The purpose of this study was to capture, analyse and interpretate Non-Standard Workers (NSWs) experience of the phenomenon of silence in organisational settings to provide a conceptualisation of the antecedents and determinants of silence utilised by NSWs.

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The research conducted for this thesis is an exploratory study of migrant workers' experiences in UK food supply chains. This thesis provides an original contribution to criminology by discussing how some food supply chain dynamics result in various exploitative and harmful labour practices against migrant workers. Data consisted of semi-structured interviews conducted with migrant workers in the UK, as well as individual and group interviews with food supply chain stakeholders, including representatives from industry, regulation, and labour movements. This research conceptualises labour exploitation as a continuum, with severe practices including modern slavery on one extreme and 'decent work' on the other. There are a range of practices in-between these two extremes that risk being overlooked, whereby 'routine', banal exploitation is embedded and normalised within legitimate supply chain processes. The argument developed in this thesis is that a stronger emphasis is needed on the harmful consequences of routine, mundane, everyday labour exploitation in order to understand how they can result from legitimate supply chain dynamics. The key contributions of this thesis can be summarised under four themes: developing a more rigorous analysis of 'routine' labour exploitation and harm against migrant workers; understanding how legitimate food supply chain dynamics can facilitate exploitation and harm; explaining how the regulatory framework may unwittingly result in further exploitation and harm to migrant workers; and recognising the complexity of the relationship between migration and labour exploitation. The thesis findings contribute to predominant discussions of labour exploitation that typically focus on severe exploitation such as modern slavery and emphasise rogue individuals or criminal networks as the main perpetrators. The research findings demonstrate that a significant amount of routine labour exploitation and harm remains 'under the radar' in the context of legitimate supply chain practices. Police action and supply chain regulation typically focuses on the most severe labour exploitation, which results in routine exploitation being largely unaddressed. Therefore, labour exploitation has implications for the nature, organisation, and control of harms facilitated by businesses and supply chains. It is important for criminology and society to not disregard routine labour exploitation, as these practices can result in numerous harmful consequences for workers. Since the public profile of labour exploitation continues to grow, a stronger focus is needed on the routine and banal aspects, not just the most severe practices.

Programme evaluation research examined the criminological and socio-legal issues of a Claimant Fraud Investigation Program (CFIP) operating inside the workers' compensation system. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the programmes' choice of deterrence as an instrumental mechanism for achieving compliance. Key aspects of the programme were analysed from both criminological and socio-legal standpoints. Justice and liberty tensions were examined in reference to the programmes' deterrence mechanisms and the perceptions of fourteen participants' were thematically analysed. The study develops an analytically useful concept of light blue-collar crime that could be applied to other organisations and scenarios. The study concluded the programme is not effective and has more of a symbolic than instrumental value. It conducts itself ethically, however, there are problems with its' choice of deterrence and the study indicates there is a low probability for a deterrent effect. Recommendations are made for other actors and institutions to play non-deterrence based roles intended to achieve compliance.

"April 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 583-599). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

In this study, an integrated model was proposed to examine the impact of emotional labor on quality of work life and psychological health among Chinese employees. Compared to other emotional labor models, this model considered the influence of perceived service culture as an antecedent of perceived organizational emotion control (i.e., display rules and performance monitoring). Apart from surface acting and deep acting, it also incorporated an alternative emotional regulation strategy, namely authentic self, to cope with the organizational emotion control. The integrated model included emotional expressivity as an individual factor that might influence the emotional regulation process. Two studies were conducted to examine the validity of the model. In Study 1, 486 Chinese service employees, including call center representatives, retail shop managers, human service workers, and local registered nurses were recruited. Path analysis was used to examine if the integrated model fit the cross-sectional data and results showed satisfactory model fit. A series of hierarchal regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effect of emotional expressivity. Instead of the hypothesized moderating effect, there were significant main effects of emotional expressivity on emotional regulation strategies. Considering the significant association between these variables, the integrated model was further revised by incorporating the emotional expressivity as an individual factor of emotional regulation strategies. Multi-sample path model analyses showed that the model was equally applicable in both gender groups for job and health outcomes. Result of the cross-sectional model showed that perceived service culture was directly related to both perceived display rules and performance monitoring. While perceived performance monitoring and authentic self were associated with surface acting, perceived display rule was in turn related to deep acting. Emotional expressivity was related to authentic self. Quality of work life was associated with surface acting and deep acting. This model could also be applied to understand psychological distress. / Study 2 was conducted to provide additional support to the integrated model, including an emotional expressivity training program and a longitudinal validation on the emotional regulation strategies model. In the emotional expressivity training program, 155 participants who had completed the questionnaire survey in Study 1 were recruited. Among them, 131 participants had joined a half-day emotional expressivity training program while 24 participants were assigned into the control group. The objective of the program was to enhance participants' positive expressivity and reduce negative expressivity and impulse strength. Results showed that the training was effective in maintaining participants' authentic self. In particular, authentic self did not change across time among training group. However, authentic self in the control group decreased significantly 3 months after the training program (T2) when it was compared to the pre-training period. In the longitudinal validation study, a longitudinal model was devised to measure changes on emotional expressivity at T1 and T2 and its relations to emotional regulation strategies among the training group (n = 131). The significant associations between perception of service culture, organizational emotion control, and emotional regulation strategies in Study 1 were also found in Study 2. Quality of work life at T2 was related to surface acting at T2 and quality of work life at TI. The longitudinal model was also applied to predict psychological distress. Deep acting, surface acting, and emotional expressivity at T2 as well as psychological distress at TI were significantly related to psychological distress at T2. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and practical implication to organizations are discussed in Chapter 6. / Cheung Yue Lok. / "July 2006." / Adviser: Catherine S. K. Tang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1970. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-189). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

This thesis utilises Productivity and Investment Climate Survey (PICS) 2007 data to explore native and immigrant wage determinants and wage differentials in Malaysia. The Oaxaca decomposition analysis is conducted by adapting Oaxaca and Ransom (1994) and Fortin (2008) with quantile regression to identify the non-discriminatory wage structure and the components of the wage differentials along the income distribution, making this as one of the contributions of this thesis. It then further explores the unexplained component of wage differentials by investigating the causes of educational mismatch and the effect of educational mismatch on native and immigrant wages. Findings show that the educational mismatch gives dissimilar effect on native and immigrant wages. Interestingly, the educational mismatch potentially widens the native-immigrant wage differentials. Further, this thesis explores the labour demand-side effect on native and immigrant wages. This thesis applies the dominance and decomposition analyses to identify and decompose the effect of individual and firm characteristics on wage separately. The results suggest that native wage is mostly determined by individual characteristics. On the other hand, firm and regional characteristics mostly determine the immigrant wage levels. This thesis establishes and enhances our understanding on the wage determinants and wage differentials that exist between native and immigrant as well as provides an empirical evidence of the educational mismatch and firm characteristics effects on wages of native and immigrant workers in Malaysia.

Skill deficiencies in organisations affect performance, productivity, economic growth and development. Despite quantitative studies and current policy discussions, which acknowledge that skill deficiencies have negative impacts on both employers and employees in developed countries, these studies placed little or no emphasis on the potential impact of skill shortages in developing economies. On the other hand, descriptive studies on skill shortages in Nigeria gave accounts of possible effects on economic growth, however, relatively little is known about the incidence of skill deficiencies experienced by organisations and their impacts on business and employee performance, growth and development. This mixed methods study explored the impact of skill deficiencies on organisations' performance, economic growth and infrastructure delivery, effects on employees, how these effects are managed and possible ways of sustaining skills. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used to explore both employers' and employees' experiences of skill deficiencies and possible management measures. This method facilitated the exploration of both convergent and divergent views between employers and employees, assisted in avoiding the subjectivity of using only employers' accounts and provided avenues for capturing salient features of why skill deficiencies occur. Both employers and employees participated in the survey (n=263) and interviews (n= 45). The results suggest that although oil and gas organisations experienced significant skill deficiencies on both business and employee performance and infrastructure delivery; higher impacts were felt in upstream organisations. The economic consequences of skill shortages on individuals, firms and aggregate economy extends to job satisfaction, hiring costs, adoption of new technologies and new work processes, workload, turnover and commitment. Both employers and employees identified that current skill deficiencies affect their performance, potentials for growth and provision of services to clients, adding that the many consequences necessitated the use of various skill and workforce development strategies in managing these effects. Even with the recognition that incidence of skill shortages require supply side response, while skill gaps needs training; the results nonetheless showed that training was used for both skill shortages and skills gaps alongside other workforce development. The findings clarified the causes and extent of skill deficiencies on organisations and proposes changes for remediation of these deficiencies. One of the changes required relates to the need for collaboration and partnership of the social partners of skills, and building links between the world of learning and the world of work. Overall, the structural factors highlight the need for reforming and rejuvenating the education system and investing in skills.

Orientador: Angelo Zanaga Trape / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-11T13:41:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selmi_GiulianadaFontouraRodrigues_M.pdf: 2858376 bytes, checksum: 82dd080d277979caa8e7cc939d01d5c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Dentre os inúmeros produtos químicos atualmente existentes, podemos citar os praguicidas, produtos largamente utilizados na agricultura e que apresentam um significante potencial de exposição, especialmente de trabalhadores rurais, que tem o manuseio desses produtos como função rotineira. Neste contexto é importante ressaltar a necessidade de ações de prevenção de agravos à saúde do trabalhador, assim como avaliar as margens de segurança durante o preparo, o carregamento e a aplicação de praguicidas. Estas ações podem ser viabilizadas através da realização do processo de avaliação do risco, processo amplamente utilizado e que possibilita estimar o risco de determinado produto frente a condições específicas de exposição, contribuindo para a geração de informações que conduzem à adequada tomada de decisões regulatórias e que visam à proteção da saúde humana. A avaliação do risco é composta pelas etapas de identificação do perigo, avaliação dose-resposta, avaliação da exposição e caracterização do risco, sendo que este projeto trata especificamente da etapa de avaliação da exposição, na qual é realizada a estimativa ou quantificação de uma substância frente a um cenário específico de exposição. A exposição pode ser estimada através dos modelos preditivos ou através da condução dos estudos de monitoramento ocupacional em campo. Para este último, os protocolos internacionais que orientam sua condução propõem a utilização de diferentes metodologias, não havendo uma padronização na condução do estudo em campo, sendo esta, portanto, uma das principais limitações relacionadas ao processo de estimativa da exposição dérmica. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação das etapas que compõem um estudo em campo, proporcionando como resultado final a elaboração de um guia que contempla as principais etapas e orientações para a adequada condução deste tipo de estudo. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido através da análise de três estudos de campo atual e conduzido no Brasil, assim como na análise dos protocolos internacionais que tratam do assunto, da EPA e da OECD. Além da elaboração do guia, concluiu-se que, o método do corpo total é a metodologia de dosimetria passiva mais adequada para a quantificação da exposição dérmica de trabalhadores rurais. Para as demais partes do corpo, sugere-se a utilização de luvas impermeáveis e lavagem das mãos como dosímetros externos e internos das mãos, touca árabe para a região da cabeça, limpeza com água e sabão para a face e pescoço e a amostragem das meias para a quantificação da exposição dos pés. Espera-se que o guia proposto evidencie a necessidade de ações que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia única de quantificação da exposição dérmica / Abstract: Pesticides are amongst the most widely used chemical products currently available on the market. Their use in agriculture can present a significant exposure risk, especially to the rural workers whose daily routines involve constant exposure to these substances. It is therefore vital to try to minimize any potentially detrimental impacts on the health of the personnel involved, as well as to determine the levels of safety during the preparation, loading, and application of pesticides. Risk assessment analysis is a procedure that is widely used to estimate the risk of a given substance under specified exposure conditions, generating information that can be used in regulatory mechanisms designed to protect human health. The risk assessment comprises several stages: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. The present work concerns the exposure stage, and considers the estimation or quantification of exposure to a substance under defined circumstances. Exposure can be estimated either using predictive models or by occupational monitoring in the field. In the latter case, different international protocols have been proposed, without any standardization of the procedures to be followed in field studies; this is one of the main limitations in relation to estimates of dermal exposure. The objective of the present work was therefore to evaluate the different stages of a field study, in order to produce a guide outlining the procedures to be followed in this type of investigation. To this end, three recent field studies undertaken in Brazil were used, together with an analysis of the relevant international USEPA and OECD protocols. In addition to the guide, it was concluded that the whole body approach was the most suitable passive dosimetry technique for quantification of the dermal exposure of rural workers. For specific parts of the body, the use of impermeable gloves and hand washing are proposed as external and internal dosimeters for the hands, an arab cap for the head region, washing with soap and water for the face and neck, and sampling of the socks for quantification of exposure of the feet. It is hoped that the proposed guide demonstrates the need for actions that could contribute to the development of a unified methodology for quantification of dermal exposure / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Orientador: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Banca: Silvia Selingardi Sampaio / Banca: Marcio Antonio Cataia / Resumo: Os casos de "brownfields" representam um desafio ao desenvolvimento. Muitas cidades discutem qual a destinação adequada para antigos prédios industriais, comerciais e de serviços que no passado tiveram relevância na economia, mas que atualmente, estando abandonados ou sub-utilizados, podem dificultar o desenvolvimento. Em Rio Clam (SP), a presença de antigos imóveis industriais abandonados também desperta a atenção da comunidade, como nos casos das antigas Oficinas da Cia. Paulista de Estradas de Ferro; da Cervejaria Rio Claro (Skol) e da Gurgel Motores, O município também abriga casos de antigos "brownfields" que já foram refuncionalizados, como o Shopping Center Rio Claro, instalado na antiga Tecelagem Matarazzo. Se por um lado há a necessidade de retomar as atividades econômicas nesses imóveis, evitando sua degradação, também é preciso evitar a destruição desses antigos patrimônios, que representam um elo de ligação do cidadão com seu passado, um meio para a preservação da memória do trabalho. A busca pela cidade ideal deve considerar a preservação de sua história, para que o futuro tenha o passado como base. Passado onde estão também incluídos os antigos prédios industriais, "formas" herdadas de várias fases do processo de industrialização e que hoje carecem de novas "funções". / Abstract: The "brownnfields" cases represent a challenge to development. Many cities discuss which is the suitable destination to old industrial, commercial and service buildings that had importance to economy in the past, but nowadays, being abandoned or underuselful, they can grow difficult to development. In Rio Claro (SP), the old industrial abandoned real estate presence also stimulate community's attention, as in the cases of old factories of Cia. Paulista de Estradas de Ferro; Cervejaria Rio Claro (Skol) and Gurgel Motores. In lhe city there is also cases of old "brownfields". These buildings had already been refunctioned, as Shopping Center Rio Claro, installed in Tecelagem Matarazzo. If in one hand, there is the necessity of retaking the economical activity in these real estate, avoiding is degradation, it also is needed to avoid destruction of these old patrimony, which represents a link between citizen and his past, a way to preserve work memory. The search for ideal city should consider its history preservation, so then the future wiIl have the past as base. In past, old industrial buildings are included, "forms" inherited from many phases of industrialization process that nowadays need new "function". / Mestre