p.239 / 《龍虎門》時期 --- p.247 / 羅刹教系列(羅刹教第一役(下)） --- p.247 / 第99至148期：金銀銅鐵四大護法 --- p.248 / 羅刹教系列(羅刹教第二役） --- p.255 / 第149至174期：香港大毒梟 --- p.256 / 第175至203期：五毒門 --- p.261 / 第204至217期：自創雷電神腿 --- p.270 / 第218至233期：天下武功出少林 --- p.277 / 第234至245期：棍妖´Ø瘋妖 --- p.286 / 第245至261期：新四大護法 --- p.293 / 第262至279期：右密使黑鷹 --- p.303 / 第280至304期：左密使白鷲 --- p.314 / 第305至319期：逍遙派 --- p.329 / 第320至337期：宇內三痴 --- p.338 / 白蓮教系列 --- p.346 / 第475至478期：〈白蓮教終結篇> --- p.347 / 羅刹教系列(羅刹教第三役） --- p.356 / 第561至571期：〈羅刹教終結篇〉 --- p.357 / 通天教系列 --- p.365 / 第572至590期：〈捕虎擒龍篇〉 --- p.366 / 第591至600期：〈閻王索命篇〉 --- p.375 / 第601至615期：〈殲歿閻王篇〉 --- p.378 / 第616至635期：〈叛變〉 --- p.382 / 第635至645期：〈虎威〉 --- p.392 / 第646至655期：〈東山復出〉 --- p.395 / 第656至665期：〈冤家路窄〉 --- p.399 / 老祖宗系列 --- p.403 / 第702至711期：〈死神無敵篇〉 --- p.404 / 第900至905期：聚龍一擊.神話破滅 --- p.408 / 第1012至1015期：殺性回歸.身世之謎 --- p.414 / 參考資料 --- p.419

Cette contribution, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche-action menée sur différents terrains d’enquête, se propose, dans une perspective comparative, d’examiner les caractéristiques et l’apport de dispositifs ou de programmes de soutien et d’entraide mis en œuvre par des communautés locales africaines afin de prendre en charge de jeunes enfants victimes de sévices graves, livrés à eux-mêmes et en proie à la vulnérabilité ou à la maltraitance. Trois pays, en développement ou émergents, servent ici de support à l’argumentation : le Botswana, confronté au sida, à la famine et à la sècheresse ; le Liberia, meurtri par la guerre civile et son cortège de violences ; le Maroc, enfin, avec – en arrière-plan – la problématique de la pauvreté et l’évolution du statut de la femme. L’approche privilégiée, de type qualitatif, se situe au carrefour de la psychologie sociale et de la sociologie des représentations et des identités, la méthodologie retenue reposant sur une analyse classique en termes de forces et de faiblesses, d’opportunités et de blocages. Les relations de partenariat sont également à l’honneur, ainsi que le processus de mobilisation des ressources et les mécanismes de résilience. / This contribution, which is part of a research-action carried out on different fields of investigation, proposes, in a comparative perspective, to examine the characteristics and the contribution of devices or programs of support and self-help implemented by African local communities to care for children who are victims of severe trauma, including orphaned, abuse and poverty, who are left to their own capabilities or who are vulnerable to maltreatment.Three countries, developing or emerging, serve as support for this argument: Botswana, facing deaths from AIDS and famine and drought; Liberia, bruised by civil war and its continued violence; Morocco, finally, with - in the background - the problem of precarity and the evolution of the status of women.Our approach, both quantitative and qualitative, is at the crossroads of social psychology and the sociology of representations and identities. The chosen methodology is based on a classical analysis in terms of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and blockages. Partnership relationships are also honored, as is the resource mobilization process, and resilience mechanisms.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Comment faire un travail scientifique si le chercheur est déjà trop obsédé par son objet d’étude et si, d’ailleurs, ce dernier n’est pas seulement un objet réifié mais doté d’une certaine réalité de l’âme ? La distance délicate entre le subjectif et l’objectif est ainsi l’enjeu principal de cette thèse, une recherche dont le chercheur est un cinéphage devenu cinéphile, qui est hanté par sa passion pour son objet bien vivant qu’est le cinéma de Wong Kar Wai mais qui a envie de vivre symboliquement cette passion. Il s’agit donc de l’équation personnelle d’après C. G. Jung et de cette distance ironique selon Antoine de Baecque. Vis-à-vis d’une telle difficulté méthodologique qui est en fait une occasion très généreuse, une approche empirique et une attitude religieuse se proposent. D’où le chercheur-cinéphile se lance dans un itinéraire homérique, à la recherche de son mythe du cinéma total qui n’est rien d’autre que son archétype du cinéma dont le symbole vivant se veut exactement Wong Kar Wai. Cette recherche devient, au fur et à mesure, une découverte, vu que la nostalgie n’est pas ailleurs, mais chez soi. Dans une telle circumambulation sous la forme d’une mise en abîme, le rapprochement entre une histoire du cinéma et une Histoire du cinéma n’est qu’inéluctable. Re-contextualisés sont les souvenirs personnels du chercheur du cinéaste hongkongais et plusieurs protagonistes rencontrés dans sa cinéphilie (Bresson, King Hu, Langlois, Bazin, Tarkovski, la bande de Truffaut, Dumont, etc.) sur la route et envisageable est une filiation toujours en devenir entre ce qui arrive avant et ce qui vient après. Que ces pages soient une scène de la création-critique et que la fonction cinéphile se manifeste à travers elle. / How to conduct a scientific work if the researcher is himself already incurably obsessed by his study material? This question fits in quite well for the present case, since the PhD student is an inveterate lover of Wong Kar Wai’s cinema. In other words, the situation is that of a cinephage-turned-cinephile — extremely conditioned by a living work inescapably defined by an amorous aura — who is trying to find a way out, in a relatively rational way, that is to say, symbolically, to deal with this entanglement as mise en abyme. Two methodological as well as deontological perspectives are thus drawn on, “the personal equation” adapted by C. G. Jung and “the ironic distance” coined by Antoine de Baecque. Hopefully, the writing of this dissertation could be regarded as a circumambulation whose goal is nothing more than its very process which is a nostalgic yearning for the cinema archetype, or, in terms of André Bazin’s idea(l): the myth of total cinema.

The beginnings of Asian immigration to Latin America dates back to the early 19th century and with its significance ranks among the most compelling migration processes in Latin American history. One of the main centers of Asian minorities on the South American continent became Peru, into which directed vast number of immigrants who represented a cheap source of labor, such as Chinese in the second half of the 19th century and Japanese in the early of 20th century. This thesis aims to describe the historical development of Asian immigration to Peru focusing on Japanese immigration in the period of 1899 - 1945 and its importance in contemporary Peruvian society. The first part aims to describe the evolution of Asian immigration to Peru in the period of the 20th century and the change of Japanese immigrant status from cheap labor forces into entrepreneurial elite. The second part concentrates on economic analysis, demographic and socioeconomic data that is used for better understanding of each period of Japanese immigration in Peru. At the end of the thesis will be briefly described the development of Japanese immigration after 1945.

The beginnings of Asian immigration to Latin America dates back to the early 19th century and with its significance ranks among the most compelling migration processes in Latin American history. One of the main centers of Asian minorities on the South American continent became Peru, into which directed vast number of immigrants who represented a cheap source of labor, such as Chinese in the second half of the 19th century and Japanese in the early of 20th century. This thesis aims to describe the historical development of Asian immigration to Peru focusing on Japanese immigration in the period of 1899 - 1945 and its importance in contemporary Peruvian society. The first part aims to describe the evolution of Asian immigration to Peru in the period of the 20th century and the change of Japanese inmigrant status from cheap labor forces into entrepreneurial elite. The second part concentrates on economic analysis, demographic and socioeconomic data that is used for better understanding of each etap of Japanese inmigration in Peru.

[pt] A determinação de parâmetros de interação precisos para equações de estado (EdE) em sistemas aquosos de aminas são cruciais para desenvolver modelos termodinâmicos em processos da engenharia química. O sistema binário de Nmetildietanolamina (MDEA) e água na purificação do biogás foi avaliado usando as abordagens 𝜑 – 𝜑 e 𝛾 – 𝜑, EdE de Peng–Robinson clássico com a regra de mistura não aleatória e EdE Peng–Robinson com a regra de mistura Wong-Sandler, para otimizar o fator acêntrico, ω, de componentes puros, e os parâmetros de interação binária, 𝑘𝑖𝑗. Os parâmetros de interação 𝑢𝑖𝑗 das EdE que incorporam o modelo UNIQUAC, como a abordagem γ – φ e a regra de mistura de Wong-Sandler também foram otimizados. Esses parâmetros foram avaliados usando um algoritmo de pressão de bolha reativa, codificação MATLAB e minimização de funções objetivas relacionadas ao desvio médio absoluto, AAD, entre dados experimentais e calculados em diferentes temperaturas. Os ω calculados de água, CO2 e MDEA foram 0,3275, 0,2039 e 1,0133, respectivamente, com AAD inferior aos valores da literatura. A abordagem 𝜑 − 𝜑 com EdE clássica de Peng–Robinson com regra de mistura Wong– Sandler foi mais adequada para o binário MDEA – H2O, resultando em 𝑢12 0 = −234.2841, 𝑢12 𝑇 = 1.0499, 𝑢21 0 = 266.4326, 𝑢21 𝑇 = 0.1966, 𝑘𝑖𝑗 = −0.0715, com pressão de vapor AAD% = 6,57% e composição AAD% = 17,51%. Devido à natureza altamente não ideal do sistema binário CO2 – H2O, nem as abordagens φ – φ ou γ – φ usando as EdE selecionadas resultaram em diagramas precisos de pressão de ponto de bolha para o equilíbrio vapor – líquido (VLE). / [en] Determining interaction parameter for equations of state (EOS) of water – amines systems are crucial to develop accurate models in chemical engineering processes. The binary system of N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and water in biogas purification was evaluated using both φ – φ and γ – φ approaches, classic Peng–Robinson with the empirical “non-random” mixing rule and Peng–Robinson with the Wong-Sandler mixing rule EOS to optimize pure components acentric factor, ω, and binary interaction parameters, 𝑘𝑖𝑗. The interaction parameters 𝑢𝑖𝑗 from EOS that incorporate UNIQUAC model, such as γ – φ approach and Wong-Sandler mixing rule were optimized as well. These parameters were evaluated using a bubble pressure algorithm, MATLAB coding and minimization of objective functions related to absolute average deviation, AAD, between experimental and calculated data at different temperatures. The calculated ω of water, CO2 and MDEA were 0.3275, 0.2039 and 1.0133 respectively with lower AAD than literature values. The 𝜑−𝜑 approach classic Peng–Robinson with Wong – Sandler mixing rule EOS was better suited for the MDEA – H2O binary, resulting in as 𝑢120=−234.2841, 𝑢12𝑇=1.0499, 𝑢210=266.4326, 𝑢21𝑇=0.1966, 𝑘𝑖𝑗=−0.0715, with vapor pressure AAD% = 6.57% and composition AAD% = 17.51%. Due to the highly non-ideal nature of the CO2 – H2O binary system, neither φ – φ or γ – φ approaches using the selected EOS resulted in accurate vapor – liquid equilibrium (VLE) bubble point pressure diagrams.

This work is focused on thermodynamic modelling of isobaric vapour-liquid-liquid equilibrium (VLLE) (homogeneous) and (heterogeneous) for binary, ternary and quaternary systems. This work uses data for organic/aqueous systems; historically these mixtures were used in the production of penicillin and were required to be separated by continuous fractional distillation. Modelling of the separation required phase equilibrium data to be available so that predictions could be made for equilibrium stage temperatures, vapour compositions, liquid compositions and any phase splitting occurring in the liquid phase. Relevant data became available in the literature and work has been carried out to use relevant theories in correlating and predicting as was originally required in the distillation equilibrium stage modelling. All the modelling carried out was at atmospheric pressure. The modelling has been done using an Equation of State, specifically Peng Robinson Styrjek Vera (PRSV), combined with the activity coefficient model UNIversal QUAsi Chemical (UNIQUAC) through Wong Sandler mixing rules (WSMR). The success of all correlations and predictions was justified by minimizing the value of the Absolute Average Deviation (AAD) as defined within the thesis. Initially the integral Area Method and a method called Tangent Plane Intersection (TPI) were used in the prediction of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) binary systems. This work used a modified 2-point search, suggested a 3-point search and has successfully applied both of these methods to predict VLLE for binary systems. It was discovered through the application of the TPI on ternary VLLE systems that the method was strongly sensitive to initial values. This work suggested and tested a Systematic Initial Generator (SIG) to provide the TPI method with realistic initial values close to the real solution and has demonstrated the viability of the SIG on improving the accuracy of the TPI results for the ternary systems investigated. In parallel with the TPI another method the Tangent Plane Distance Function (TPDF) was also investigated. This method is based on the minimisation of Gibbs free energy function related to the Gibbs energy surface. This method consistently showed it was capable of predicting VLLE for both ternary and quaternary systems as demonstrated throughout this work. The TPDF method was found to be computationally faster and less sensitive to the initial values. Some of the methods investigated in this work were also found to be applicable as phase predictors and it was discovered that the TPDF and the SIG methods were successful in predicting the phase regions; however the TPI method failed in identifying the 2 phase region. Applying the techniques described to newly available quaternary data has identified the strengths and weaknesses of the methods. This work has expanded the existing knowledge and developed a reliable model for design, operation and optimisation of the phase equilibria required for prediction in many separation processes. Currently available modelling simulation packages are variable in their predictions and sometimes yield unsatisfactory predictions. Many of the current uses of VLLE models are particularly focused on Hydrocarbon/Water systems at high pressure. The work described in this thesis has demonstrated that an EOS with suitable mixing rules can model and predict data for polar organic liquids at atmospheric and below atmospheric pressure and offers the advantage of using the same modelling equations for both phases.

In Cinema 1: The Movement-Image and Cinema 2: The Time-Image, Gilles Deleuze distinguishes two regimes of audiovisual thought. In the regime of the movement-image, such thought is constituted by two processes. The first, differentiation/integration, expresses a whole that changes through the intermediary of the shifting relationships between the objects and people on screen. The second, specification, gives images a determinate function in a sensory-motor schema, through which perceptions are linked to actions in rational intervals of movement. With the regime of the time-image, as I understand it, thought instead comes to mean, as Deleuze puts it in Foucault, to experiment and problematize, and “knowledge, power, and the self are the triple root of a problematization of thought” (95). It is my argument in this thesis that Deleuze’s work on cinema is of great utility in carrying out filmic analyses that seek to detect and draw out the consequences of strategies of filmmaking that make knowledge, power, and self problematic. Furthermore, such a mode of analysis is particularly valuable in attending to new films that confront us with novel means of organising problematic audiovisual thought. My arguments are made through consideration of two films each from four directors: Wong Kar-wai, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Pedro Costa, and Apichatpong Weerasethakul. While there are many important differences between the works of these filmmakers, their films nevertheless lend themselves to an approach that seeks to determine how thought becomes problematic in specific cases. Similarities and resonances are brought out between these films and those that Deleuze uses himself in making his arguments and shaping his concepts, but I also identify new problems that we encounter in the works of these filmmakers, which extend the range of meaning of some of those concepts. One such concept that is of particular importance in this thesis is “belief in the world”. There is always something in those films that pass into the regime of the time-image that is asystematic, which breaks up and multiplies thought, multiplies the thinkers we are made to inhabit. Our relation to the world of the film is therefore unstable and uncertain, and calls for belief, since films themselves in this regime produce new links between humans and the world, rather than firmly establishing a realistic state of things, a temporal and spatial matrix that accords with that which we experience in everyday existence. Such films thus make us receptive to a thought different from that interiorised thought through which, as Nietzsche writes, the apparatus of knowledge abstracts, simplifies, and takes possession of the world and others (Will, no. 503, 274).