O interesse por novas fontes renováveis de energia e, alem de uma tendência, uma necessidade da sociedade atual. Neste contexto, o uso da biomassa para fins energéticos apresenta-se de forma promissora, pois reúne atributos suficientes para contribuir com a diversificação da matriz energética local/nacional. No campo das possibilidades advindas da biomassa, se apresentam os resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, que poderiam contribuir, por exemplo, para aliviar a pressão sobre as florestas. Contudo, o uso destes resíduos na forma em que se encontram pode ser dificultado devido, entre outros, a presença de contaminantes e a alta heterogeneidade destes materiais. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi levantar os principais contaminantes presentes em resíduos de madeira de origem urbana, bem como realizar a caracterização energética desta madeira. O material analisado foi coletado em uma usina de reciclagem instalada no município de Piracicaba- SP. Os métodos e as analises descritos foram baseados em normas brasileiras, internacionais e em referencias da literatura. Os resultados são apresentados nos capítulos dois, três, quatro e cinco deste trabalho. / Interest in new renewable sources of energy is, beyond a global trend, a necessity of modern society. In this context, the use of biomass for energy purposes is presented as promising, as it gathers enough attributes to contribute to diversification of the local / national energy matrix. In the list of possibilities arising from biomass, present wood residues of urban origin, which could contribute, for example, to ease the pressure on forests. However, the use of this waste in the form in which they were discarded by society, without any prior treatment can be difficult, especially due to the presence of contaminants and also due to the high heterogeneity of these wastes. In this sense, the aim of this study was to identify the main contaminants in wood waste from urban as well as perform energy characterization of the material. The waste analyzed were collected in a recycling plant in the city of Piracicaba, SP. The methods used and the analyzes were based on Brazilian standards, international and literature references. The results are presented in the chapters two, three, four, five of this work.

Ng Chi Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-143). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Lists of Tables --- p.vii / Lists of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of soil physical properties to plant growth --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Importance of organic matter to soil physical properties --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chemical composition of sewage sludge and spent sawdust litter and their disposal --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Significance of the study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Reviews / Chapter 2.1 --- Influence of organic wastes on soil organic matter --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Influence of organic wastes on soil aggregate stability --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Influence on bulk density and total porosity --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Influence on field capacity and water holding capacity --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5 --- Influence on soil water intake and in situ soil moisture content --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Influence on mechanical resistance --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Study site --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Treatments --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Soil sampling --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.41 --- Organic carbon --- p.33 / Chapter 3.42 --- Aggregate stability --- p.34 / Chapter 3.43 --- Bulk density --- p.37 / Chapter 3.44 --- Field capacity --- p.37 / Chapter 3.45 --- Water characteristics curve --- p.38 / Chapter 3.46 --- Infiltration --- p.38 / Chapter 3.47 --- Water release property --- p.39 / Chapter 3.48 --- Mechanical resistance --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effect on Soil Aggregate Stability / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results / Chapter 4.21 --- Effect on soil organic matter content --- p.45 / Chapter 4.22 --- Change in organic matter content under continuous cultivation --- p.46 / Chapter 4.23 --- Effect on aggregate stability under continuous cultivation --- p.47 / Chapter 4.24 --- The relationship between percentage aggregate stability and the amount of organic matter --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Effect on Bulk Density, Total Porosity and Mechanical Resistance" / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results / Chapter 5.21 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity --- p.65 / Chapter 5.22 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity under continuous cultivation --- p.66 / Chapter 5.23 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity in relation to organic matter content and aggregate stability --- p.67 / Chapter 5.24 --- Change in mechanical resistance --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effect on soil water retention / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results / Chapter 6.21 --- Field capacity and change between the second and the fourth harvest --- p.82 / Chapter 6.22 --- Relationship between field capacity and organic matter content --- p.84 / Chapter 6.23 --- Water characteristics curve --- p.84 / Chapter 6.24 --- Change in water characteristics curve between the second and the fourth harvest --- p.88 / Chapter 6.25 --- The relationship between water holding capacity and organic matter content --- p.91 / Chapter 6.26 --- Change in available water capacity and its relationship with organic matter content --- p.92 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion / Chapter 6.31 --- Change in field capacity --- p.95 / Chapter 6.32 --- Change in water holding capacity and available water capacity --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Effect on Infiltration and Water Release Property / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2 --- Results / Chapter 7.21 --- Infiltration and its change under continuous cultivation --- p.103 / Chapter 7.22 --- Water release property --- p.109 / Chapter 7.3 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusions --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.118 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implication of the study --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3 --- Further studies --- p.123 / References --- p.126

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Kaynakça var.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-188).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1982. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on July 9, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Land Reclamation and Remediation, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Com o crescimento da geração de resíduos e a superlotação dos aterros sanitários, tornou-se necessário buscar alternativas para destinação desses resíduos. Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre a possibilidade de utilização do compósito para produção de um material de construção civil, tendo em sua composição: sedimento dragado do porto de Paranaguá como agregado, cinzas de madeira de bracatinga (Mimosa Scabrella) como adição e por fim, cal residual como aglomerante. Na parte experimental, os materiais foram caracterizados quanto sua composição química, mineralógica e granulométrica. Com os resíduos selecionados, foram desenvolvidas quinze composições, os teores de sedimento dragado variaram entre 30 e 70%, os teores de cinzas variaram entre 5 e 40% e a quantidade da cal residual variou entre 15 e 30%. Os compósitos foram submetidos a ensaios de resistência mecânica à compressão uniaxial, absorção de água, resistência à água, expansão linear, densidade aparente, DRX, MEV e EDS. Assim, estudando as interações componentes durante o período de cura, foi possível verificar que a resistência à compressão uniaxial cresce com o aumento do teor de aglomerante e com tempo o de cura. Os materiais desenvolvidos apresentaram valores de resistência à compressão uniaxial máxima no 3º dia de 2,39 MPa, no 28° dia de 2,44 MPa, no 60º dia de 4,51 MPa, no 90° dia de 5,45 MPa e no 180° dia 8,77 MPa. Os valores de absorção de água aos 28 dias de cura variaram entre 9,50% a 17,20%, já no 90° dia houve um decréscimo, obtendo valores que variaram no intervalo de 8,30% a 16,60%. Através de métodos de DRX, MEV e EDS, foi possível observar que durante o processo de hidratação e cura das misturas, ocorreu uma destruição parcial das partículas de cinza de madeira e do sedimento dragado em meio alcalino com a síntese de novos minerais cristalinos e amorfos, principalmente carbonatos responsáveis pela formação de novas estruturas. Os resultados apontam que a mistura desses três resíduos resulta em um compósito com viável utilização prática no setor da construção civil, o qual possui como principais benefícios, a redução da extração de matéria prima natural e redução do volume de material disposto em forma de rejeitos. / With the growth of industrial and municipal wastes generation and overcrowding of their landfills, it increases the necessity to develop alternatives for their economically and ecologically efficient disposal. This research presents results of three type of industrial wastes utilization - dredged sediment (DS) from the Seaport of Paranaguá, wood ashes (WAB) of bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella) and lime production wastes (LPW) - as raw materials for production of construction materials. DS was used as aggregate (30 -70 wt.%), WA – as filler (5 to 40%) and LPW (15 - 30%) - as a binder. The raw materials and final products were characterized and testes by the following complementary methods: XRF, XRD, SEM with EDS, uniaxial compressive strength, water absorption, water resistance, linear expansion and bulk density. It was determined that the uniaxial compressive strength increases with increasing content of the LPW and of the curing time. The max resistance of the test samples (TSs) reaches at the 3rd day of 2.39 MPa, at the 28th day of 2.44 MPa, at the 60th of 4.51 MPa, at the 90th day of 5.45 MPa, and 180th day of 8.77 MPa. The water absorption on the 28th day of curing ranged from 9.50% to 17.20% and on the 90th day was decreased, ranging from 8.30% to 16.60%. All these changes of TSs’ mechanical properties took place due to chemical interaction of the initial components in the moist alkaline outdoors condition with partial chemical destruction of DS and WA particles and with synthesis of new crystalline and amorphous minerals, mainly of carbonates and CSH compositions. New materials can be economically attractive due to cheap industrial wastes utilization as raw materials for manufacturing of civil construction materials and, thus, considerable reduction of their price. Widespread use of this ecologically clean method of wastes utilization could significantly improve the environmental situation of ocean coastal and industrial regions and decrease consuming of natural resources for civil construction.

Orientador: João Ernesto de Carvalho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:12:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jankowsky_Luciana_M.pdf: 15004319 bytes, checksum: b642a2ac8b5c75f4b7f3bfba253b8688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: o conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais constitui, inúmeras vezes, o único recurso terapêutico de diversas comunidades e a busca de novos compostos bioativos a partir da rica biodiversidade brasileira é uma estratégia com reflexos econômicos e sociais reconhecidamente positivos. Adicionalmente, parte da floresta tropical é explorada para a produção de madeira, gerando anualmente cerca de 10 milhões de toneladas de resíduos, nos diversos processos industriais de manufatura. Unindo a busca de princípios ativos com a possibilidade de uso dos rejeitos da indústria madeireira, a presente pesquisa teve por principal objetivo avaliar a potencial aplicação farmacológica do extrato bruto diclorometânico (EDB) e do extrato bruto etanólico (EBE), obtidos a partir dos resíduos de quatro espécies tropicais (Tabebuia sp, Bowdichia nitida, Dipteryx odorata e Myroxy/on balsamum). Inicialmente todos os extratos foram testados para averiguar possível atividade anticâncer, em cultura de células tumorais humanas. O EBD de Tabebuia sp, na concentração de 2,5 ug/mL, apresentou ação citocida para as linhagens tumorais representativas de adenocarcinoma ovariano, melanoma e leucemia. O EBE da B. nitida demonstrou atividade citocida, na concentração de 25 ug/mL para as linhagens tumorais representativas de adenocarcinoma prostático, leucemia e melanoma. O EBD de D. odorata, na concentração de 25 ug/ml,apresentou atividade citocida seletiva para leucemia e carcinoma ovariano. O EBD de M. balsamum demonstrou ação citocida, na concentração de 25 ug/mL, para as linhagens tumorais representativas de melanoma, adenocarcinoma colorretal, prostático e renal, carcinoma mamário e mamário-resistente, leucemia. Entre os extratos ativos o EBD de M. balsamum foi selecionado para estudos em outros modelos experimentais. No teste geral de atividade em camundongos esse extrato apresentou atividade depressora do sistema nervoso central (SNC), chegando a produzir hipnose profunda, e atividade antinociceptiva. Em modelos de úlcera gástrica reduziu as ulcerações produzidas por antiinflamatório e etanol e, em ligadura de piloro reduziu a secreção ácida. A atividade farmacológica do EBD de M. balsamum observada em diversos modelos experimentais pode ser conseqüência da variedade de compostos químicos presente no extrato, indicando a necessidade de estudos para determinação do mecanismo de ação e identificação dos princípios ativos / Abstract: The knowledge about the use of medicinal plants is, innumerable times, the only therapeutic resource for several communities; and to search new bioactive compounds from Brazilian biodiversity is one strategy with positive economic and social consequences. Additionally, part of the tropical forest is explored for lumber and wood based products, generating annually about 10 million tons of residues, in the industrial manufacture processes. Joining the search of active principies with the possibility to use of lumber industry reject, the present research had as main objective to evaluate the potential for pharmacologic application of dichloromethane gross extract (EDB) and ethanol gross extract (EBE), extracted from residues of four tropical species (Tabebuia sp, Bowdichia Nitida, Dipteryx odorata e Myroxy/on ba/samum). Initially all the extracts had been tested to anticancer activity, in cultured human tumor cells. The EBD of Tabebuia sp, at concentration of 2,5 ug/mL, presented cytocide activity to ovarium carcinoma, melanoma and leukemia. The EBE of B. nitida at 25 ug/mL concentration showed cytocide activity to prostate adenocarcinoma, leukemia and melanoma. The EBD of D. odorata, at concentration of 25 ug/ml, presented selective cytocide activity for leukemia and ovarium carcinoma. EBD of M. balsamum demonstrated cytocide action, at concentration of 25 ug/mL,to melanoma, leukimia, breast and breas tresistant carcinoma, prostate, colon and kidney adenocarcinoma. The EBD of Myroxylon balsamum was experimented in other models, resulting depressing activity on central nervous system (CNS), such as hypnosis; antinoceptive action and untiulcer action. The wide range of M. balsamum EDB could be attributed to its particular chemical composition. Those results stimulate the continuity of studies with lumber residues, in the search of new therapeutic drugs / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

São vários os fatores que contribuem para o aumento dos resíduos de madeira no Brasil. Dentre eles, a exploração predatória dos recursos naturais, as técnicas rudimentares de desdobro da madeira, como também, a falta de uma política de gerenciamento em empresas que processam madeira em relação aos resíduos e seu destino final. Contudo, a crescente demanda industrial por recursos florestais pode ser de grande valia na construção civil e em indústrias moveleiras, se levados em consideração a otimização do uso dos resíduos do processamento da madeira para o desenvolvimento de produtos alternativos e com valor agregado. Dessa forma, diante do uso de Inovação Tecnológica e a viabilidade técnica constatada em pesquisas recentes para o reaproveitamento desses resíduos na forma de Painel de Partículas Homogêneas, PPH, este trabalho utilizou resíduos de Pinus sp. e Eucalyptus sp. tratados com CCB, para fabricação de Painéis usados na construção de um Protótipo Arquitetônico, em escala real, com o intuito de unir várias pesquisas num só espaço e confirmar os resultados dos trabalhos em que este se baseia visando avaliar a eficiência da aplicabilidade desses painéis como revestimento de pisos e paredes. Os Painéis foram fabricados, em escala de laboratório, a partir de resíduos de madeira provenientes de áreas de reflorestamento na região de São Carlos, SP, e obtidos em serrarias, marcenarias e indústrias locais. A avaliação de seu desempenho ocorreu de acordo com a norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14810:2006 e normas internacionais (EUA e Canadá). A análise dos resultados e desempenho do Protótipo construído evidenciou a viabilidade e a eficiência do emprego destes painéis, possibilitando sua proposição ao mercado de revestimentos. / There are several factors that contribute to the increase of wood waste in Brazil. Among them, the predatory exploitation of natural resources, the rudimentary techniques of wood processing, but also the absence of wood waste management policies. However, the increase of industrial demand for forest resources may be important for construction and furniture industries if considered the optimization of wastes from wood processing, for the development of alternative value-added products. Through the use of technological innovation and the technical feasibility found in researches to recycle these wastes in the form of homogeneous particleboard, HP, this study used Eucalyptus sp. and Pinus sp. wastes treated with Copper Chromium and Boron (CCB), for manufacturing panels used in the construction of an full-scale architectural prototype, that empirically test the efficiency of the applicability of these panels as floor coverings and walls. The panels were manufactured in laboratory using wood waste from reforestation areas in the region of São Carlos, São Paulo State, obtained from sawmills, joinery and local industries according to the Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR 14810:2006 and the international standard (USA and Canada). By monitoring the results and the excellent performance of the prototype built the work proved the feasibility and efficiency of the use of these panels in the coatings market.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-16T19:33:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mauro Galucio Garcia.pdf: 8414985 bytes, checksum: 192bccb9ac6b0279be9e5ff578bb8132 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-17T18:21:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mauro Galucio Garcia.pdf: 8414985 bytes, checksum: 192bccb9ac6b0279be9e5ff578bb8132 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-17T18:26:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mauro Galucio Garcia.pdf: 8414985 bytes, checksum: 192bccb9ac6b0279be9e5ff578bb8132 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T18:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Mauro Galucio Garcia.pdf: 8414985 bytes, checksum: 192bccb9ac6b0279be9e5ff578bb8132 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / During wood processing by timber industry around 70% of lumber becomes unusable (garbage), which usually is thrown away at inappropriate places, causing environmental troubles. In attempt to assuage this problem and trying harnessing the underused waste, some proposals have been emerged, like the use of these residues to produce handcrafts which reduces the waste of wood and adds a great value to a thing that is seen as a trash. Other proposal is the present study, which proposed the phytochemical study of three timber species of Fabaceae family: Dipteryx odorata (cumaru), Swartzia laevicarpa (saboarana) e Andira parviflora (sucupira-vermelha), contributing for the knowledge of the chemical constituents of the wood, and in search for secondary metabolites with biological activity or chemical relevance. The organic crude extracts were fractionated by chromatography column (CC). The fractionation of the dichloromethane extract from residues of S. laevicarpa, resulted in the isolation of 8-hydroxy-3,4,9,10-tetramethoxipterocarpan. The methanolic extract of D. odorata fractionated in CC led the isolation of four isoflavones: 8-O-metilretusin, cladrastrin, 7,3’-dihydroxy-8,4’dimethoxi-isoflavone and the 7,3’-dihydroxy-5,6,4’-trimethoxi-isoflavone, this last one is reported for the first time. The fractionation of the methanolic extract of the alburnum of A. parviflora in CC led the isolation of the isoflavone genistein, and in the methanolic extract of A. parviflora's core were isolated the 7,5’,6’-trihydroxy-4’-methoxi-isoflavan and biochanin A. The resulting mother liquor of biochanin A, was evaluated by HPLC-EFS-NMR, leading to the isolation and identification of substances 3,8-dihydroxy-9-methoxipterocarpan,8-dihydroxy-9-methoxipterocarpan, nissolin, medicarpin, biochanin A and the novel bipterocarpan medicarpin secundiflorol-I (OC 3 → C-3 '). In this work were identified by spectroscopic techniques flavonoids (isoflavone, isoflavan and pterocarpan) typical of the Fabaceae family. / lixo, geralmente descartado em locais inadequados causando grandes problemas ambientais. Na tentativa de amenizar esses problemas e na busca de aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos têm surgido propostas como a produção de pequenos objetos a qual é uma forma sócio-econômica de agregar valor aos resíduos. Por meio de estudos fitoquímicos dos resíduos, a presente proposta visou proporcionar o conhecimento químico de madeiras das espécies de família Fabaceae Dipteryx odorata (cumaru), Swartzia laevicarpa (saboarana) e Andira parviflora (sucupira-vermelha). Os extratos orgânicos foram fracionados por cromatografia em coluna (CC). O fracionamento do extrato diclorometano dos resíduos de S. laevicarpa resultou no isolamento de 8-hidroxi-3,4,9,10-tetrametoxipterocarpano. O extrato metanólico de D. odorata fracionado em CC forneceu 4 isoflavonas: 8-O-metilretusina, cladastrina, 7,3’-dihidroxi-8,4’dimetoxiisoflavona e a inédita 7,3’-dihidroxi-5,6,4’-trimetoxiisoflavona. Os fracionamentos dos extratos metanólico do alburno de A. parviflora em CC forneceu a isoflavona genisteína e do cerne o isolamento de 7,5’,6’-trihidroxi-4’-metoxiisoflavana e biochanina A, ambas purificadas por recrsitalização. A água-mãe resultante desta última foi avaliada a técnica hifenada CLAE-EFS-RMN, levando ao isolamento e identificação das substâncias 3,8-dihidroxi-9-metoxipterocarpano, 8-dihidroxi-9-metoxipterocarpano, nissolina, medicarpina, biochanina A e o inédito bipterocarpano medicarpina-secundiflorol I (C-3→O-C-3'). Nesse estudo identificou-se por técnicas especteroscópicas flavonóides (isoflavona, isoflavana e pterocarpano) típicos da família Fabaceae.