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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on the Work of Breathing at Rest and during Exercise

Machina, Matthew 19 March 2013 (has links)
Ventilation may limit exercise. Wearing a gas mask may further compromise ventilation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves ventilation by reducing airway resistance and thus the work of breathing. We investigated the effects of wearing a gas mask with and without CPAP on the work of breathing (WOB) during resting and exercise conditions to determine (a) whether wearing a gas mask increases the WOB and (b) whether the application of CPAP to a gas mask will mitigate (reduce) said increase to the WOB. Ten healthy males completed two test protocols with three stages each, and in three mask conditions. Physiological and dyspnea parameters were measured. Wearing a gas mask increased the metabolic cost and work of breathing. When the portable CPAP device was applied, there was no change in the calculated work of breathing, but metabolic cost of breathing was significantly reduced. CPAP also significantly reduced the sensation of dyspnea.
2

The Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on the Work of Breathing at Rest and during Exercise

Machina, Matthew 19 March 2013 (has links)
Ventilation may limit exercise. Wearing a gas mask may further compromise ventilation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) improves ventilation by reducing airway resistance and thus the work of breathing. We investigated the effects of wearing a gas mask with and without CPAP on the work of breathing (WOB) during resting and exercise conditions to determine (a) whether wearing a gas mask increases the WOB and (b) whether the application of CPAP to a gas mask will mitigate (reduce) said increase to the WOB. Ten healthy males completed two test protocols with three stages each, and in three mask conditions. Physiological and dyspnea parameters were measured. Wearing a gas mask increased the metabolic cost and work of breathing. When the portable CPAP device was applied, there was no change in the calculated work of breathing, but metabolic cost of breathing was significantly reduced. CPAP also significantly reduced the sensation of dyspnea.
3

Imposed Work of Breathing and Breathing Comfort of Nonintubated Volunters Breathing with Three Portable Ventilators and a Critical Care Ventilator

Austin, Paul Nelson 11 October 2001 (has links)
No description available.
4

Análise de padrão ventilatório, trocas gasosas e mecânica ventilatória em juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824) / Analyses of ventilatory pattern, gas exchange and breathing mechanics in juvenile and adult Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824)

Oliveira, Paulo Roberto Custodio de 26 March 2018 (has links)
A compreensão da relação entre ventilação, troca gasosa e mecânica ventilatória é de vital importância na busca do entendimento do funcionamento do sistema respiratório. Ao longo do desenvolvimento animal, mudanças no tamanho corpóreo necessitam de reajustes na relação entre seus componentes em nível estrutural e funcional. O tamanho corporal, além de outros fatores, é um agente de influência em variáveis relacionadas ao sistema respiratório em vertebrados. O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento do sistema respiratório em répteis é restrito a algumas espécies, portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o padrão ventilatório, troca de gases e a mecânica ventilatória em juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). Os animais (n=10) pesando entre 40 gramas a 2,5 quilogramas aproximadamente e sob a condição de normóxia, foram submetidos à respirometria aberta para determinação do padrão ventilatório, do consumo de oxigênio e da produção de gás carbônico em diferentes temperaturas (15, 25 e 35°C). Os volumes pulmonares, complacência estática, complacência dinâmica, resistência pulmonar e o trabalho mecânico da ventilação foram averiguados em juvenis e adultos nas condições supino, prona e para os pulmões isolados das vísceras, verificando assim a influência dessas condições sobre a mecânica ventilatória do sistema respiratório. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram padrões ventilatórios periódicos em todas as temperaturas estudadas. O volume corrente não apresentou mudanças significativas com o aumento da temperatura, enquanto o aumento da frequência respiratória levou ao acréscimo da ventilação por minuto nas comparações entre 15-35°C. O consumo de oxigênio e a excreção de gás carbônico aumentaram com a temperatura e juvenis apresentaram maiores valores comparado a adultos. Tratando-se da mecânica ventilatória, adultos apresentaram diferença para o volume pulmonar de repouso na comparação entre a posição prona e supino e para o volume pulmonar máximo comparado a posição supino com os pulmões isolados. As complacências estática e dinâmica, juntamente com a resistência, padronizadas pela massa corpórea e pelos volumes pulmonares, demonstraram diferenças ao comparar os pulmões isolados com a posição supino. O trabalho mecânico mostrou ser dependente do volume ao invés da frequência em todas as condições testadas. Os resultados apresentados indicaram que mediante mudanças na ventilação, causada pelo aumento da temperatura, juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius, regularam a ventilação aumentando a frequência respiratória e mantiveram os valores do volume corrente a fim de garantir os níveis de trabalho mecânico. / The understanding of the relationship between ventilation, gas exchange and ventilatory mechanics is of vital importance in the search to understand the functioning of the respiratory system. Throughout animal development, changes in body size need adjustments in the relationship between its components at a structural and functional level. Body size, besides other factors, is an agent of influence in variables related to the respiratory system in vertebrates. The knowledge about the function of the respiratory system in reptiles is restricted to some species, so the present work aimed to analyze ventilatory pattern, gas consumption and respiratory mechanics in juveniles and adults of Chelonoidis carbonarius (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). The animals (n = 10) weighing between 40 grams to approximately 2,5 kilograms and under normoxic conditions, were submitted to open respirometry to determine the ventilatory pattern, the oxygen consumption and the production of carbon dioxide at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C). Pulmonary volumes, static compliance, dynamic compliance, pulmonary resistance and work of breathing were investigated in juveniles and adults in supine, prone and isolated lung, thus verifying the influence of these conditions on the ventilatory mechanics of the respiratory system. The obtained results presented periodic ventilatory patterns in all the studied temperatures. The tidal volume did not show significant changes with increased temperature, while the raise in breathing frequency led to greater minute ventilation when comparing 15 and 35°C. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion increased with temperature and juveniles presented higher values compared to adults. Regarding mechanics, adults presented a significant difference for resting volume in the comparison between the prone and supine position and for the maximum lung volume compared to the supine position with the isolated lungs. Body mass as well as lung volume standardized static and dynamic compliances and resistance showed significant differences when comparing the isolated lungs with the supine position. The mechanical work was shown to be volume dependent rather than frequency in all tested conditions. The results indicated that through changes in ventilation caused by increasing temperature, juveniles and adults of Chelonoidis carbonarius regulated ventilation by increasing minute ventilation and maintained tidal volume values in order to guarantee levels of work of breathing.
5

Análise de padrão ventilatório, trocas gasosas e mecânica ventilatória em juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824) / Analyses of ventilatory pattern, gas exchange and breathing mechanics in juvenile and adult Chelonoidis carbonarius (Spix, 1824)

Paulo Roberto Custodio de Oliveira 26 March 2018 (has links)
A compreensão da relação entre ventilação, troca gasosa e mecânica ventilatória é de vital importância na busca do entendimento do funcionamento do sistema respiratório. Ao longo do desenvolvimento animal, mudanças no tamanho corpóreo necessitam de reajustes na relação entre seus componentes em nível estrutural e funcional. O tamanho corporal, além de outros fatores, é um agente de influência em variáveis relacionadas ao sistema respiratório em vertebrados. O conhecimento sobre o funcionamento do sistema respiratório em répteis é restrito a algumas espécies, portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o padrão ventilatório, troca de gases e a mecânica ventilatória em juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). Os animais (n=10) pesando entre 40 gramas a 2,5 quilogramas aproximadamente e sob a condição de normóxia, foram submetidos à respirometria aberta para determinação do padrão ventilatório, do consumo de oxigênio e da produção de gás carbônico em diferentes temperaturas (15, 25 e 35°C). Os volumes pulmonares, complacência estática, complacência dinâmica, resistência pulmonar e o trabalho mecânico da ventilação foram averiguados em juvenis e adultos nas condições supino, prona e para os pulmões isolados das vísceras, verificando assim a influência dessas condições sobre a mecânica ventilatória do sistema respiratório. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram padrões ventilatórios periódicos em todas as temperaturas estudadas. O volume corrente não apresentou mudanças significativas com o aumento da temperatura, enquanto o aumento da frequência respiratória levou ao acréscimo da ventilação por minuto nas comparações entre 15-35°C. O consumo de oxigênio e a excreção de gás carbônico aumentaram com a temperatura e juvenis apresentaram maiores valores comparado a adultos. Tratando-se da mecânica ventilatória, adultos apresentaram diferença para o volume pulmonar de repouso na comparação entre a posição prona e supino e para o volume pulmonar máximo comparado a posição supino com os pulmões isolados. As complacências estática e dinâmica, juntamente com a resistência, padronizadas pela massa corpórea e pelos volumes pulmonares, demonstraram diferenças ao comparar os pulmões isolados com a posição supino. O trabalho mecânico mostrou ser dependente do volume ao invés da frequência em todas as condições testadas. Os resultados apresentados indicaram que mediante mudanças na ventilação, causada pelo aumento da temperatura, juvenis e adultos de Chelonoidis carbonarius, regularam a ventilação aumentando a frequência respiratória e mantiveram os valores do volume corrente a fim de garantir os níveis de trabalho mecânico. / The understanding of the relationship between ventilation, gas exchange and ventilatory mechanics is of vital importance in the search to understand the functioning of the respiratory system. Throughout animal development, changes in body size need adjustments in the relationship between its components at a structural and functional level. Body size, besides other factors, is an agent of influence in variables related to the respiratory system in vertebrates. The knowledge about the function of the respiratory system in reptiles is restricted to some species, so the present work aimed to analyze ventilatory pattern, gas consumption and respiratory mechanics in juveniles and adults of Chelonoidis carbonarius (Cryptodira: Testudinidae). The animals (n = 10) weighing between 40 grams to approximately 2,5 kilograms and under normoxic conditions, were submitted to open respirometry to determine the ventilatory pattern, the oxygen consumption and the production of carbon dioxide at different temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C). Pulmonary volumes, static compliance, dynamic compliance, pulmonary resistance and work of breathing were investigated in juveniles and adults in supine, prone and isolated lung, thus verifying the influence of these conditions on the ventilatory mechanics of the respiratory system. The obtained results presented periodic ventilatory patterns in all the studied temperatures. The tidal volume did not show significant changes with increased temperature, while the raise in breathing frequency led to greater minute ventilation when comparing 15 and 35°C. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide excretion increased with temperature and juveniles presented higher values compared to adults. Regarding mechanics, adults presented a significant difference for resting volume in the comparison between the prone and supine position and for the maximum lung volume compared to the supine position with the isolated lungs. Body mass as well as lung volume standardized static and dynamic compliances and resistance showed significant differences when comparing the isolated lungs with the supine position. The mechanical work was shown to be volume dependent rather than frequency in all tested conditions. The results indicated that through changes in ventilation caused by increasing temperature, juveniles and adults of Chelonoidis carbonarius regulated ventilation by increasing minute ventilation and maintained tidal volume values in order to guarantee levels of work of breathing.
6

Evaluation du travail respiratoire dans l'insuffisance respiratoire aigue de l'enfant / Work of breathing assessment in critically ill children

Mortamet, Guillaume 22 January 2018 (has links)
Chez l’enfant, l’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë est responsable de la majeure partie des admissions en soins intensifs. La population pédiatrique étant marquée par une grande hétérogénéité en termes d’âge, de pathologie respiratoire et de maturation pulmonaire, une individualisation de la prise en charge thérapeutique est indispensable. Dans ce contexte, différents outils sont disponibles pour évaluer de manière plus objective le travail respiratoire du patient en insuffisance respiratoire aiguë. Objectifs - Le principal objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer l’intérêt diagnostique et thérapeutique de la mesure du travail respiratoire dans l’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë hypercapnique de l’enfant.Méthodes - Trois principaux outils d’évaluation du travail respiratoire ont été utilisés dans nos travaux : la mesure des pressions œsogastriques, la mesure de l’activité électrique du diaphragme et la mesure de la consommation en oxygène par la calorimétrie.Résultats - Nous avons pu mettre en évidence les intérêts de ces outils de mesure aux différents stades d’évolution de la maladie : (i) à la phase initiale pour indiquer l’initiation d’une ventilation non invasive et pour optimiser ces réglages ; (ii) à la phase d’évolution de la maladie pour évaluer l’interaction patient-ventilateur ; (iii) à la phase de sevrage ventilatoire pour détecter précocement une augmentation du travail respiratoire.Conclusion - Tout au long du processus évolutif de la maladie, la surveillance objective du travail respiratoire peut aider à comprendre les mécanismes de la maladie pulmonaire, optimiser les réglages de l’assistance respiratoire, et adapter les interventions thérapeutiques. / Acute respiratory failure is the leading cause of hospital admissions in the pediatric intensive care unit and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Since the pediatric population is characterized by a great heterogeneity in terms of age and respiratory pathology, individualization of therapeutic management is essential. Different minimally invasive methods have been described to assess the patient's work of breathing in acute respiratory failure.Objectives - The main objective of the project was to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic contribution of the measurement of the work of breathing in children with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.Methods - We used in the present work three tools to assess the work of breathing: oesogastric pressures, electrical activity of the diaphragm monitoring and oxygen consumption measurements.Results - We highlighted how these different methods are valuable during the ICU stay: (i) in the early phase of the disease to initiate or withdraw noninvasive ventilation and to optimize its settings; (ii) in the recovery phase to evaluate the patient-ventilator interaction; (iii) during the weaning process to early detect an increase in work of breathing.Conclusion - Throughout the disease process, the work of breathing assessment can be useful to enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of lung disease, to optimize mechanical ventilation settings and adapt therapeutic interventions.
7

Avaliação da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica leve e grave comparada aos indivíduos saudáveis / Evaluation of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles in mild and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stages compared to healthy individuals

Macchione, Marcelo Ceneviva 29 April 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A DPOC é uma doença respiratória prevenível e tratável, caracterizada por limitação persistente ao fluxo aéreo, hiperinsuflação e aprisionamento aéreo. A dispneia e a intolerância aos esforços, decorrentes destas alterações fisiopatológicas sofre influência de vários fatores. Dentre estes, o recrutamento e a sobrecarga imposta aos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios são de fundamental importância, porém a participação destes ainda não foi completamente elucidada em diferentes gravidades da doença. Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mecânica ventilatória, e o grau de recrutamento da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na DPOC leve e grave, na condição de repouso e durante um teste máximo de exercício, comparado a um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 36 indivíduos, sendo 24 pacientes portadores de DPOC e 12 voluntários sadios. As avaliações foram divididas em 2 visitas. No D1, foram realizadas uma avaliação clínica, avaliação de dispneia (mMRC) e de qualidade de vida (SGRQ), além da prova de função pulmonar completa. Na 2ª visita, realizada com intervalo de 1 semana, foram avaliadas: as pressões respiratórias máximas estáticas por meio de métodos volitivos (PImax, PEmax, SNIP, Pes sniff, Pga sniff e Pdi sniff) e não volitivos (Twitch cervical bilateral e T10); avaliação da sincronia toracoabdominal por pletismografia de indutância; avaliação do recrutamento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios ao repouso pela eletromiografia de superfície; e, posteriormente, um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar incremental para estudo de todas essas variáveis no esforço. Resultados: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes (12 leves e 12 graves) e 12 indivíduos saudáveis da mesma faixa etária. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida e os pacientes do grupo grave eram mais sintomáticos. A função pulmonar encontrava-se alterada na maioria dos pacientes. Destes, 79,2% apresentavam aprisionamento aéreo e 70,8% tinham redução da DLCO. Tais alterações foram semelhantes nos 2 grupos de pacientes. A força muscular estática medida por métodos volitivos e não volitivos estava reduzida nos 2 grupos e mostrou relação com o VEF1. No exercício, a dispneia foi o principal motivo para interrupção do teste em 70% dos pacientes. A HD esteve presente em 87,5% dos pacientes. O comportamento das pressões respiratórias foi significativamente diferente entre os 3 grupos. Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram maior atividade diafragmática (Pdi) comparado aos controles e a participação da musculatura expiratória também foi maior neste grupo, principalmente nos graves. Apesar disso, os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram uma eficiência mecânica reduzida, ou seja, esse incremento da força muscular foi insuficiente para manter uma ventilação adequada para uma determinada carga. Com o aumento da demanda ventilatória, houve recrutamento precoce e progressivo dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios durante o exercício. O trabalho resistivo e o expiratório foram significativamente diferentes entre os controles e os pacientes com DPOC desde o início do exercício. Como consequência destas alterações, a intensidade da dispneia durante o TECP foi maior nos pacientes com DPOC (leve e grave) para a mesma carga e mesma ventilação-minuto (VE), quando comparada aos indivíduos do grupo-controle. Conclusões: O conjunto destes achados demonstra que o comprometimento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios contribuiu significativamente para a dispneia e a intolerância ao exercício tanto no DPOC leve quanto no DPOC grave. E que este comprometimento pode não ser detectado com os testes máximos de força ao repouso / Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, lung hyperinflation and air trapping. Dyspnea and effort intolerance resulting from these pathophysiological changes are influenced by several factors. Among these, the recruitment and burden to the aspiratory and expiratory muscles are of fundamental importance but their participation has not been fully elucidated in different severities of disease. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanics of ventilation and the grade of recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles in patients with mild and severe COPD, at rest and during maximum exercise, compared to a group of healthy individuals. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 36 subjects, 24 patients with COPD and 12 healthy volunteers. The evaluations were performed in two visits. In the first visit, participants underwent a clinical evaluation, dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council) and quality of life (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire) assessments, and complete pulmonary function test. In the second visit, which was one week later, the following evaluations were performed: maximum static respiratory pressures through volitional (MIP, MEP, SNIP, sniff Pes, sniff Pga and sniff Pdi) and non-volitional methods (cervical twitch and T10); evaluation of thoraco-abdominal synchrony by inductance plethysmography; evaluation of recruitment of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles at rest by surface electromyography; and then an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess all of these variables under exercise conditions. Results: We evaluated 24 patients (12 with mild and 12 with severe COPD) and 12 healthy individuals of the same age group. Most patients had significant impairment of quality of life and those with severe COPD were more symptomatic. The lung function was abnormal in the majority of patients. Among them, 79.2% had air trapping and 70.8% had reduced diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). These changes were similar in the 2 patients\' groups. Static muscle strength measured by volitional and non-volitional methods was reduced in both patients\' groups and showed a relationship with forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1). During exercise, dyspnea was the main reason for interrupting the test in 70% of patients. Dynamic hyperinflation (DH) was present in 87.5% of patients. The behavior of the respiratory pressure was significantly different between the three groups. Patients with COPD had higher diaphragmatic activity (Pdi) compared to controls and the participation of expiratory muscles was also higher in this group, especially in patients with severe COPD. Nevertheless, patients with COPD had reduced mechanical efficiency, i.e., the increase of muscle strength was insufficient to maintain adequate ventilation for a given load. With the increase in ventilatory demand, there was an early and progressive recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise. The resistive and expiratory work were significantly different between controls and patients with COPD since the beginning of the exercise. As a result, the intensity of dyspnea during the cardiopulmonary exercise test CPET was higher in patients with COPD (mild and severe) for the same charge and minute ventilation (VE), when compared to controls. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings demonstrated that inspiratory and expiratory muscles are compromised in patients with mild and severe COPD and this compromise contributed significantly to dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Furthermore, these alterations could not be properly detected with the simple maximal tests commonly used
8

Avaliação da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica leve e grave comparada aos indivíduos saudáveis / Evaluation of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles in mild and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stages compared to healthy individuals

Marcelo Ceneviva Macchione 29 April 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A DPOC é uma doença respiratória prevenível e tratável, caracterizada por limitação persistente ao fluxo aéreo, hiperinsuflação e aprisionamento aéreo. A dispneia e a intolerância aos esforços, decorrentes destas alterações fisiopatológicas sofre influência de vários fatores. Dentre estes, o recrutamento e a sobrecarga imposta aos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios são de fundamental importância, porém a participação destes ainda não foi completamente elucidada em diferentes gravidades da doença. Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mecânica ventilatória, e o grau de recrutamento da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na DPOC leve e grave, na condição de repouso e durante um teste máximo de exercício, comparado a um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 36 indivíduos, sendo 24 pacientes portadores de DPOC e 12 voluntários sadios. As avaliações foram divididas em 2 visitas. No D1, foram realizadas uma avaliação clínica, avaliação de dispneia (mMRC) e de qualidade de vida (SGRQ), além da prova de função pulmonar completa. Na 2ª visita, realizada com intervalo de 1 semana, foram avaliadas: as pressões respiratórias máximas estáticas por meio de métodos volitivos (PImax, PEmax, SNIP, Pes sniff, Pga sniff e Pdi sniff) e não volitivos (Twitch cervical bilateral e T10); avaliação da sincronia toracoabdominal por pletismografia de indutância; avaliação do recrutamento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios ao repouso pela eletromiografia de superfície; e, posteriormente, um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar incremental para estudo de todas essas variáveis no esforço. Resultados: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes (12 leves e 12 graves) e 12 indivíduos saudáveis da mesma faixa etária. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida e os pacientes do grupo grave eram mais sintomáticos. A função pulmonar encontrava-se alterada na maioria dos pacientes. Destes, 79,2% apresentavam aprisionamento aéreo e 70,8% tinham redução da DLCO. Tais alterações foram semelhantes nos 2 grupos de pacientes. A força muscular estática medida por métodos volitivos e não volitivos estava reduzida nos 2 grupos e mostrou relação com o VEF1. No exercício, a dispneia foi o principal motivo para interrupção do teste em 70% dos pacientes. A HD esteve presente em 87,5% dos pacientes. O comportamento das pressões respiratórias foi significativamente diferente entre os 3 grupos. Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram maior atividade diafragmática (Pdi) comparado aos controles e a participação da musculatura expiratória também foi maior neste grupo, principalmente nos graves. Apesar disso, os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram uma eficiência mecânica reduzida, ou seja, esse incremento da força muscular foi insuficiente para manter uma ventilação adequada para uma determinada carga. Com o aumento da demanda ventilatória, houve recrutamento precoce e progressivo dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios durante o exercício. O trabalho resistivo e o expiratório foram significativamente diferentes entre os controles e os pacientes com DPOC desde o início do exercício. Como consequência destas alterações, a intensidade da dispneia durante o TECP foi maior nos pacientes com DPOC (leve e grave) para a mesma carga e mesma ventilação-minuto (VE), quando comparada aos indivíduos do grupo-controle. Conclusões: O conjunto destes achados demonstra que o comprometimento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios contribuiu significativamente para a dispneia e a intolerância ao exercício tanto no DPOC leve quanto no DPOC grave. E que este comprometimento pode não ser detectado com os testes máximos de força ao repouso / Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, lung hyperinflation and air trapping. Dyspnea and effort intolerance resulting from these pathophysiological changes are influenced by several factors. Among these, the recruitment and burden to the aspiratory and expiratory muscles are of fundamental importance but their participation has not been fully elucidated in different severities of disease. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanics of ventilation and the grade of recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles in patients with mild and severe COPD, at rest and during maximum exercise, compared to a group of healthy individuals. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 36 subjects, 24 patients with COPD and 12 healthy volunteers. The evaluations were performed in two visits. In the first visit, participants underwent a clinical evaluation, dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council) and quality of life (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire) assessments, and complete pulmonary function test. In the second visit, which was one week later, the following evaluations were performed: maximum static respiratory pressures through volitional (MIP, MEP, SNIP, sniff Pes, sniff Pga and sniff Pdi) and non-volitional methods (cervical twitch and T10); evaluation of thoraco-abdominal synchrony by inductance plethysmography; evaluation of recruitment of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles at rest by surface electromyography; and then an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess all of these variables under exercise conditions. Results: We evaluated 24 patients (12 with mild and 12 with severe COPD) and 12 healthy individuals of the same age group. Most patients had significant impairment of quality of life and those with severe COPD were more symptomatic. The lung function was abnormal in the majority of patients. Among them, 79.2% had air trapping and 70.8% had reduced diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). These changes were similar in the 2 patients\' groups. Static muscle strength measured by volitional and non-volitional methods was reduced in both patients\' groups and showed a relationship with forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1). During exercise, dyspnea was the main reason for interrupting the test in 70% of patients. Dynamic hyperinflation (DH) was present in 87.5% of patients. The behavior of the respiratory pressure was significantly different between the three groups. Patients with COPD had higher diaphragmatic activity (Pdi) compared to controls and the participation of expiratory muscles was also higher in this group, especially in patients with severe COPD. Nevertheless, patients with COPD had reduced mechanical efficiency, i.e., the increase of muscle strength was insufficient to maintain adequate ventilation for a given load. With the increase in ventilatory demand, there was an early and progressive recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise. The resistive and expiratory work were significantly different between controls and patients with COPD since the beginning of the exercise. As a result, the intensity of dyspnea during the cardiopulmonary exercise test CPET was higher in patients with COPD (mild and severe) for the same charge and minute ventilation (VE), when compared to controls. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings demonstrated that inspiratory and expiratory muscles are compromised in patients with mild and severe COPD and this compromise contributed significantly to dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Furthermore, these alterations could not be properly detected with the simple maximal tests commonly used
9

Ventilation mécanique dans les pathologies obstructives de l'enfant : physiopathologie des interventions ventilatoires et non ventilatoires / Mechanical ventilation in obstructive lung diseases in children : pathophysiology of ventilatory and non-ventilatory procedures

Baudin, Florent 13 May 2019 (has links)
Les pathologies respiratoires obstructives de l’enfant (asthme et broncho-alvéolites) sont l’une des principales causes d’admission en réanimation pédiatrique. Depuis plusieurs années, des progrès ont été faits pour réduire l’invasivité des soins se traduisant par une réduction de la morbidité. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de s’appuyer sur des mécanismes physiopathologiques pour proposer des stratégies d’optimisation ventilatoire et non ventilatoire chez ces enfants. Nous avons évalué l’impact du décubitus ventral couplé à la ventilation non invasive chez les nourrissons atteints de bronchiolite grave. Le décubitus ventral permet de réduire significativement l’effort inspiratoire et d’améliorer le couplage électromécanique du diaphragme. Ensuite nous avons évalué la « neurally adjusted ventilatory assist » (NAVA) qui est un mode ventilatoire proportionnel basé sur l’activité électrique du diaphragme. Nous avons démontré que la NAVA améliorait la synchronisation patient-respirateur et réduisait le travail respiratoire en comparaison à la « nasal continuous positive airway pressure » (nCPAP). Enfin, dans la pathologie asthmatique nous avons également décrit la faisabilité du haut débit nasal dans cette population. Ces stratégies nécessitent maintenant d’être validées sur des critères cliniques et feront l’objet de deux études multicentriques randomisées / Obstructive lung disease in children (asthma and bronchiolitis) are one of the main causes of admission to pediatric intensive care units. For several years, progress has been made to reduce the invasiveness of care resulting in a decrease in associated morbidity. The main objective of the thesis was to propose new ventilatory and non-ventilatory strategies based on physiopathology to optimize the care of such children.In children with severe bronchiolitis we evaluated the impact of prone position associated with non-invasive ventilation. The prone position decreases significantly the inspiratory work of breathing and improves the neuromechanical efficiency of the diaphragm. We also evaluated the effect of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) that is a proportional ventilatory mode based on the electrical activity of the diaphragm. We demonstrated that NAVA improved the patient-ventilator interactions and decrease the work of breathing in comparison with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP). We also evaluated the feasibility of high flow nasal cannula as a respiratory support in children with severe asthma attack. These strategies need now to be validated on clinical outcomes and are the subject of two ongoing multicenter randomized trials
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Évaluation du travail respiratoire dans l’insuffisance respiratoire aiguë de l’enfant

Mortamet, Guillaume 01 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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