The parenting literature predominately focuses on individual or family level factors that influence parenting behaviors. The field can benefit from focusing on factors outside the family that influence family roles and behavior. Utilizing a symbolic interactionist and gender perspective, this study examined how perceptions of work spill over into the family roles. More specifically, this study focused on how perceived work factors influence marital conflict and subsequently parental engagement. I specifically examined these perceptions in a sample of parents that frequently travel overnight for work. Traveling for work has become very common in the workplace, yet it is understudied in the research. I aimed to answer the following research questions: a) Are there differences among mothers and fathers who travel for work in their reports of work overload, effort recovery, job satisfaction, marital conflict and parental engagement? b) Do perceived work factors predict parental engagement over and above parent gender and marital conflict? c) Do perceived work factors predict marital conflict, which in turn predicts parental engagement? I used data from a larger multi-method project that examined the influence of travel on work, health, and families. Data were collected using questionnaires. I used traveler reports of their work and family roles, as I was interested in their perceptions of their roles. Results suggested that work factors predicted a significant amount of variance over and above marital conflict and parent gender. The mediation model suggested that job satisfaction, but not work overload or effort recovery, had a significant direct effect on parental engagement. Marital conflict did not mediate the relation between perceived work factors and parental engagement. The results suggest that the parenting field should look beyond the marital dyad when examining factors that influence parenting behaviors, as marital conflict did not assist in explaining parental engagement. Clinicians and practitioners should also focus on factors outside the family (i.e., the work environment) and the influence these factors have on parenting. Workplaces and employers should focus on increasing their employees' job satisfaction in order to enhance parenting behaviors. Limitations and future directions for research are also discussed. / Master of Science

Mobility is a term used to describe people's movement in space. The individual's choice of transportation mode has always varied depending on factors such as availability and economy, but also on gender. Studies show that in most cases, the woman in a family travels collectively to work while the man uses the car. Women furthermore tend to seek work closer to home because of the continued perception of themselves as the main accountable for nursing children. Collective modes of transport possess a variety of factors which affects the user's design of everyday life. Timetables, fixed stops and delays are some examples of obstacles that a collective traveler needs to take into account when planning the travel. Furthermore higher stress levels and limited leisure time are examples of consequences that can affect public transport users. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate women's experience of work trips and how they deal with possible disturbances in the work travel. The goal is to gain a deeper insight into work trips as part of an individual's daily life. In this case women living in a society located ca 30 km from their workplace in northern Sweden. For this reason, it was considered valuable for the study to conduct in depth interviews. The analysis method underlying this study is a thematic analysis. The analytic coding led to the finding of 3 themes regarding women´s perception about work travel. The themes were; reliability in the transport system, individual flexibility and personal priorities.

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Bakgrund: Det krävs en förändring av hur vi använder jordens resurser för att uppnå en hållbar utveckling, vilket inkluderar miljömässig, social och ekonomisk hållbarhet. Region Kronoberg ska ta fram ett hållbarhetsprogram för 2019-2022 där alla tre aspekter av hållbarhet beaktas. Ett aktuellt problem är den klimatpåverkan som regionen har idag på grund av tjänsteresor. Det är bara möjligt att bedöma hållbarheten i ett transportsystem om de ingående parametrarna definieras och mäts, ofta finns det dock inte praktisk vägledning. Ett behov finns därför av ett sammanhållet styrdokument med konkreta mål. För att begränsa transporters negativa effekter kan olika strategier och lösningar vidtas och åtgärder behöver genomföras för att uppnå uppsatta hållbarhetsmål.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga hållbarhetsmått, mål och åtgärder som kan relateras till tjänsteresor i befintlig teori och bland Sveriges regioner, och med utgångspunkt i den kartläggningen ge förslag på hållbarhetsmål och hållbarhetsmått samt hållbarhetsfrämjande åtgärder gällande tjänsteresor för användning i framtagandet av Region Kronobergs kommande hållbarhetsprogram.   Metod:  Studien genomfördes med en flerfallsdesign och har haft ett deduktivt angreppssätt och en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Datainsamlingen har skett i form av ostrukturerade intervjuer, mailkonversationer, fokusgrupper samt offentliga och internt tillhandahållna dokument. Det empiriska materialet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ dataanalys.   Slutsats: Idag saknas en sammantagen helhetsbild över hållbarhetsarbetet och det är problem med förankringen av mål. Kärnan i att driva mot en mer hållbar riktning är att förändra beteenden. Sex mått som på olika sätt representerar de tre hållbarhetsdimensionerna föreslås. Till dessa kopplas fyra mål som avser minska klimatpåverkande utsläpp, öka andelen förnybara bränslen och ersätta fysiska möten med resfria möten. En rad föreslagna åtgärder presenteras, däribland en konkret och tydlig resepolicy, en uppdaterad klimatväxlingsmodell, förbättrade uppföljningsrutiner för mätning, förenklade rutiner kring uthyrning av bilpoolsbilar och cyklar samt informationsinsatser.   Nyckelord: Hållbarhet, Hållbar utveckling, Tjänsteresor, Regioner, Offentlig verksamhet / Background: We need a change in how we use the Earth's resources to achieve sustainable development, including environmental, social and economic sustainability. Region Kronoberg will develop a sustainability program for 2019-2022, taking into account all three aspects of sustainability. A current problem is the climate impact the region has today due to emissions. It is only possible to assess the sustainability of a transport system if the parameters are defined and measured, but there is often no practical guidance. Therefore, there is a need for a coherent management document with concrete goals. To limit the negative effects of transports, different strategies and solutions can be taken and measures need to be implemented to achieve the determined sustainability goals.   Purpose: The purpose of this study was to map sustainability indicators, goals and measures related to business travel in existing theory and among Sweden's regions, and based on this mapping suggest sustainability indicators, goals and measures for use in the development of Region Kronoberg's future sustainability program.   Methodology: The study was conducted as a multiple case study with a deductive approach and a qualitative research strategy. Data collection was in the form of unstructured interviews, mail conversations, focus groups, as well as publicly published and internally acquired documents. The empirical material was then analyzed by qualitative data analysis.   Conclusions: There is a lack of a comprehensive overall picture of sustainability as well as problems with anchoring goals. The essence of driving towards a more sustainable direction is to change behavior. Six indicators that represent the three sustainability dimensions in different ways are proposed. Four goals are linked to these indicators with the aim to reduce climate-related emissions, increasing the proportion of renewable fuels and replacing physical meetings with meetings that doesn’t require travel. A range of proposed actions are presented, including a concrete and clear travel policy, an updated climate change model, improved monitoring routines for measuring, simplified procedures for car and bicycle rental, as well as information efforts.   Keywords: Sustainability, Sustainable development, Business travel, Business trip, Work travel, Regions, Public Sector, Government