Within close packed kiln dried Sitka spruce timber a disfiguring sapwood stain, caused by <I>Ophiostoma piceae</I>, frequently developed. Spoilage was investigated through research into nutritional status, moisture content and wettability of Sitka spruce timber, physical conditions within stacks of timber, moisture and nutritional requirements of <I>O. piceae</I> and infection of timber by <I>O. piceae</I>. Recommendations to minimise spoilage of kiln dried timber were made. Carbon and nitrogen compounds abundant in softwood did not result in greater growth than others. Cellulose and lignin were not degraded; <I>O. piceae</I> was unable to grow into wood. Saturated atmospheres of monoterpenes reduced growth rate, pigmentation and coremia formation on agar. Kiln dried batten surfaces contained 18% glucose, 8 times higher than green or air dried timber. However, growth was not nutritionally limited on air dried compared to kiln dried wood. The carbon/nitrogen ratio of kiln dried battens (4500:1) was 3 times higher than green timber and 9 times higher than air dried timber. The minimum relative humidity for growth of <I>O. piceae</I> was 93%, at which the moisture content of Sitka spruce sapwood was 21%. Stain coverage increased from zero at a batten moisture content of 15%, to 10% cover at 25% moisture content. Partially air dried timber developed greater stain coverage than kiln dried timber stored in similar pack types. Stain development was greater in summer than winter, when it was limited by temperature. Maximum mean batten stain cover (32%) developed in close packed wrapped partially air dried timber during warm and wet weather conditions. Kiln dried stickered timber only developed a lower mean batten surface moisture content than close packed timber during the summer. Moisture content of individual rows of battens within packs stored in the sawmill yard developed different moisture contents and stain coverage. Greater staining developed on rows with higher moisture content, which tended to be located toward the upper surfaces of packs exposed to percolating rainwater.

Orientador: Mauro Augusto Demarzo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:52:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_SoniaRoseCostaAraujodos_M.pdf: 5172089 bytes, checksum: bd3d1a4e9a708a64ccb8763971508ae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A variabilidade natural, a trabalhabilidade, as propriedades físicas e mecânicas, bem como características de utilidades estéticas e ambientais da madeira, encantam até hoje os pesquisadores no mundo. Ao longo dos séculos, a arte de secar a madeira em fornos foi sendo desenvolvida junto com as descobertas científicas e tecnológicas, com a associação de conhecimento elétrico e mecânico, chegando-se ao que temos hoje em dia. As razões fundamentais para secagem da madeira são: melhorar a estabilidade dimensional; redução de peso; possibilitar o processamento secundário; assegurar um melhor desempenho em uso de seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever a evolução dos equipamentos de secagem de madeira, considerando suas vantagens e desvantagens, por intermédio de visitas a empresas que possuem secadores, e entrevistar especialistas na área de secagem de madeira (nacionais e internacionais). Concluiu-se que os operadores são peças fundamentais para conduzir eficientemente o programa de secagem e interagir as variáveis do processo conseguindo um produto de qualidade para o uso estrutural ou manufaturado. E que, as propriedades físico-mecânicas da madeira devem ser consideradas para que seja alcançado um melhor desempenho do produto em uso / Abstract: The natural variability, the workability, the physical and mechanical properties as well as aesthetic characteristics and environmental utilities of the timber, enchant up today the researchers in the world. Over the centuries, the art of dry wood in stoves was being developed with the scientific and technological discoveries, with the combination of electrical and mechanical knowledge, reaching up to what we have today. The fundamental reasons for drying wood are: improved stability, weight reduction, enabling secondary processing; ensure better performance in use of its products. The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution of wood drying equipment considering its advantages and disadvantages, through visits to companies that have dryers, and interviewed experts in the field of wood drying (national and international). It was concluded that operators are fundamental to efficiently conduct the drying program and interacting process variables getting a quality product for structural use or manufactured. And that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood, should be considered, order to reach a better performance of the product in use / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

This thesis is a study of the kiln drying of radiata pine with a primary focus on the change in wood colour that occurs during this process. The energy efficiency of the drying process has also been examined using computer modelling. The aim of this work was to develop guidelines for commercial wood dryers who wish to produce high quality appearance grade timber in a competitive commercial environment. The colour change in radiata pine wood during kiln drying is mainly caused by sap compounds accumulating at the wood surface and reacting to form coloured compounds. The initial research involved drying experiments designed to determine the relationship between this colour change and the kiln schedule and also measure the accumulation of colour forming compounds. The kinetics of the colour change reaction were also measured using two methods, one in-vitro and the other using small samples of wood. From these experiments a colour change equation was developed that predicts the rate of colour formation based on the drying conditions and this was incorporated into a kiln stack model along with an energy efficiency model. The combined model was used to simulate the drying process to find schedules optimised for energy use and wood quality. The model was also used to simulate the energy efficiency of different humidity control configurations for wood drying kilns. A kiln micro-sensor system was also developed for use in kiln diagnostics and control with the particular aim of identifying areas in wood drying kilns with adverse drying conditions. The recommendation to kiln operators wishing to reduce colour change is to not exceed 70? and to use lower relative humidity schedules with a wet bulb depression of 15-20?. Operating at lower humidity can increase the energy used by the kiln so it is also recommended that kiln designers incorporate heat recovery into the humidity control mechanisms of the kiln.

The kiln drying of wood produces huge amounts of vapour. The vapour is released to the environment when the process purges some of the saturated hot air. The main environmental issue regarding the use of kiln drying process are the release of the water vapour which contains organic contaminants. Some of them are hazardous to human health. In addition, there are some wood particles which may released with the water vapour purging process. In this research, the vapour is condensed and analysed for its organic contaminants and their biodegradability. The result showed that the dominant contaminants present in the condensate were ethanol and methanol with the concentration of approximately 65 mg/L and 25 mg/L respectively. The average COD concentration of the condensate was 159 ± 40 mg/L. The analysis also showed that the contaminants were biodegradable. In order to treat the wastewater, a trickling filter process using bark chips as a support medium was used to treat an artificial wastewater. The artificial wastewater contained the dominant contaminant present in the wood drying condensate. In the experiment, different sizes of bark chips were used. In addition, the loading rate of the treatment system was varied by changing the flow rate and contaminant concentration. The 30 cm long trickling filter using bark chips varying between of 2.8 – 4 mm diameter as the support medium gave a maximum removal of 36.4 % with removal capacity of 8.34 kg COD/m³bed•day at a flow rate of 2.8 cm/min and average inlet COD load of 20.4 kg COD/m3bed•day. The trickling filter with bark chips varying between 5.6 – 8 mm diameter as the support medium was operated using variations in contaminant concentration and flow rate. The operation using different inlet concentration gave the highest removal rate of 13.5 kg COD/m3bed•day at average initial load of 84.9 kg COD/m³bed•day, flow rate of 2.8 cm/min and theoretical initial concentration of 680 mg/L. The trickling filter operated with flow rate variation showed the highest removal rate of 10 kg COD/m³bed•day at an average inlet load of 53.3 kg COD/m³bed•day and flow rate of 7.1 cm/min. The removal rate of the contaminants in treatment was limited. There is a number of possible explanations. First is the active surface area, which indicating the area where the contact between the biofilm surface and feed happened. The active surface area increased as the flow rate increased. Second is the residence time of the feed in the bed. The residence time of the feed varied with the flow rate. It decreased as the flow rate increased. Third is the influence of the contaminants in the feed. The presence of methanol and methanol in the feed inhibited each other’s degradation. The dimention of a full-scale biotrickling filter to be used in actual kiln was also estimated. The estimation was made based on the maximum removal rate and optimum flow rate obtained in the experiments. The result of the estimation showed to obtain significant removal, the required bed would have to be 2.35 m in diameter and 160 in height.

É crescente a utilização do gênero Eucalyptus nas indústrias de manufaturados de madeira, notadamente em produtos de maior valor agregado como móveis e assoalhos. Contudo, essa matéria-prima requer secagem lenta, o que implica um aumento no custo do processo, proporcional ao tempo de permanência da madeira no secador. A combinação da secagem natural com a secagem convencional tem sido indicada como alternativa para reduzir a duração do processo artificial; hipótese que foi avaliada, no presente trabalho, para madeira de Eucalyptus grandis com 40 mm de espessura. Em laboratório foram determinadas a curva característica de secagem para o material e o programa básico para a secagem convencional. Comprovou-se que a secagem convencional é lenta e que a transição da secagem ao ar para a artificial deve ser feita quando o teor de umidade da madeira estiver entre 35% e 40%. Em sequência foi realizada a secagem, em escala industrial, de uma carga com 60 m³ de madeira, combinando a secagem ao ar com posterior secagem convencional. Embora a madeira recém serrada apresentasse alta incidência de defeitos (95% da peças com rachaduras de topo e 93% com encurvamento), avaliando-se a qualidade da madeira ao longo do processo foi possível concluir que a secagem convencional causou aumento na intensidade dos empenamentos mas não afetou a incidência ou intensidade das rachaduras e do colapso. O tempo de permanência no secador foi reduzido em 78% (de 70 para 15 dias), comprovando a viabilidade da combinação dos métodos de secagem. / The use of Eucalyptus lumber by the wood manufacturing industry is growing, mainly to added value products as furniture and flooring. However, this row material requires a slow drying, which means an increase of production cost, proportional to residence time of lumber in the kiln. To combine air and kiln drying has been suggested as an alternative to reduce the kiln drying time, hypothesis evaluated in this research to optimize the drying of Eucalyptus grandis lumber 40 mm thick. The drying characteristic curve of the material and a basic kiln schedule were determined using laboratory equipment. It was proved that conventional kiln drying is very slow and the best point to interrupt air drying and to start kiln process is when the lumber moisture content is between 35% and 40%. In sequence it was dried a charge with 60 m³ of lumber, starting with air drying in a lumber yard followed by conventional drying using an industrial kiln. Although the green saw wood showed a high incidence of defects before the drying (95% of boards with end checks and 93% with warping), quality evaluation all along drying process permits to conclude that kiln drying caused an increase in the warping intensity but did not affect the incidence as well the intensity of checking and collapse. A 78% reduction in the residence time of lumber in the kiln was obtained (from 70 to 15 days), proving the advantage to combine air and kiln drying.

<p>Timber drying is one of the most important processes whenmanufacturing sawn timber products. The drying processinfluences deformations, surface checking, discoloration andhence, the product quality and the manufacturing costs.Research in this field is of great importance for the woodindustry since the industrial drying process always needs to beimproved as market demands increases and new wood products aredeveloped.</p><p>The aim of the present thesis was to investigate themoisture transport behaviour in wood based on measurementsduring drying from fresh condition down to end use moisturecontent. The behaviour near the surface interface has beenspecifically investigated since it is of great importance forthe theoretical description of the drying process. Furthermore,studies based on measurements in the wood surface layer duringdrying are not easy to find in the literature. The reason forthat is probably that it is very difficult to make accuratemoisture measurements with high spatial or temporal resolutionwithout disturbing the drying process.</p><p>Measurements of moisture content profiles in Scots pineheartwood and sapwood during drying have been performed byusing three different methods. The first was a destructivemethod where the wood samples are sliced with a knife intoseveral smaller pieces. The moisture content in each piece wasdetermined with the dry weight method. The second method usedis non-destructive and it utilises a medical CT-scanner thathas been adapted for drying experiments. The samples are driedin-situ the scanner through the whole experiment. TheCT-scanner measures density and the moisture content arecalculated according to existing methods developed by otherscientists. The third method was also non-destructive and itutilises a Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, technique. Withthis technique the amount of water in the wood sample ismeasured directly even though it has to be calibrated tomoisture content.</p><p>The surface emission factor, S, or surface resistance, 1/S,has been studied by performing sorption experiments with MDF ina narrow moisture content range. The experiment was evaluatedusing a simple diffusion model that includes a surface emissionfactor S. The experimental result was compared with resultscalculated using well established boundary layer theories.</p><p>Measurements of moisture content profiles in the wood bulkshowed an expected Fickian behaviour at moisture contents belowthe fibre saturation point. Above the fibre saturation pointalmost flat moisture profiles were observed. This behaviour wasnot expected and it is not possible to simulate this behaviourwith the existing drying models since they usually assume thatthere is a gradient in the moisture profile over the wholemoisture content range. From the moisture profiles thediffusion coefficients were determined over a moisture contentranging from 8 to 30%. The values for heartwood and sapwood areapproximately equal in radial and tangential direction tograin. Furthermore, the diffusion values in longitudinaldirection are much higher as expected.</p><p>The sorption experiments with MDF gave a greater surfaceresistance compared with the calculation that was based onboundary layer theory. The ratio was three or higher. Thisimplied that there was a greater resistance in the surfacelayer. In addition, this was not well described in theliterature even though a few recent published studiesexist.</p><p>High resolution measurements in the surface layer of woodshowed behaviour similar to that observed in the bulk wood. Theresults showed the very early development of a dry zone closeto the surface interface. In that zone or shell the moisturecontent was below the FSP even though the bulk moisture contentwas far above the FSP. At the end of the experiments themoisture content in the surface layer (0–300 µm)nearly reached the equilibrium moisture content even though thebulk moisture content still was much higher.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Computer tomography, Diffusion, Magneticresonance, Moisture measurements, Moisture profiles, Surfaceemission, Wood drying</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:52:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 calonego_fw_me_botfca.pdf: 1047073 bytes, checksum: 21280f1c5afee5c936363dd679a08263 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / The present study to have to do as aim to determine the log steaming time its involvement on the sawing process and on the drying of Eucalyptus grandis wood. In order to do it so, were used logs with diameter of 20 at <25, 25 at <30 and 30 at <35 cm, from the Horto Florestal, Manduri, São Paulo. The logs were heated during 20 hours at 90ºC of temperature and 100% of relative humidity. For the adaptation of the logs heating general model developed by Steinhagen to make use of thermocouples fixed it logs center and a datalogger recorded the time and real temperature at each minute. Later the logs were sawing for width tangential system and measuring of the defects resulted from the growth stress were performed with intention to evaluate the effect of steaming treatment and the growth stress behavior with logs diameters. The sawn wood was dry in the dry-kiln and were available the dry defects of the sawn wood deriving as much the control logs as the steamed logs. The results indicate that: the log steaming time determination general model developed by Steinhagen don't is applied for eucalypts and that are necessary the use of the adjustment factors that provided the used them model for studied kind; the logs steaming provided the release of a great part of the growth stress, without, however, eliminate them completely, showing, nevertheless, that this treatment to be feasible and advisable for the growth stress relief; there are among the boards a difference on the growth stress magnitude with the logs diameters showing that the bigger logs to produce boards to be inclined cracks and that logs with diameter smaller to develop biggest boards opening during the sawing process; across of the drying schedules used so much boards provided of the control logs as the heated logs don't to presented collapse e that the warping and end checks were smaller in the heated material; the boards provided... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Timber drying is one of the most important processes whenmanufacturing sawn timber products. The drying processinfluences deformations, surface checking, discoloration andhence, the product quality and the manufacturing costs.Research in this field is of great importance for the woodindustry since the industrial drying process always needs to beimproved as market demands increases and new wood products aredeveloped. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate themoisture transport behaviour in wood based on measurementsduring drying from fresh condition down to end use moisturecontent. The behaviour near the surface interface has beenspecifically investigated since it is of great importance forthe theoretical description of the drying process. Furthermore,studies based on measurements in the wood surface layer duringdrying are not easy to find in the literature. The reason forthat is probably that it is very difficult to make accuratemoisture measurements with high spatial or temporal resolutionwithout disturbing the drying process. Measurements of moisture content profiles in Scots pineheartwood and sapwood during drying have been performed byusing three different methods. The first was a destructivemethod where the wood samples are sliced with a knife intoseveral smaller pieces. The moisture content in each piece wasdetermined with the dry weight method. The second method usedis non-destructive and it utilises a medical CT-scanner thathas been adapted for drying experiments. The samples are driedin-situ the scanner through the whole experiment. TheCT-scanner measures density and the moisture content arecalculated according to existing methods developed by otherscientists. The third method was also non-destructive and itutilises a Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, technique. Withthis technique the amount of water in the wood sample ismeasured directly even though it has to be calibrated tomoisture content. The surface emission factor, S, or surface resistance, 1/S,has been studied by performing sorption experiments with MDF ina narrow moisture content range. The experiment was evaluatedusing a simple diffusion model that includes a surface emissionfactor S. The experimental result was compared with resultscalculated using well established boundary layer theories. Measurements of moisture content profiles in the wood bulkshowed an expected Fickian behaviour at moisture contents belowthe fibre saturation point. Above the fibre saturation pointalmost flat moisture profiles were observed. This behaviour wasnot expected and it is not possible to simulate this behaviourwith the existing drying models since they usually assume thatthere is a gradient in the moisture profile over the wholemoisture content range. From the moisture profiles thediffusion coefficients were determined over a moisture contentranging from 8 to 30%. The values for heartwood and sapwood areapproximately equal in radial and tangential direction tograin. Furthermore, the diffusion values in longitudinaldirection are much higher as expected. The sorption experiments with MDF gave a greater surfaceresistance compared with the calculation that was based onboundary layer theory. The ratio was three or higher. Thisimplied that there was a greater resistance in the surfacelayer. In addition, this was not well described in theliterature even though a few recent published studiesexist. High resolution measurements in the surface layer of woodshowed behaviour similar to that observed in the bulk wood. Theresults showed the very early development of a dry zone closeto the surface interface. In that zone or shell the moisturecontent was below the FSP even though the bulk moisture contentwas far above the FSP. At the end of the experiments themoisture content in the surface layer (0–300 µm)nearly reached the equilibrium moisture content even though thebulk moisture content still was much higher. Keywords:Computer tomography, Diffusion, Magneticresonance, Moisture measurements, Moisture profiles, Surfaceemission, Wood drying / <p>NR 20140805</p>

É crescente a utilização do gênero Eucalyptus nas indústrias de manufaturados de madeira, notadamente em produtos de maior valor agregado como móveis e assoalhos. Contudo, essa matéria-prima requer secagem lenta, o que implica um aumento no custo do processo, proporcional ao tempo de permanência da madeira no secador. A combinação da secagem natural com a secagem convencional tem sido indicada como alternativa para reduzir a duração do processo artificial; hipótese que foi avaliada, no presente trabalho, para madeira de Eucalyptus grandis com 40 mm de espessura. Em laboratório foram determinadas a curva característica de secagem para o material e o programa básico para a secagem convencional. Comprovou-se que a secagem convencional é lenta e que a transição da secagem ao ar para a artificial deve ser feita quando o teor de umidade da madeira estiver entre 35% e 40%. Em sequência foi realizada a secagem, em escala industrial, de uma carga com 60 m³ de madeira, combinando a secagem ao ar com posterior secagem convencional. Embora a madeira recém serrada apresentasse alta incidência de defeitos (95% da peças com rachaduras de topo e 93% com encurvamento), avaliando-se a qualidade da madeira ao longo do processo foi possível concluir que a secagem convencional causou aumento na intensidade dos empenamentos mas não afetou a incidência ou intensidade das rachaduras e do colapso. O tempo de permanência no secador foi reduzido em 78% (de 70 para 15 dias), comprovando a viabilidade da combinação dos métodos de secagem. / The use of Eucalyptus lumber by the wood manufacturing industry is growing, mainly to added value products as furniture and flooring. However, this row material requires a slow drying, which means an increase of production cost, proportional to residence time of lumber in the kiln. To combine air and kiln drying has been suggested as an alternative to reduce the kiln drying time, hypothesis evaluated in this research to optimize the drying of Eucalyptus grandis lumber 40 mm thick. The drying characteristic curve of the material and a basic kiln schedule were determined using laboratory equipment. It was proved that conventional kiln drying is very slow and the best point to interrupt air drying and to start kiln process is when the lumber moisture content is between 35% and 40%. In sequence it was dried a charge with 60 m³ of lumber, starting with air drying in a lumber yard followed by conventional drying using an industrial kiln. Although the green saw wood showed a high incidence of defects before the drying (95% of boards with end checks and 93% with warping), quality evaluation all along drying process permits to conclude that kiln drying caused an increase in the warping intensity but did not affect the incidence as well the intensity of checking and collapse. A 78% reduction in the residence time of lumber in the kiln was obtained (from 70 to 15 days), proving the advantage to combine air and kiln drying.

Orientador: Elias Taylor Durgante Severo / Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansígolo / Banca: Geraldo Bortoletto Junior / Abstract: The present study to have to do as aim to determine the log steaming time its involvement on the sawing process and on the drying of Eucalyptus grandis wood. In order to do it so, were used logs with diameter of 20 at <25, 25 at <30 and 30 at <35 cm, from the Horto Florestal, Manduri, São Paulo. The logs were heated during 20 hours at 90ºC of temperature and 100% of relative humidity. For the adaptation of the logs heating general model developed by Steinhagen to make use of thermocouples fixed it logs center and a datalogger recorded the time and real temperature at each minute. Later the logs were sawing for width tangential system and measuring of the defects resulted from the growth stress were performed with intention to evaluate the effect of steaming treatment and the growth stress behavior with logs diameters. The sawn wood was dry in the dry-kiln and were available the dry defects of the sawn wood deriving as much the control logs as the steamed logs. The results indicate that: the log steaming time determination general model developed by Steinhagen don't is applied for eucalypts and that are necessary the use of the adjustment factors that provided the used them model for studied kind; the logs steaming provided the release of a great part of the growth stress, without, however, eliminate them completely, showing, nevertheless, that this treatment to be feasible and advisable for the growth stress relief; there are among the boards a difference on the growth stress magnitude with the logs diameters showing that the bigger logs to produce boards to be inclined cracks and that logs with diameter smaller to develop biggest boards opening during the sawing process; across of the drying schedules used so much boards provided of the control logs as the heated logs don't to presented collapse e that the warping and end checks were smaller in the heated material; the boards provided... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre