This thesis looks into issues related to food waste and consists of a theoretical and a practical part. Theoretical part aims to provide clear and complex definition of wood waste related problems, summarize current findings in Czech and foreign sources. Introduction chapter explains important terms and legal measures related to this topic. It is followed by description of causes, implications and possibilities in food waste reduction. Main goal of practical part is analyzing food waste in Czech households and providing recommendations for wood waste reduction as well as some additional measurements. Practical part contains detailed analysis of primary data acquired by questionnaires and measuring food waste in Czech households. Important results and conclusions are then processed in final chapter.

Faced with rising energy costs, forest industries have been seeking ways to better utilize wood residues for fueling plant operations. A major problem with this fuel is its high moisture content when produced from green trees, which seriously reduces the heat of combustion. In light of this a study was conducted to determine the moisture content, drying rates, and fuel value of logging residues produced in three of Virginia's physiographic zones. Samples were taken from the residues at intervals over a two year period to monitor moisture and fuel value changes under a variety of environmental conditions. It was concluded that these residues (tree tops, branches, and cull trees) had become dry enough for fuel use after as little as one or two months of field-drying in a suitable location. In other situations, drying rates were too slow to consider the method a viable alternative. The main factors affecting the field drying process were found to be size of the residue, geographic location, and season. / Master of Science

Recycling felled urban trees that are hazardous or unhealthy is increasingly viewed as a viable practice to control disposal costs, promote environmental practices, and support local commerce. Wide spread waste wood utilization is encumbered by numerous presumptions about wood quantity, quality, accessibility, and presence of foreign objects; yet there is almost no scientific literature about these presumptions. Without this knowledge, informed decisions cannot be made about the viability of waste wood utilization. In this study, we assessed the quality and quantity of timber in street trees scheduled for routine removal by the District of Columbia (the District) using a modified timber grading protocol adapted from the United States Forest Service. We developed a second protocol to assess the feasibility of timber salvage by identifying physical barriers commonly encountered in urban areas (e.g., high volume traffic, utilities around the tree, and infrastructure). The randomized sampling scheme was stratified by land-use zones and focused on the six most abundant tree species: Acer platanoides, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Quercus palustris, Quercus phellos, Quercus rubra. Our findings suggest the majority of condemned street trees are of too poor quality to contain timber (58% cull rate); however, trees that contain merchantable logs are likely to be easily removed. A notable discovery that could prove problematic for wood salvage was that the majority of trees (88%) contained superficial metal items embedded in the trunk surface. Furthermore, presence or absence of a merchantable-sized log (p=0.0445) depended on the tree's species, as did the average volume observed (p<0.0001). Additionally, land-use zones had an effect on the removal feasibility scores (p=0.0257) but had no effect on log presence or log volume. Throughout the District, we estimated that 36,500 board feet of merchantable logs are generated from routine removals of our top six species annually. These findings provide empirical data pertaining to urban timber salvage, which might aid decisions on the investment worthiness of utilizing urban street trees. / Master of Science / Recycling felled urban trees that are hazardous or unhealthy is increasingly viewed as a viable practice to control disposal costs, promote environmental practices, and support local commerce. Wide spread waste wood utilization is encumbered by numerous presumptions about wood quantity, quality, accessibility, and presence of foreign objects; yet there is almost no scientific literature about these presumptions. Without this knowledge, informed decisions cannot be made about the viability of waste wood utilization. In this study, we assessed the quality and quantity of timber in street trees scheduled for routine removal by the District of Columbia (the District) using a modified timber grading protocol adapted from the United States Forest Service. We developed a second protocol to assess the feasibility of timber salvage by identifying physical barriers commonly encountered in urban areas (e.g., high volume traffic, utilities around the tree, and infrastructure). The randomized sampling scheme was stratified by land-use zones and focused on the six most abundant tree species: <i>Acer platanoides, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Quercus palustris, Quercus phellos, Quercus rubra</i>. Our findings suggest the majority of condemned street trees are of too poor quality to contain timber (58% cull rate); however, trees that contain merchantable logs are likely to be easily removed. A notable discovery that could prove problematic for wood salvage was that the majority of trees (88%) contained superficial metal items embedded in the trunk surface. Furthermore, presence or absence of a merchantable-sized log (p=0.0445) depended on the tree’s species, as did the average volume observed (p<0.0001). Additionally, land-use zones had an effect on the removal feasibility scores (p=0.0257) but had no effect on log presence or log volume. Throughout the District, we estimated that 36,500 board feet of merchantable logs are generated from routine removals of our top six species annually. These findings provide empirical data pertaining to urban timber salvage, which might aid decisions on the investment worthiness of utilizing urban street trees.

Les panneaux de bois MDF (Medium-Density Fiberboard), principalement utilisés dans le secteur de l’ameublement, génèrent une quantité annuelle mondiale de déchets estimée à 40 millions de m³. Actuellement,aucune méthode viable ne permet leur recyclage du fait de la présence de contaminants de type résine ou finitions (peinture, laminé, plastique). Ces déchets,constitués de bois à hauteur de 85-90 %, représentent cependant une source de matière lignocellulosique non négligeable. Afin de transformer cette ressource inexploitée, en matériaux à haute valeur ajoutée, un procédé de fractionnement combinant traitement alcalin et délignification a permis la séparation des hémicelluloses et lignines, amenant à l’isolement de la cellulose. En premier lieu, cette méthode a été utilisée pour l'extraction de nanocelluloses, à savoir des nanocristaux de cellulose par hydrolyse acide et des nanofibrilles de cellulose par délamination mécanique. Les nanocristaux de cellulose extraits des déchets ont montré des caractéristiques semblables à ceux obtenus avec des fibres de bois vierges. Ensuite, la fraction riche en hémicelluloses isolée par un traitement alcalin à partir des déchets MDF, a été purifiée puis précipitée à l’éthanol permettant l’isolation d’une fraction hémicellulosique, ultérieurement intégrée à la préparation d’hydrogels à base d’acide acrylique. Les hydrogels présentent des caractéristiques similaires qu'ils soient élaborés avec la fraction issue des déchets ou fabriqués à base de xylanes commerciaux de hêtre. L'évaluation de la capacité de ces déchets à être recyclés ouvrirait une voie de conversion en une nouvelle ressource de produits à forte valeur ajoutée. / Wood-based medium-density fiberboards (MDF) are principally used for furniture and fittings and areproduced in great volumes around the world. The annual quantity of MDF waste generated world-wide is estimated to be over 40 million m3. Currently, there is noviable way to transform MDF into useful products due to the presence of contaminants such as resins and finishes (paint, varnish, laminated or plastic). This type of waste, composed of approximately 85-90 % of wood, represents a significant source of lignocellulosic material. This thesis describes research on transforming this under-utilized resource into high valued materials via a fractionation process. An alkali treatment followed by a delignification step, allows the extraction of hemicelluloses and lignin respectively, leading to the isolation of pure cellulose. This cellulose was converted to nanocelluloses in the form of nanocrystals by acidhydrolysis and nanofibrils by mechanical fibrillation. The cellulose nanocrystals obtained from waste MDF is shown to have similar characteristics to those obtained from virgin wood fibers. The hemicelluloses-rich fraction obtained by an alkali treatment from MDF waste was purified, precipitated by ethanol and then further used in the preparation of acrylic acid based hydrogels. The hydrogels generated had similar characteristics to those made from commercial beech xylans.This research clearly demonstrates the technical feasibility to convert MDF waste into high value added products, opening a new conversion route to recycle them.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-12-11T12:08:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlete Simone Mossmann_.pdf: 5164470 bytes, checksum: 43c17f8da40b450de07f9cd32658bc60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-11T12:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arlete Simone Mossmann_.pdf: 5164470 bytes, checksum: 43c17f8da40b450de07f9cd32658bc60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A preocupação ambiental e o interesse dos empresários da construção civil em atender à legislação, desperta a pesquisa para encontrar soluções para os problemas decorrentes da geração de resíduos da construção civil. Um sistema de gerenciamento de resíduo exige mudanças no comportamento de empresas e deve incluir práticas que buscam evitar e reduzir a geração, reutilizar e reciclar o resíduo gerado, reduzir o volume e dispor de forma adequada o restante. Esse trabalho tem foco no resíduo de madeira gerado na confecção de fôrmas de estrutura de concreto armado e tem por objetivo geral apresentar o levantamento de gerenciamento desse resíduo. Como estratégia de pesquisa foi utilizada o estudo de caso com múltiplas fontes de evidências, envolvendo pesquisa com empresas construtoras, fornecedoras da matéria prima, transportadoras e receptoras dos resíduos. O trabalho foi realizado em duas etapas, que envolvem: um diagnóstico sobre como empresas construtoras de Novo Hamburgo/RS gerenciam o resíduo de madeira de fôrmas para concreto e uma pesquisa sobre programas computacionais de plano de corte utilizado pelo setor moveleiro, para adaptação na construção civil a fim de racionalizar o uso da matéria prima e diminuir a geração de resíduos. Como resultado, o trabalho aponta a dificuldade em gerenciar o resíduo de madeira de fôrmas para concreto pelas empresas construtoras. Não foram identificadas práticas de racionalização do uso e reciclagem e, foram diagnosticados problemas no destino final dado ao resíduo. Como alternativa, o trabalho mostra resultados de economia de material a partir do uso de programa computacional de plano de corte. / The environmental concern and the interest of the construction industry in complying with the legislation arouses the research to find solutions to problems regarding the generation of construction waste. A waste management system requires a behavior change in companies and should include practices that seek to prevent and reduce the amount of waste generated, its proper disposal, reuse and recycle. This work is focused on the wood waste generated due to the manufacture of molds for concrete structure and aims to present a survey on how this waste is managed. As a research strategy, it was mainly based on the study of cases with multiple sources of evidence, involving research with construction companies, raw material suppliers, carries and receivers of this waste. The work was performed in two steps involving: a diagnosis of how construction companies in Novo Hamburgo/RS manage wood waste and a survey about computer programs used by the furniture sector aiming to adapt it to the construction sector in order to rationalize the use of wood and reduce waste generation. As a result, the study highlights the difficulties faced by construction companies to manage wood waste. Practices to rationalize the use and to recycle the material were not identified and serious problems regarding the final destination of waste were diagnosed. Alternatively, this paper shows the results on raw material savings from the use of computer program on a cutting plan.

Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T20:09:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Serrano_DiegoMachadoCarrion_M.pdf: 3723453 bytes, checksum: 7b7e13e42962bface6ba8a38c221ba08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O pellets é um bioenergético de uso relativamente difundido em países desenvolvidos de clima temperado, tendo sido nos últimos anos empregado de forma crescente como fonte de energia em aquecimento residencial e na geração de energia elétrica e térmica, em unidades "co-firing", principalmente na Europa, que é o maior mercado consumidor do produto. Nesse contexto, o Brasil, por possuir vocação florestal devido ao clima, disponibilidade de terras e ter segmento florestal bem estruturado, apresenta potencial para se inserir como supridor nesse mercado. Na elaboração desta dissertação, considerada a disponibilidade de biomassa, duas regiões foram identificadas como as mais promissoras para a produção de pellets a partir dos resíduos de madeira: as regiões Norte e Sul, sendo que a segunda tem significativa vantagem por possuir uma cadeia de produtos florestais fundamentada na silvicultura (florestas plantadas), enquanto na primeira haveria severas restrições devido à dificuldade de rastreamento da origem da biomassa. Foi feita a análise econômica de um empreendimento hipotético voltado à produção de pellets de madeira situado na região Sul do país, sob condições reais de mercado e logística. Os resultados indicam que, para uma planta pelletizadora com capacidade de 100.000 toneladas de pellets/ano, preço da biomassa em torno dos R$ 35,00/m3 e com preços de pellets a granel em porto na Europa (CIF) fixado em 140 ¿/tonelada, o empreendimento é viável, com TIR de 17% e VPL de R$ 3.6 milhões para taxa de desconto de 13%. O custo do frete marítimo é determinante na estrutura de custos, seguido do preço da matéria prima. / Abstract: Pellets is a solid biofuel that has been fairly used in developed countries of temperate climate. In recent years its consumption has increased for residential heating and electricity and thermal generation in co-firing plants, particularly in Europe, that is worldwide the largest pellets' market. Brazil has good potential to be a supplier in the emerging pellets market due to its forest tradition, adequate weather, land availability and a well-organized forestry segment. Based on the availability of biomass, it can be considered that there are two regions in Brazil that are promising for pellets production from wood waste: the North and South regions, but with a strong advantage of the second due to the supply chain of forest products based on commercial plantations; the production in the North region would suffer severe constraints due to the difficulty in tracking the sources of biomass. The assessment regarding the potential of pellets production for exporting is based on a hypothetical venture aiming at producing woodpellets in Paraná, considering real market conditions and logistics. The results indicate that a pellets plant with capacity to produce 100,000 t of pellets/year, biomass price turning around US$ 19.00/m3, and pellets price at European harbors (CIF value) as ¿ 140 per tonne, would be feasible, with an IRR of 17% or a NPV of US$ 1.7 million at a discount rate of 13%. The two main important factors in the final cost are the shipping cost from Brazil to Europe and the price of the raw material (i.e., its opportunity cost). As expected, the economic feasibility depends on the cost of raw material, as well as on the price paid for the product in European harbors. / Mestrado / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

En France, le gisement de déchets bois produits au sein des entreprises de première et seconde transformations est estimé à environ douze millions de tonnes par an. Soixante pourcent de ces déchets proviennent essentiellement des scieries sous forme de sciure, de copeaux de bois. Actuellement, il existe différentes filières de valorisation de ces déchets plus ou moins nocives à l'environnement. Un nouvel enjeu est donc de trouver des voies et moyens permettant une valorisation durable et conséquente de ces déchets. Dans ce contexte, la région Nord-Pas-de-Calais a initié un projet visant à la valorisation de ces déchets en élaborant de nouveaux matériaux de construction à base de sous-produits bois. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont de développer des composites à base de pâte cimentaire et de sciure de bois issus de l'essence de Peuplier. Ces composites sont destinés à être utilisés comme éléments de maçonneries porteuses et sont assujettis à des critères de résistances mécaniques fixés par la norme française. La caractérisation de l'influence de la sciure sur les propriétés mécaniques, rhéologiques et physico-chimiques d'un mortier a été effectuée en substituant le sable par de la sciure à des taux variant de 10 à 100\%. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une perte de résistance mécanique avec l'augmentation du volume de bois dans le mélange due à des phénomènes chimiques et physiques. Néanmoins les résistances obtenues pour des taux de substitutions importants (50 à 60\%) restaient conformes à la norme. Ces résultats ont conduit à l'optimisation d'une formulation de mortier de bois extrudable à l'aide d'une extrudeuse à piston. Afin d'appliquer le développement de ces composites à l'échelle industrielle, la sciure de bois a été introduite dans une formulation de micro-béton servant à la production de blocs de béton industriels mis en forme par vibrocompactage. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que jusqu'à 50 \% de substitution du sable par la sciure, les résistances mécaniques étaient conformes. La caractérisation thermique des blocs a montré une capacité isolant intéressante. / In France, the waste wood deposit product in companies of first and second transformation is estimated at about twelve million tons per year. 60\% of this waste comes mainly from mills in the form of sawdust and wood chips. There are many methods of recovery of such waste, which in turn causes environmental problems through the use of products harmful to the environment. A new challenge is to find ways and means to sustainable and consistent recovery of such waste. A new challenge is to find ways and means to sustainable and consistent recovery of such waste. The recovery of such waste in construction materials could be a sustainable solution. In this context, the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Council initiated a project for the recovery of such wastes by developing new building materials from wood byproducts. This thesis has been intended to develop biocomposites based on cement paste and sawdust resulting from Poplar species. These biocomposites are designed for be used as part-bearing masonry and are subject to mechanical strength criteria set by the French standard. The study of the influence of sawdust on the mechanical, rheological and physico-chemical of a mortar was performed by replacing the sand by sawdust at rates ranging from 10 to 100 \%. The results obtained showed a loss of mechanical strength with increasing volume of wood in the mixture generated by chemical phenomena. However the compressive strength obtained for significant substitution rate (50 to 60\%) were in accordance with the French standard. These results led to the optimization of a wood mortar formulation met can be extruded using a ram extruder. In order to apply the development of these biocomposites in an industrial scale, the sawdust was introduced into a formulation of micro-concrete used in the production of industrial concrete blocks manufactured by vibro-compaction. The results showed that up to 50\% of substitution of sand by the sawdust, the mechanical properties were compliant. The thermal characterization of the blocks showed an interesting insulation capacity.

Studien som är ett forskningsprojekt men också en produktutvecklingsprocess utgår från de två forskningsfrågorna: Hur kan man genom design hantera befintligt spillmaterial? Hur kan man genom design förebygga och minska avfall?  Eftersom våra resurser på planeten börjar bli knappa måste vi bli bättre på att ta hand om de resurser vi har. Den här studien handlar om spillmaterial och utgår från befintligt sådant från möbelföretaget Blå station. Detta ska representera och visualisera problematiken med att bra spillmaterial energiåtervinns eller deponeras istället för att användas som material i nya produkter. Studien börjar med en teorigenomgång inom hållbar utveckling och cirkulär ekonomi samt hållbar och cirkulär design. Expertintervjuer har gjorts med två designers samt några designexperiment som syftat till att ta fram möjliga designförslag för spillmaterialet vilket resulterade i tre olika designförslag samt några generella principer för hur man kan hantera spillmaterial samt minska mängden avfall när man tar fram produkter. / This study is a research project as well as a product development process and is based on the two research questions: How can design handle existing left-over materials? How can design prevent and reduce waste?  As our resources on the planet are becoming scarce, we need to better handle the ones we have. This study is about left-over materials and is based on such from the furniture company Blå station. This will represent and visualize the problems we have with good left-over materials is burned or thrown away instead of being used as material in new products. The study starts with a theory review in sustainable development and circular economy together with sustainable and circular design. Expert interviews with two designers were done and some design experiment with the intention to produce some possible design proposals for the left-over material and it resulted in three different proposals and some general principles for how to handle left over materials and also reduce waste in new products.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:20:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanchezsantiago_fl_dr_botfca.pdf: 1332142 bytes, checksum: 95e0fedafe40c700ba8f5c62375d9105 (MD5) / A crise de combustíveis derivados de petróleo a partir do ano 1970 levou as empresas do ramo florestal avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de reaproveitamento inteligente e racional de resíduos florestais como insumos energéticos até então descartados em seus processos nas florestas. A segurança da economia brasileira impõe medidas de aproveitamento mais eficaz do combustível e exige providências para intensificar a utilização de outras fontes energéticas brasileiras. Os custos de energia podem ser reduzidos pelo emprego de combustíveis mais econômicos e de produtos residuais (ANDRITZ, 1997). Em indústrias de produção de celulose e papel, o Eucalyptus é utilizado como fonte de matéria prima e para geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor, água quente e energia elétrica. A possibilidade de gerar energia com as cascas que permanecem na floresta após a colheita da madeira e resíduos florestais, tais como galhos de pequenos diâmetros das copas das árvores que são vendidos a terceiros foi o que motivou a realização deste trabalho. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o potencial de energia a partir das cascas e resíduos florestais em uma fábrica de celulose, e através dos mesmos promover a geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor e geração própria de energia elétrica, melhorando a competitividade de... / The crisis of fuels derived from petroleum from 1970 led the forest branch companies evaluate the technical and economic viability of reusing intelligent and rational of forest residues as energy inputs until then discarded in their processes in forests. The security of Brazilian economy imposes measures of more effective utilization of fuel and requires actions to increase the use of other energy sources in Brazil. Energy costs can be reduced by employing of more economical fuels and waste products (ANDRITZ 1997). In industries of cellulose and paper production, the Eucalyptus is used as a source of raw material for thermal energy generation in the form of steam, hot water and electricity. The possibility to generate power with the barks that remain in the forest after the harvesting of wood and forest residues such as small diameter branches of the tree tops that are sold to the third parties, was what motivated this work. This study aims to evaluate the potential energy from the barks and forest residues in a cellulose plant, and through them to promote the generation of thermal energy in the form of steam and own generation of electricity, improving the competitiveness of its products through reduction of costs and, at the same time, contributing to the expansion of the base of electric power generation in the country. To conduct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Marcos Antonio de Rezende / Banca: Mário de Oliveira Neto / Banca: José Roberto Correa Saglietti / Banca: Vladimir Eliodoro Costa / Banca: Fred Williand Calonego / Resumo: A crise de combustíveis derivados de petróleo a partir do ano 1970 levou as empresas do ramo florestal avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica de reaproveitamento inteligente e racional de resíduos florestais como insumos energéticos até então descartados em seus processos nas florestas. A segurança da economia brasileira impõe medidas de aproveitamento mais eficaz do combustível e exige providências para intensificar a utilização de outras fontes energéticas brasileiras. Os custos de energia podem ser reduzidos pelo emprego de combustíveis mais econômicos e de produtos residuais (ANDRITZ, 1997). Em indústrias de produção de celulose e papel, o Eucalyptus é utilizado como fonte de matéria prima e para geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor, água quente e energia elétrica. A possibilidade de gerar energia com as cascas que permanecem na floresta após a colheita da madeira e resíduos florestais, tais como galhos de pequenos diâmetros das copas das árvores que são vendidos a terceiros foi o que motivou a realização deste trabalho. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o potencial de energia a partir das cascas e resíduos florestais em uma fábrica de celulose, e através dos mesmos promover a geração de energia térmica em forma de vapor e geração própria de energia elétrica, melhorando a competitividade de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The crisis of fuels derived from petroleum from 1970 led the forest branch companies evaluate the technical and economic viability of reusing intelligent and rational of forest residues as energy inputs until then discarded in their processes in forests. The security of Brazilian economy imposes measures of more effective utilization of fuel and requires actions to increase the use of other energy sources in Brazil. Energy costs can be reduced by employing of more economical fuels and waste products (ANDRITZ 1997). In industries of cellulose and paper production, the Eucalyptus is used as a source of raw material for thermal energy generation in the form of steam, hot water and electricity. The possibility to generate power with the barks that remain in the forest after the harvesting of wood and forest residues such as small diameter branches of the tree tops that are sold to the third parties, was what motivated this work. This study aims to evaluate the potential energy from the barks and forest residues in a cellulose plant, and through them to promote the generation of thermal energy in the form of steam and own generation of electricity, improving the competitiveness of its products through reduction of costs and, at the same time, contributing to the expansion of the base of electric power generation in the country. To conduct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor