Consumer's demand for more natural and high quality food products products, presenting health benefits, has increased over the years. Besides the nutritional aspects, an appealing appearance and texture is also required. Cloudiness or opacity (cloudy appearance) is an important citrus drinks property (orange, lime, lemon, etc.), since it gives natural fruit juice appeal. This property can be achieved through addition of clouding agents, which also help in uniform distribution of flavors throughout the liquid beverage. A common problem in the beverage industry is producing cloud or flavor emulsions that remain stable over the desired shelf life. Beverage cloud emulsions are oil-in-water emulsions to provide cloudiness and are prepared in a concentrated form, but diluted prior to the consumption. / Optical and rheological properties of beverage cloud emulsions as a function of water-phase and oil-phase concentrations were investigated. The specific gravity of phases, particle size distribution and creaming stability of prepared emulsions in diluted forms were evaluated. The rate of cloud emulsion creaming by determining the rheology of water phase, difference in specific gravities of the phases and droplet properties of the emulsion in presence and absence of weighting agents (sucrose acetate isobutyrate and brominated vegetable oil) or/and xanthan gum was studied. Flow and dynamic rheological properties of single-phases and emulsions containing modified starch and arabic gum as surface active hydrocolloids as well as xanthan and tragacanth as stabilizers gums were investigated. Finally, stability of cloud emulsions in orange juice drink was examined. / Oil-phase concentration had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on increasing the opacity of emulsion. Raise in viscosity of emulsions was more pronounced as oil concentration increased and shear thinning behavior of oil added emulsions was associated with droplet flocculation. Creaming in acidified sugar solution of 11°Bx and pH 3 was observed when the oil-phase specific gravity decreased and sedimentation occurred at the lower viscosity of water phase. Addition of xanthan gum into the water phase decreased the flow behavior index (n) form 0.88 down to 0.31 and increased elastic modulus (G') over 20 times at elevated frequency (o = 50 rad/s) and perk up the stability of the emulsion. / The xanthan gum added emulsion indicated smaller average particle size and demonstrated 14 and 5 times slower separation compared to the emulsions without or with the addition of weighting agents respectively. Starch-xanthan stabilized emulsion and associated water phase at 1.5:1 surface active gum to oil ratio demonstrated viscoelastic behavior (G' ≥ G") with lower droplets coalescence and creaming rates, 0.013 nm/day and 0.02 percent backscattering/day respectively. Conversely, arabic-xanthan stabilized emulsion at 1:1 gum to oil ratio showed the highest rate of droplets coalescence at 0.057 rim/day and greater degree of creaming at 0.61 percent transmission/day. While creaming were associated with arabic gum stabilized emulsions, after 3 month storage, modified starch illustrated appropriate shelf stability with no sign of creaming in orange juice drink.

No description available.

Mayonnaise is a mixture of egg yolk, vinegar, water, spices and 70-80% oil forming a semi-solid oil-in-water emulsion. When preparing a low-fat mayonnaise with an increased water content, thickening agents are required for increased viscosity and emulsion stability. The hydrocolloids xanthan gum and guar gum are sometimes used for this purpose and they act synergistically creating a viscosity increase. However, guar gum has poor acid stability, and because mayonnaise is an acidic product guar gum will eventually start to degrade causing a viscosity decrease and subsequent emulsion separation. Despite this fact, guar gum and xanthan gum are extensively used in mayonnaises today. The aim of this degree project was to explore how the synergy between guar gum and xanthan gum influences the viscosity of a low fat mayonnaise and whether high acidity will have an impact on the viscosity over a 4-week period. This was to examine if and if so, how a mayonnaise recipe can be modified to maintain a cost efficient product with the desired rheological properties in times of hydrocolloid price fluctuations. The study was conducted by preparing 15 mayonnaises with 50% fat, either at pH 3,5; 4 or 5 and a total of 0,6 % hydrocolloids with varying proportions of guar gum and xanthan gum. The mayonnaise samples were studied by measurements of viscosity, color changes and a visual comparison of their mayonnaise-like flow-properties compared to Hellmann’s Real Mayonnaise used as reference. The viscosity of the mayonnaises increased with increasing ratio of guar gum. On the other side, there were greater viscosity losses in mayonnaises with increasing ratio of guar gum 4 weeks after preparation compared to 4 days, with no apparent signs of correlation between higher acidity and hydrocolloid degradation. Mayonnaises with 20% xanthan gum and 80% guar gum had the texture most similar to the reference. In these low-fat mayonnaises, the use of more xanthan gum led to an undesired “slimy” texture and a lower viscosity – an important aspect if adjusting a low-fat mayonnaise recipe by increasing the ratio of xanthan gum. Because a commercial mayonnaise sometimes is consumed several months after manufacturing, that time frame is most likely required in order to fully measure how much the high acidity in mayonnaise will affect its viscosity. This project has shown a pattern where viscosity in the assessed mayonnaises starts to decrease a few weeks after preparation. However to find out exactly to what extent and how this would affect the overall product, and ultimately: if guar gum/xanthan gum combinations are suitable for long-term mayonnaise applications, further studies are required. / Viskositet och syrastabilitet i majonnäs med låg fetthalt och olika proportioner av xantan och guarkärnmjöl Majonnäs är en blandning av äggula, vinäger, vatten, kryddor och 70-80% olja som bildar en semi-solid olja-i-vatten-emulsion. För att tillverka en lågfettsmajonnäs med högre vatteninnehåll behöver förtjockningsmedel tillsättas för viskositet och emulsionsstabilitet. Hydrokolloiderna xantangummi och guarkärnmjöl används ibland i detta syfte och de utövar en synergi som ger ökad viskositet. Dock har guarkärnmjöl dålig syrastabilitet och eftersom majonnäs är en sur produkt kommer guarkärnmjölet efter ett tag att brytas ned vilket leder till en viskositetsminskning och emulsionsseparation. Trots detta används guarkärnmjöl och xantangummi i stor utsträckning i majonnäser idag. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka hur synergin mellan guarkärnmjöl och xantangummi påverkar viskositeten i en lågfettsmajonnäs och huruvida en hög syrahalt kommer att påverka viskositeten under en 4-veckorsperiod. Detta för att se om och i så fall hur ett majonnäsrecept kan modifieras för att erhålla en kostnadseffektiv produkt om priset på hydrokolloider växlar. För arbetet bereddes 15 majonnäser med 50% fetthalt, antingen med pH 3,5; 4 eller 5 och totalt 0,6% hydrokolloider med olika proportioner av guarkärnmjöl och xantangummi. Majonnäserna undersöktes genom mätning av viskositet, färgförändringar och en visuell jämförelse av deras majonnäsliknande flytegenskaper i förhållande till Hellmann’s Real Mayonnaise som användes som referens. Viskositeten i majonnäserna ökade med ökande halt guarkärnmjöl. Å andra sidan minskade viskositeten i högre grad med ökande halt guarkärnmjöl 4 veckor efter tillverkning jämfört med 4 dagar, men inga tydliga samband mellan högre syrahalt och nedbrytning av hydrokolloider syntes. Majonnäser med en blandning av 20% xantangummi och 80% guarkärnmjöl hade den konsistens som var mest lik referensen. I dessa försök med lågfettsmajonnäser ledde användandet av högre halt xantangummi till en oönskad ”slimig” textur och en lägre viskositet – en viktig aspekt om ett recept på lågfettsmajonnäs ska modifieras genom att öka halten xantangummi. Eftersom en kommersiell majonnäs ibland konsumeras flera månader efter tillverkning så är det troligtvis den tidsramen som krävs för att helt kunna mäta hur mycket den höga syrahalten i majonnäs kommer att påverka dess viskositet. Detta projekt har påvisat ett mönster där viskositeten i de analyserade majonnäserna börjar minska några veckor efter tillverkningen. Men för att få reda på exakt i vilken utsträckning och hur detta skulle påverka produkten i sin helhet, och i slutändan: om kombinationen med guarkärnmjöl och xantangummi är lämplig för majonnäser med lång hållbarhet krävs ytterligare studier.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carignatto_crr_dr_rcla.pdf: 938838 bytes, checksum: a773effa3a570309d864843e6b084d92 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Xanthomonas são bactérias que produzem o biopolímero denominado xantana que apresenta grande aplicabilidade em vários setores industriais. Essas bactérias não apresentam grandes exigências nutricionais, mas os nutrientes disponíveis no meio interferem no processo de biossíntese da xantana. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar a influência da composição do meio de produção sobre a composição química, massa molecular e qualidade da goma produzida por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Também foram avaliados alguns parâmetros do processo de obtenção desse biopolímero como: modos de extração, temperatura e a comparação entre incubadora orbital e fermentador para produção da xantana. A fermentação foi conduzida em duas etapas, crescimento da biomassa inoculante e produção do biopolímero através de meios formulados por delineamento experimental e citados na literatura. Verificou-se que os nutrientes utilizados no meio de produção interferem na composição química e massa molecular da goma produzida. A ausência da fonte de nitrogênio e a presença de pouco citrato (0,1%) e de lecitina de soja (0,001%) favoreceram a formação da goma xantana mais viscosa que a produzida em meio descrito na literatura. Esta goma de qualidade superior apresentou massa molecular dez vezes maior (1,17 x 106 g/mol), e em sua estrutura havia mais acetil e menos piruvil que a goma produzida no meio já citado. O uso de sais (NaCl e KCl) e formaldeído na etapa de extração da goma permitiu a precipitação de uma maior quantidade de xantana. No entanto, ambos interferiram negativamente em sua viscosidade. A adição de sais durante a solubilização da goma não provocou alterações significativas na viscosidade da mesma. Em relação à temperatura, a produção realizada a 25ºC favoreceu o crescimento... / Xanthomonas are producer bacteria of biopolymer denominated xanthan gum that has great applicability in several industrial sections. Those bacteria do not present great nutritional demands, but the available nutrients in the medium interfere in the process of xanthan biosynthesis. The present work aimed to study the influence of the composition of production medium on the chemical structure, molecular mass and quality of the gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Other parameters that involve xanthan production also were studied as: extraction, temperature and the use of shaker incubator or reactor. The fermentation was carried out in two stages, biomass growthing and biopolymer production using media formulated by experimental design and media mentioned in the literature. It was verified that the nutrients used in the production medium interfere in the chemical composition and molecular mass of the produced gum. The absence of the nutrient nitrogen and the presence of little citrate (0.1%) and lecithin (0.001%) favored the formation of the xanthan more viscous than the gum produced in medium described by Garcia-Ochoa et al. (1992). This better gum presented molecular mass ten times larger (1.17 x 106 g/mol), and structure with more acetate and less piruvate than the gum produced in the last medium mentioned. The use of salts (NaCl and KCl) and formaldehyde in extraction of the gum allowed the precipitation of a larger amount of xanthan, however, both interfered negatively in her viscosity. The salts addition during the gum solubilization did not provide significant alterations in the viscosity. In relation to the temperature, the production conduced at 25ºC favored the cellular growth and the gum production, but at 30ºC the xanthan of better quality was formed. The comparative study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Pedro de Oliva Neto / Banca: Susana Marta Isay Saad / Banca: Claudia Dorta / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Corradi Custodio da Silva / Banca: Ivanise Guilherme Branco / Resumo: Xanthomonas são bactérias que produzem o biopolímero denominado xantana que apresenta grande aplicabilidade em vários setores industriais. Essas bactérias não apresentam grandes exigências nutricionais, mas os nutrientes disponíveis no meio interferem no processo de biossíntese da xantana. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estudar a influência da composição do meio de produção sobre a composição química, massa molecular e qualidade da goma produzida por Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Também foram avaliados alguns parâmetros do processo de obtenção desse biopolímero como: modos de extração, temperatura e a comparação entre incubadora orbital e fermentador para produção da xantana. A fermentação foi conduzida em duas etapas, crescimento da biomassa inoculante e produção do biopolímero através de meios formulados por delineamento experimental e citados na literatura. Verificou-se que os nutrientes utilizados no meio de produção interferem na composição química e massa molecular da goma produzida. A ausência da fonte de nitrogênio e a presença de pouco citrato (0,1%) e de lecitina de soja (0,001%) favoreceram a formação da goma xantana mais viscosa que a produzida em meio descrito na literatura. Esta goma de qualidade superior apresentou massa molecular dez vezes maior (1,17 x 106 g/mol), e em sua estrutura havia mais acetil e menos piruvil que a goma produzida no meio já citado. O uso de sais (NaCl e KCl) e formaldeído na etapa de extração da goma permitiu a precipitação de uma maior quantidade de xantana. No entanto, ambos interferiram negativamente em sua viscosidade. A adição de sais durante a solubilização da goma não provocou alterações significativas na viscosidade da mesma. Em relação à temperatura, a produção realizada a 25ºC favoreceu o crescimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Xanthomonas are producer bacteria of biopolymer denominated xanthan gum that has great applicability in several industrial sections. Those bacteria do not present great nutritional demands, but the available nutrients in the medium interfere in the process of xanthan biosynthesis. The present work aimed to study the influence of the composition of production medium on the chemical structure, molecular mass and quality of the gum produced by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Other parameters that involve xanthan production also were studied as: extraction, temperature and the use of shaker incubator or reactor. The fermentation was carried out in two stages, biomass growthing and biopolymer production using media formulated by experimental design and media mentioned in the literature. It was verified that the nutrients used in the production medium interfere in the chemical composition and molecular mass of the produced gum. The absence of the nutrient nitrogen and the presence of little citrate (0.1%) and lecithin (0.001%) favored the formation of the xanthan more viscous than the gum produced in medium described by Garcia-Ochoa et al. (1992). This better gum presented molecular mass ten times larger (1.17 x 106 g/mol), and structure with more acetate and less piruvate than the gum produced in the last medium mentioned. The use of salts (NaCl and KCl) and formaldehyde in extraction of the gum allowed the precipitation of a larger amount of xanthan, however, both interfered negatively in her viscosity. The salts addition during the gum solubilization did not provide significant alterations in the viscosity. In relation to the temperature, the production conduced at 25ºC favored the cellular growth and the gum production, but at 30ºC the xanthan of better quality was formed. The comparative study... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Ranulfo Monte Alegre / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:10:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SobenesGutierrez_JennyRoxana_M.pdf: 1378752 bytes, checksum: 422ae3abb0f6df0de59c85a305ea8495 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a produção de goma xantana utilizando x. campestris ATCC 13951 e soro de queijo desproteinado. Foram feitos ensaios preliminares para determinar as condições de fermentação: 29 °C, pH inicial 7,0 e 180 rpm em agitador orbital por 72 horas. Fez-se dois planejamentos experimentais utilizando as variáveis: concentração de lactose no soro de queijo, concentração de extrato de levedura e sulfato de amônio ou uréia como fonte de nitrogênio. O melhor resultado quanto à produção de goma foi obtido com meio contendo soro desproteinado, lactose (44 g/L), extrato de levedura (3 g/L) e sulfato de amônio (1,5 g/L) cuja produção de goma alcançou 20,28 g/L em 72 h de fermentação. Em meio constituído de soro desproteinado, lactose (44 g/L), extrato de levedura (3 g/L) e uréia (2 g/L) no lugar de sulfato de amônio, a produção de goma alcançou 18,96 g/L. Entretanto, utilizando apenas o soro de queijo desproteinado, a produção de goma foi praticamente a mesma, atingindo 19,68 g/L. Portanto, a suplementação do soro de queijo desproteinado com fontes de nitrogênio para produção de goma xantana é desnecessária, visto que as frações de proteínas e outros compostos nitrogenados do leite foram suficientes para suprir este elemento à bactéria. O aumento da concentração de lactose no soro desproteinado não aumentou a produção de goma, obtendo-se melhores resultados em meio com baixa concentração da fonte de carbono. Sendo o soro de queijo um sub-produto abundante e de baixo custo, este processo torna-se interesante na produção de goma xantana, visto que este polissacarídeo tem importante utilização a nivel industrial sendo atualmente muito utilizada na elaboração de produtos alimenticios / Abstract: The objective of this work was to study the xanthan gum production using x. campetris ATCC 13951 and de-proteinated cheese whey. Some preliminary assays indicated as good fermentation condition 29 °C, initial pH 7.0 and 180 rpm in shaker during 72 hours. Some assays were done obeying experimental planning being the variables the lactose concentration at the de-proteinated cheese whey, yeast extract concentration and ammonium sulfate or urea as nitrogen source. The best result was obtained in the medium using de-proteinated cheese whey containing 44 g/L of lactose, 3 g/L of yeast extract and 1.5 g/L of ammonium sulfate, where the gum production reached 20.28 g/L. At the medium using de-proteinated cheese whey (44 g/L of lactose), yeast extract (3 g/L) and ammonium sulfate replaced by urea (2 g/L) the gum reached 18.96 g/L. However, when the de-proteinated cheese whey was used alone as culture medium the gum production, almost reached the same concentration (19.68 g/L). Therefore, the cheese whey supplementation with nitrogen sources to xanthan gum production is not necessary, since the protein fractions and others compounds containing nitrogen from whey that remain in the de-proteinated cheese whey are sufficient to supply this element at the bacteria. The increase of the lactose concentration in the de-proteinated cheese whey do not increase the gum production obtaining better results in half with low concentration of carbon source. Cheese whey is an abundant and low cost byproduct, so this process becomes interesting for the production of xanthan gum, since it has important industrial use bing widely used in the preparation of food products / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

This thesis reports the development of a novel drug delivery system consisting of hollow nanoparticles, formed from manganese dioxide (δ-MnO2) sheets, that are coated with polydopamine and folic acid to selectively target cancer cells. The biodegradability and colloidal stability of the uncoated hollow nanoparticles were investigated in comparison to solid MnO2 nanoparticles and graphene oxide sheets. The MnO2 hollow nanoparticles degraded at a faster rate and seem to have a higher surface area and better colloidal dispersion than solid MnO2 nanoparticles. Xanthan gum was proven to improve colloidal dispersion of these hollow nanoparticles and were used for further cell studies. In this study, cancer and healthy cells were treated with coated hollow nanoparticles, and results indicate that this novel hollow nanoparticle may preferentially target and kill cancer cells. Particle aggregation has shown to be toxic to cells. Further studies with this novel drug delivery system may lead to a groundbreaking solution to targeted cancer therapy. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This study examined the effects of guar gum and xanthan gum on flax supplemented breads through objective and sensory testing. Breads containing flaxseed and gums were found to have a significantly (p<0.05) higher water activity than the control bread. Control bread was also found to have a higher (p<0.05) volume while flax breads containing guar gum had a significant (p<0.05) decrease in volume. Control bread and bread containing guar gum were significantly (p<0.05) harder in crumb texture. Breads with flax and xanthan gum displayed a significant (p<0.05) amount of springiness. While there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in peroxide values among bread samples, control bread had a lower (p<0.05) anisidine value indicating a decrease in hydroperoxide breakdown. While not significant (p>0.05), bread containing xanthan gum had a lower anisidine value than the other treatments. Sensory analysis found bread with both gums to be moister (p<0.05) and have a strong (p<0.05) yeasty aroma and fresher flavor. Control bread was found to have the least (p<0.05) yeasty aroma and taste significantly (p<0.05) less bitter but more stale. / Master of Science

A busca por embalagens flexíveis rapidamente degradáveis tem sido intensa nos anos mais recentes. Amidos de variadas fontes têm sido avaliados para a produção de filmes, sendo que a maioria destes apresenta boas características mecânicas e de barreira ao oxigênio, entretanto, uma série de limitações é observada com relação às suas características hidrofílicas e permeabilidade ao vapor d´água. O amido de ervilha normalmente apresenta teores mais elevados de amilose, o que pode melhorar a obtenção da rede formadora de filmes. Além disto, as associações amido-goma podem modificar a gelatinização e retrogradação do amido, processos que interferem na formação de filmes. O acréscimo de plastificantes também tem se mostrado de importância para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas dos filmes. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de goma xantana e de glicerol ao amido de ervilha verde de alto teor de amilose (cv. Utrillo) na elaboração de filmes e em suas características. Soluções filmogênicas (SF) com diferentes teores de amido de ervilha (3, 4 e 5%), de goma xantana (0, 0,05 e 0,1%) e de glicerol (proporção glicerol-amido de 1:5 p/p) foram estudadas. As SF foram obtidas por ebulição (5 min.), seguida de autoclavagem por 1h. a 120°C. Os filmes foram prepa rados segundo a técnica de casting. O aumento da concentração de amido na solução filmogênica aumentou a espessura, fator de ruptura, resistência à perfuração e solubilidade dos filmes em água. O aumento da concentração da goma xantana interferiu apenas nas propriedades associadas à cor dos filmes, aumentando os valores da tonalidade e decrescendo o croma a* e a transparência. O aumento da concentração do glicerol interferiu nas propriedades mecânicas dos filmes, gerando redução dos valores de resistência máxima à tração, tensão na ruptura, resistência à perfuração e fator de ruptura. O plastificante também gerou aumento do alongamento na ruptura, redução da transparência e aumento da espessura e da solubilidade do filme em água. / In the past few years, the attempt to obtain degradable flexible packaging has increased considerably. In this sense, starches obtained from different botanical sources have been evaluated to produce films. Most of these films present good mechanical characteristics and provide a good barrier to oxygen. Nevertheless, some limitations have been observed in relation to their hydrophilic properties and permeability to water vapor. Studies using starch from green peas with high levels of amylose to produce films were not found in the literature. The higher levels of amylose can improve the achievement of the matrix that forms films. In addition, starch-gum associations can modify starch gelatinization and retrogradation, processes which interfere with film formation. The addition of plasticizers has also been considered important to improve the mechanical properties of films. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of xanthan gum and glycerol to the starch of green peas with high content of amylose (cv. Utrillo) in the preparation of films and in their features. Filmogenic solution (FS) with different levels of pea starch (3, 4 and 5%), xanthan gum (0, 0.05 and 0.1%) and glycerol (glycerol-starch ratio of 1:5 p/p) were tested. The FS was obtained by boiling (5 min.), followed by autoclaving for 1h. at 120°C. The films were prepared by casting. The increased concentration of starch in the solution increased the thickness, factor of rupture, puncture force and solubility of films in water. Increasing amounts of xanthan affected only the properties associated with the color of the films, increasing the values of hue angle and decreasing the chroma a* and transparency. The increased concentration of glycerol interfered in the mechanical properties of the films, causing reduction of the maximum values of tensile strength, strain at break, puncture force and factor of rupture. The plasticizer also caused an increase of elongation at break, reduced transparency and increased thickness of the film and the solubility in water.

abstract: It is estimated that wind induced soil transports more than 500 x 106 metric tons of fugitive dust annually. Soil erosion has negative effects on human health, the productivity of farms, and the quality of surface waters. A variety of different polymer stabilizers are available on the market for fugitive dust control. Most of these polymer stabilizers are expensive synthetic polymer products. Their adverse effects and expense usually limits their use. Biopolymers provide a potential alternative to synthetic polymers. They can provide dust abatement by encapsulating soil particles and creating a binding network throughout the treated area. This research into the effectiveness of biopolymers for fugitive dust control involved three phases. Phase I included proof of concept tests. Phase II included carrying out the tests in a wind tunnel. Phase III consisted of conducting the experiments in the field. Proof of concept tests showed that biopolymers have the potential to reduce soil erosion and fugitive dust transport. Wind tunnel tests on two candidate biopolymers, xanthan and chitosan, showed that there is a proportional relationship between biopolymer application rates and threshold wind velocities. The wind tunnel tests also showed that xanthan gum is more successful in the field than chitosan. The field tests showed that xanthan gum was effective at controlling soil erosion. However, the chitosan field data was inconsistent with the xanthan data and field data on bare soil. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011