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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Microencapsula??o de ?mega-3 empregando emuls?es simples estabilizadas por biopol?meros / Microencapsulation of sacha Inchi oil employing simple emulsions stabilized with biopolymers

Vicente, Juarez 28 January 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-20T12:18:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Juarez Vicente.pdf: 4177115 bytes, checksum: 7c081fec8011e87e4bca3d5c9ea310ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T12:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Juarez Vicente.pdf: 4177115 bytes, checksum: 7c081fec8011e87e4bca3d5c9ea310ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-28 / The omega-3 (?-3) is a class of essential fatty acids, of major importance for the metabolism of various functions of the body, highlight for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, immunological and anti - inflammatory, colon cancer, promotes developing brain and retina. The fatty acids of the series ?-3 and ?-6 are precursors of polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the latter considered the most important for developing neonatal and together with the AA are the main components of brain fatty acids (Silva et al., 2007). Microencapsulation employing the formation of simple emulsions is a strategy that aims to maintain the stability of omega-3 and permanence of their functional activities upon exposure to the same harsh conditions as oxidative processes. Biopolymers such as proteins and carbohydrates (natural) are components that assist in maintaining the physical and morphological stability of these emulsions employed for microencapsulation. Likewise, to give the product improvements in the rheological, nutritional and functional properties. Thus, this thesis aims to study the formation of micro-emulsions physically and morphologically stable and their behavior rheological properties of heat and oxidative stability of omega-3 in polymeric systems formed with ovalbumin (natural surfactant) and their interactions with natural polysaccharides (pectin and xanthan gum), compared to a standard system with synthetic surfactant (Tween 80) in the microencapsulation of omega-3 of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil. With this work we aim to also study the behavior of oxidative Sacha Inchi oil and its inclusion as a component in other foods in microencapsulated form. / O ?mega-3 (?-3) ? uma classe de ?cidos graxos essenciais, de reconhecida import?ncia para o metabolismo de diversas funcionalidades do organismo, destacam-se a preven??o de doen?as cardiovasculares, imunol?gicas e anti-inflamat?rias, c?ncer de c?lon, favorece o desenvolvimento cerebral e da retina. Os ?cidos graxos das s?ries ?-3 e ?-6 s?o precursores dos ?cidos graxos poli-insaturados de cadeia longa, como araquid?nico (AA), eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e docosahexaen?ico (DHA), este ?ltimo considerado o mais importante para o desenvolvimento neonatal e junto com o AA s?o os principais componentes dos ?cidos graxos cerebrais. A microencapsula??o empregando a forma??o de emuls?es simples ? uma estrat?gia que objetiva manter a estabilidade do ?mega-3 e a perman?ncia de suas atividades funcionais frente ? exposi??o do mesmo a condi??es adversas como processos oxidativos. Os biopol?meros como prote?nas e carboidratos (naturais) s?o componentes que auxiliam na manuten??o da estabilidade f?sica e morfol?gica destas emuls?es empregadas para microencapsula??o. Da mesma forma, conferem ao produto melhorias nas propriedades reol?gicas, nutricionais e funcionais. Com isso, objetiva-se nesta tese estudar a forma??o de micro-emuls?es f?sica e morfologicamente est?veis e seus comportamentos reol?gicos, propriedades calorim?tricas e estabilidade oxidativa do ?mega-3 nos sistemas polim?ricos formados com Ovalbumina (surfactante natural) e suas intera??es com polissacar?deos naturais (Pectina e Goma Xantana), comparado a um sistema padr?o com surfactante sint?tico (Tween 80) na microencapsula??o do ?mega-3 do ?leo de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.). Com esse trabalho objetiva-se tamb?m o estudo do comportamento oxidativo do ?leo de Sacha Inchi e sua inser??o como componente em outros alimentos na forma microencapsulada.
42

Avaliação da genotoxicidade das xantanas produzidas pelas cepas 06 e 24 de Xanthomonas campestris pv pruni através do ensaio cometa e teste de micronúcleos.

Roll, Rutilene Jacondino 29 July 2005 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_rutilene_roll.pdf: 2016815 bytes, checksum: e7c5da43dfa30476ca94e16d9b7c9f57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-29 / Among the vast number of types of polysaccharides produced in nature, by plants, algae, and bacteria, xanthan is the one of the few that has functional properties leading to a broad spectrum of uses as well as commercial production in large quantities. It is the second microbial polysaccharide to be developed for an economically process, and it has continued to be the single most important biopolymer in food applications because of this useful properties. The chemical and physical properties of commercial xanthan mainly viscosity and stability with relation to temperature and pH variations, it makes that polysaccharide to be utilised a lot of for food industries, like as thickener and stabilizer of suspensions and emulsions. Because xanthan by patovar pruni is a new material never before introduced into foods, tests should be conduct in conformance with Agência de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) for stablish its safety. And due to a few studies about the genotoxical mighty of xanthan, has been important to make a work about it. In this study, were experimentaly used xanthans produced by 06 and 24 strain from Xanthomonas campestris pv pruni and commercial xanthan from the same bacteria, but by pv campestris (Jungbunzlauer), like a additional component of mice diet, with aim of genotoxical evaluation in this animal model, through comet assay and micronuclei test. The comet assay and micronuclei test data were evaluated and, then, were able to comply no increase DNA damage induced by xanthans evaluated, through of utilised tests. Furthermore, was observed a tendency to decrease cholesterol and glucose levels, in the treatment with xanthans, although its values doesn´t have been significantly inferior to control group. / Entre o vasto número de tipos de polissacarídeos produzidos naturalmente, por plantas, algas e bactérias, xantana é um dos poucos que tem propriedades funcionais com amplo espectro de uso bem como produção industrial em grande escala. É o segundo biopolímero a ser desenvolvido por um processo economicamente viável, e continua a ser o mais importante biopolímero na aplicação em alimentos devido às suas propriedades funcionais. As propriedades químicas e físicas da xantana comercial, principalmente a viscosidade e a estabilidade em relação a variações de pH e temperatura, fazem com que este polissacarídeo seja amplamente utilizado na indústria alimentícia, dentre outras, como espessante e estabilizante de suspensões e emulsões. Devido a xantana do patovar pruni ser um material novo e ainda não utilizado em alimentos, testes devem ser conduzidos de acordo com a Agência de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) para estabelecer a sua segurança. Com base no aumento da utilização destes polímeros na indústria alimentícia e, aos poucos dados referentes à genotoxicidade e aos efeitos sobre os índices de colesterol e glicose dos mesmos, torna-se importante a realização de um estudo sobre os danos ou benefícios que estes polímeros podem proporcionar. No presente estudo, foram usadas experimentalmente as xantanas produzidas pelas cepas 06 e 24 da bactéria Xanthomonas campestris pv pruni e a xantana comercial produzida pela mesma espécie, porém pelo patovar campestris (Jungbunzlauer), como componente adicional na dieta de camundongos, com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial genotóxico destes biopolímeros, neste modelo animal, através do ensaio cometa e do teste de micronúcleos; além de verificar os índices de colesterol e glicose. Os dados do ensaio cometa e do teste de micronúcleos foram avaliados e, então, observou-se que as xantanas produzidas pelas cepas 06 e 24, assim como a xantana comercial, não apresentaram valores significativamente superiores aos controles negativos, na indução de danos no DNA através dos testes utilizados. Além disso, foi observada uma tendência a diminuir os índices de colesterol e glicose, nos tratamentos com as xantanas, embora estes valores não tenham sido significativamente inferiores ao do grupo controle.
43

Encapsulation de la souche Lactococcus lactis, productrice de nisine, pour le développement d’emballages actifs / Encapsulation of Nisin producing strain of Lactococcus lactis for active packaging development

Bekhit, Mariam 30 October 2015 (has links)
La nisine est un peptide antimicrobien produit par la souche de Lactococus lactis subsp. lactis, autorisée pour des applications alimentaires par le comité d'experts sur les additifs alimentaires et les aliments de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Alimentation et l'Agriculture et de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (FAO / OMS). La nisine peut être appliquée, par exemple, pour la conservation des aliments, la biopréservation, le contrôle de la flore de fermentation, et potentiellement comme agent antimicrobien clinique. Le piégeage de bactéries capables de produire de la nisine dans des billes d'alginate de calcium est ainsi une voie prometteuse pour immobiliser des cellules actives et prolonger la durée de conservation des aliments. Le travail de thèse visait à concevoir des emballages actifs en biopolymère renfermant des bactéries lactiques bioprotectrices (LAB) pour contrôler la croissance de micro-organismes indésirables dans les aliments, en particulier L. monocytogenes. La stabilité mécanique et chimique des billes d'alginate a d’abord été améliorée, et l'efficacité d'encapsulation a été accrue. Des capsules « alginate / pectine (A / P) » ont été préparés comme premières microsphères, par une technique d'extrusion. La production de nisine par Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis encapsulé dans différents états physiologiques (phase exponentielle, phase stationnaire) a été étudiée. Les résultats ont montré que les billes composites (A/P) avaient de meilleurs propriétés que celles formulées avec de l'alginate ou de la pectine pure. L’association de l'alginate et de la pectine induit un effet synergique qui a amélioré les propriétés mécaniques des microbilles. La deuxième partie du travail a concerné la mise au point de microcapsules à cœur liquides avec une membrane d'hydrogel d'alginate et d'un noyau de gomme de xanthane. Les résultats ont montré que ces microcapsules contenant L. lactis encapsulé durant la phase exponentielle dans une matrice d’alginate et un noyau nutritif de gomme xanthane ont donné les meilleurs résultats et présentent une activité anti-listeria intéressante. Ces microbilles ont enfin été appliquées pour la conservation des aliments et en particulier dans des emballages alimentaires actifs. Des films (HPMC, amidon) ont été élaborés en piégeant des perles d'«alginate actifs/gomme xanthane» enrichies en L. lactis dans des films d’emballage et appliqués pour la conservation des aliments / Nisin is an antimicrobial peptide produced by strains of Lactococus lactis subsp. lactis, recognized as safe for food applications by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Nisin could be applied, for shelf-life extension, biopreservation, control of fermentation flora, and potentially as clinical antimicrobials. Entrapment of bacteria able to produce nisin in calcium alginate beads is promising way for cells immobilization in active films to extend food shelf-life. The present PhD work aimed to design biopolymeric active packaging entrapping bioprotective lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and control undesirable microorganisms growth in foods, particularly L. monocytogenes. First, the mechanical and chemical stability of the alginate beads were improved, and consequently the effectiveness of encapsulation was increased. Alginate/pectin (A/P) biopolymers were prepared, as first microspheres design, by extrusion technique to encapsulate nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis in different physiological state (exponential phase, stationary phase). Results showed that A/P composite beads were more efficient to increase beads properties than those formulated with pure alginate or pectin. Association of alginate and pectin induced a synergistic effect which improved microbeads mechanical properties. As a second microspheres design, aqueous-core microcapsules were prepared with an alginate hydrogel membrane and a xanthan gum core. Results showed that microcapsules with L.lactis in exponential state encapsulated in alginate membrane and aqueous-core based on xanthan gum with nutrients gave the best results and exhibit interesting antilisterial activity. These microparticles were applied in food preservation and particularly in active food packaging. A novel bioactive films (HPMC, starch) was developed and tested, entrapping active beads of alginate/xanthan gum core-shell microcapsules and alginate/pectin hydrogel enriched with L.lactis
44

Stabilisation d’émulsions d’intérêt pharmaceutique par des protéines et des polysaccharides : exemples de la β-lactoglobuline, de la gomme arabique et de la gomme xanthane / Stabilization of pharmaceutical emulsions by proteins and polysaccharides : examples of β-lactoglobulin, gum arabic and xanthan gum

Jouanny-Bouyer, Eléonore 21 February 2011 (has links)
L’objectif de cette étude a été de formuler et caractériser des émulsions simples huile/eau d’intérêt pharmaceutique stabilisées par de la β-lactoglobuline (β-lg), de la gomme arabique (GA), de la gomme xanthane (GX) et des mélanges β-lg:GA et β-lg:GX. Les concentrations massiques totales des dispersions de biopolymères étaient de 1 % et ont été augmentées à 2,5 % si les émulsions formulées n’étaient pas stables. Le mélange β-lg:GA a été réalisé à pH 4,2 afin de permettre la formation de complexes par interactions électrostatiques attractives entre la β-lg et la GA. Deux ratios β-lg:GA ont été étudiés : 2:1 et 1:2. Enfin, le mélange β-lg:GX a été effectué à pH 7, où les deux biopolymères étant chargés négativement ne se complexent pas et à un ratio de 1:1. Une étude de stabilité des émulsions a été menée sur 6 mois. Les stabilités obtenues ont pu être classées par ordre croissant : GA 2,5 % < β-lg:GA 2,5 % < β-lg 2,5 % < GX 1 % = β-lg:GX 1 %. Plusieurs mécanismes de stabilisation ont été mis en évidence grâce à l’étude des propriétés interfaciales des biopolymères, à l’étude des propriétés rhéologiques des émulsions et à des observations au microscope confocal à balayage laser des émulsions après marquage des biopolymères à la fluorescence. La β-lg et la GA sont toutes deux capables de s’adsorber à l’interface des globules huileux alors que la GX augmente la viscosité de la phase continue. L’association β-lg:GA conduit à la formation d’une double couche interfaciale stabilisante. Enfin, l’association β-lg:GX combine les mécanismes de stabilisation de la protéine, par adsorption interfaciale et de la gomme, par augmentation de la viscosité de la phase continue. / The main objective of this study was to formulate and characterize oil-in-water simple emulsions of pharmaceutical interest stabilized by β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), gum arabic (GA), xanthan gum (XG), and mixtures of β-lg:GA and β-lg:XG. The total biopolymer final concentration in the dispersions was 1 (w/w) % and could be raised to 2.5 (w/w) % if the formulated emulsions were not stable. β-lg:GA mixing was performed at pH 4.2 to allow attractive electrostatic interactions between the two biopolymers and thus the formation of complexes. Two protein:polysaccharide ratios were investigated: 2:1 and 1:2. Conversely, β8lg:XG mixing was performed at pH 7, where both biopolymers are negatively charged, in order to avoid the complex formation, and with a 1:1 ratio. A stability study was conducted for emulsions over a 6-month period. The obtained stabilities could be classified increasingly: GA 2.5 % < β-lg:GA 2.5 % < β-lg 2.5 % < XG 1 % = β-lg:XG 1 %. Several stabilization mechanisms were evidenced by the study of the biopolymer interfacial properties, the study of emulsion rheology and by confocal laser scanning microscopy observations with labeled fluorescent biopolymers. β-lg and GA were both able to adsorb at the interface of oil globule. XG enhanced the continuous phase viscosity. β-lg:GA mixing led to the formation of a stabilizing interfacial double layer. Finally, β-lg:XG association combined the stabilization mechanisms of both biopolymers, respectively: interfacial adsorption and enhancement of the continuous phase viscosity.
45

Avaliação de filmes à base de quitosana combinado com goma xantana e hidrolisado proteico de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri)

Lima, Maria de Morais 10 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-03T13:41:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MARIA_25_04.pdf: 2995946 bytes, checksum: d7b7fa4d4fc79b39b52b4ecc6ca1f975 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T11:35:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MARIA_25_04.pdf: 2995946 bytes, checksum: d7b7fa4d4fc79b39b52b4ecc6ca1f975 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T11:35:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MARIA_25_04.pdf: 2995946 bytes, checksum: d7b7fa4d4fc79b39b52b4ecc6ca1f975 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Os filmes biodegradáveis vêm despertando o interesse da comunidade científica por apresentarem potencialidade como materiais de embalagens. Eles melhoram a qualidade e reduzem perdas de alimentos, além de cooperarem com a preservação do meio ambiente. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar filmes à base de quitosana combinados com goma xantana e hidrolisado de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Desta forma, este trabalho contempla quatro capítulos. No primeiro estudo, avaliou-se hidrolisados enzimáticos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) através da composição proximal, grau de hidrólise, atividade antioxidante, perfil de distribuição da massa molar e composição de aminoácidos. Filés de corvina foram hidrolisados com a enzima Alcalase 2.4L variando apenas o tempo, assim, foram obtidos hidrolisados com 2, 4 e 8 h de reação. Os teores de proteínas dos hidrolisados variaram de 78,28 a 82,30%, onde o hidrolisado com maior tempo de reação mostrou maior grau de hidrólise (32,1%) e maior poder de inibição da oxidação pelos métodos ABTS e DPPH (98,35% e 54,11%, respectivamente). No segundo estudo foram elaborados filmes à base de quitosana e goma xantana. Os filmes foram avaliados por seus grupos funcionais, propriedades estruturais, térmicas, morfológicas, físicas, mecânicas, ópticas e de barreira. Todos os filmes apresentaram picos endotérmicos no intervalo de 122 e 175 °C e picos exotérmicos largos acima de 200 °C, que foram atribuídos à temperatura de fusão e à decomposição térmica, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que os filmes com goma xantana têm o Tm e o ΔmH mais elevados. Os filmes que contêm maior teor de goma xantana mostram também maior resistência à tração e a menor elongação. A adição de goma xantana não afetou a permeabilidade ao vapor de água, solubilidade em água e umidade dos filmes. No terceiro estudo, filmes à base de quitosana, goma xantana e hidrolisado proteico de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) foram elaborados com o objetivo de avaliar suas propriedades antioxidantes, mecânicas, físicas, estruturais, morfológicas, térmicas e de barreira. A mistura de goma xantana e hidrolisado promoveram algumas alterações nos filmes de quitosana. A adição de goma xantana aumentou a resistência a tração e alterou os parâmetros de cor dos filmes. A adição de hidrolisado proteico de corvina propiciou significativa atividade antioxidante aos filmes, no entanto, maiores concentrações tendem aumentar a umidade e diminuir a resistência dos mesmos. Todos os filmes apresentaram uma estrutura homogênea, sem separação de fases e livres de fissuras. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas quanto à solubilidade e à permeabilidade ao vapor de água nos filmes estudados. Já no quarto estudo objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de filmes à base de quitosana e goma xantana na conservação de filés de corvina mantidos sob refrigeração durante 9 dias. Avaliou-se a composição proximal, perda de massa, cor, pH, N-BVT (Bases Voláteis Totais) e perfil microbiológico. Os resultados demonstraram que a combinação de quitosana e goma xantana proporcionaram melhorias na qualidade do pescado refrigerado, uma vez que reduziu as N-BVT, inibiu o crescimento de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, Salmonella spp e coliformes a 45 °C. / Biodegradable films have aroused the interest of the scientific community for presenting potential as packaging materials. They improve quality and reduce food waste, as well as cooperate with the preservation of the environment. In this sense, the general objective of this research was to evaluate chitosan based films combined with xanthan gum and enzymatic protein from croaker (Micropogonias furnieri). Thus, this work contemplates four chapters. In the first study, enzymatic hydrolysates of croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) were evaluated through the proximal composition, degree of hydrolysis, antioxidant activity, molar mass distribution profile and amino acid composition. Croaker fillets were hydrolyzed with the enzyme Alcalase 2.4L varying only the time, thus, hydrolysates with 2, 4 and 8 h of reaction were obtained. The hydrolyzate protein content varied from 78.28-82.30%, the hydrolyzate with the highest hydrolysis time showed a higher degree of hydrolysis (32.1%) and a higher oxidation inhibition power by the ABTS and DPPH methods (98.35% and 54.11%, respectively). In the second study, films based on chitosan and xanthan gum were elaborated. The films were evaluated by their functional groups, structural, thermal, morphological, physical, mechanical, optical and barrier properties. All films showed endothermic peaks in the range of 122-175 °C and wide exothermic peaks above 200 °C, which were attributed to melt in temperature and thermal decomposition, respectively. These results demonstrated that films with xanthan gum have the highest Tm and ΔmH. Films containing higher xanthan gum content also show higher tensile strength and lower elongation. The addition of xanthan gum did not affect the water vapor permeability, water solubility and moisture of the films. In the third study, films based on chitosan, xanthan gum and protein hydrolysate of croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) were elaborated with the objective of evaluating its antioxidant, mechanical, physical, structural, morphological, thermal, optical and barrier properties. The mixture of xanthan gum and hydrolyzate promoted some changes in the chitosan films. The addition of xanthan gum increased the tensile strength and altered the color parameters of the films. Croaker protein hydrolyzate addition gave significant antioxidant activity to the films, however, higher concentrations tend to increase humidity and decrease their resistance. All the films presented a homogeneous structure, without separation of phases and free of cracks. No significant differences were observed regarding the solubility and permeability to water vapor in the studied films. The fourth study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of chitosan and xanthan gum films in the conservation of croaker steaks kept under refrigeration for 9 days. Proximal composition, loss of mass, color, pH, N-BVT (Total Volatile Bases) and microbiological profile were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the combination of chitosan and xanthan gum provided improvements in the quality of refrigerated fish as it reduced N-BVT, inhibited growth of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella spp and coliforms at 45 °C.
46

Estudo da dissolu??o de part?culas de NaCl em fluidos n?o-Newtonianos / Study of NaCl particles dissolve in non-Newtonian fluids

MENESES, Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche 25 January 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / Petrobras / The drilling of wells in salt layers faces major challenges in Brazil?s oil industry. Drilling in such layers requires the development of new technologies and operational procedures to make the process economically viable. One of the main problems is the dissolution of the salt layers in water-based drilling fluids. An uncontrolled dissolution presents a potential risk for the operation and can cause abrupt changes in the properties of the fluids. The main objective of this work was to study the effects of the dissolution of sodium chloride particles in non-Newtonian fluids containing xanthan gum. The study was divided into three parts, rheological experiments, kinetics experiments in a mixing tank and a mathematical modeling. The rheological experiments aimed at studies of the effect of the addition of saline particles on the rheology of non-Newtonian fluids, the effect of the concentration of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids and the effect of the size of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids. The Einstein equation was used to calculate the apparent viscosity of saturated fluids, taking into account the effect of the concentration of salt particles in suspension. The experiments in the mixing tank aimed at the study of the kinetics of dissolution with time in different operating conditions. Fluids were prepared using different concentrations of xanthan gum and different initial concentrations of sodium chloride. The effects of the viscosifier concentration and the initial concentration gradient were evaluated. A phenomenological model was used to represent the dissolution process, which provides the variation of the concentration of the fluid, the variation of the volume fraction of solids, the variation of the particles mean diameter and the variation of the interfacial mass transfer area as a function of time. In the rheology studies, it was verified that the addition of sodium chloride to the non-Newtonian fluid, in the studied conditions, increased the apparent viscosity of the solution. The increase of the concentration of suspended sodium chloride particles increased the apparent viscosity of the suspensions. The increase of the size of the suspended particles decreased the apparent viscosity of the suspension. Statistical tests were made in order to evaluate the statistical relevance of the performed studies. In the kinetics study, the convective mass transfer coefficient was estimated and simulations were made for the other variables of the process. The estimations showed that the xanthan gum concentration in the fluid and the initial sodium chloride concentration in the fluid affect the mass transfer coefficient. The average relative error observed for the simulations was 2,2%. / A perfura??o de po?os em camadas salinas enfrenta grandes desafios na ind?stria de petr?leo do Brasil. A perfura??o em tais camadas exige o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e procedimentos operacionais para tornar a perfura??o economicamente vi?vel. Um dos principais problemas enfrentados ? a dissolu??o das camadas de sais em fluidos de perfura??o base ?gua. Uma dissolu??o descontrolada apresenta um risco em potencial para a opera??o, podendo causar mudan?as bruscas nas propriedades dos fluidos. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar os efeitos da dissolu??o de part?culas de cloreto de s?dio em fluidos n?o-Newtonianos contendo goma xantana. O estudo foi dividido em tr?s partes, experimentos reol?gicos, experimentos de cin?tica em um tanque de mistura e modelagem matem?tica. Os experimentos reol?gicos tiveram como objetivo os estudos do efeito da adi??o de part?culas salinas na reologia de fluidos n?o-Newtonianos, do efeito da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados e do efeito do tamanho das part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados. A equa??o de Einstein foi utilizada para calcular a viscosidade aparente dos fluidos saturados levando em conta o efeito da concentra??o de part?culas salinas em suspens?o. Os experimentos no tanque de mistura tiveram como objetivo o estudo da cin?tica de dissolu??o com o tempo em diferentes condi??es operacionais. Foram preparados fluidos com diferentes concentra??es de goma xantana e diferentes concentra??es iniciais de cloreto de s?dio. Foi analisado o efeito da concentra??o do viscosificante na cin?tica de dissolu??o bem como o efeito do gradiente de concentra??o inicial. Um modelo fenomenol?gico foi utilizado para representar o processo de dissolu??o, o qual prev? as varia??es da concentra??o do fluido, a varia??o da fra??o volum?trica de s?lidos, a varia??o do di?metro m?dio das part?culas e a varia??o da ?rea interfacial de transfer?ncia de massa em fun??o do tempo. Nos estudos de reologia, verificou-se que a adi??o de cloreto de s?dio ao fluido n?o-Newtoniano, nas condi??es estudadas, aumentou a viscosidade aparente da solu??o. O aumento da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio provocou um aumento na viscosidade aparente das suspens?es. O aumento do tamanho das part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio diminuiu a viscosidade aparente da suspens?o. Testes estat?sticos foram feitos para analisar a relev?ncia estat?stica dos estudos realizados. No estudo da cin?tica, o coeficiente convectivo de transfer?ncia de massa foi estimado e simula??es foram feitas para as demais vari?veis do processo. As estima??es mostraram que a concentra??o de goma xantana no fluido e a concentra??o inicial de cloreto de s?dio no fluido influenciam o coeficiente de transfer?ncia de massa. O erro relativo m?dio simula??es observado para as simula??es foi de 2,2%.
47

Avaliação in vitro e in situ do potencial erosivo do suco de laranja modificado por cálcio e alguns polímeros alimentares / In vitro and in situ evaluation of the erosive potential of the orange juice modified with calcium and some food-approved polimers

Scaramucci, Taís 10 June 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro e in situ o potencial erosivo do suco de laranja modificado por cálcio e alguns polímeros alimentares. Este estudo foi dividido em quatro fases. Na primeira, as seguintes substâncias: lactato de cálcio (Ca), goma xantana (XG), hexametafosfato de sódio (HMP), tripolifosfato de sódio (STP), pirofosfato de sódio (PP) e suas combinações, foram adicionadas a um suco de laranja, disponível comercialmente, criando 15 sucos modificados. O suco sem aditivos foi utilizado como controle negativo (C-), e um suco de laranja modificado com cálcio (disponível comercialmente), como controle positivo (C+). Os sucos tiveram o seu potencial erosivo avaliado com o método do pH-stat. A variável resposta foi o volume de titulador necessário para manter o pH dos sucos nos valores iniciais. Após, seis sucos foram selecionados e testados na segunda fase, com um modelo de ciclagem de erosão-remineralização. Na terceira fase, os episódios de erosão e de remineralização foram estudados independentemente. A variável resposta para essas duas fases foi a microdureza de superfície (MDS) para esmalte, e a perfilometria ótica, para esmalte e dentina. Na quarta fase, os sucos Ca, Ca+HMP e HMP, mais os controles, foram testados com um modelo de erosão in situ, crossover, cego, de 5 fases, envolvendo 10 voluntários. Em cada fase, os voluntários inseriam aparelhos palatinos contendo espécimes de esmalte na boca e, após 5min, realizavam os desafios erosivos nos tempos experimentais de 0 (controle), 10, 20 e 30min. Dois espécimes eram aleatoriamente removidos dos aparelhos, após cada tempo. A variável resposta foi a alteração da microdureza de superfície (em %). Antes dos procedimentos clínicos, em cada fase, os voluntários realizaram um teste cego de sabor, onde o suco modificado designado a aquela fase foi comparado cegamente com C-. Na primeira fase, todos os aditivos foram capazes de reduzir o potencial erosivo do suco, com exceção da adição de XG isoladamente. Na segunda fase, não houve perda de estrutura de esmalte detectável quando Ca, HMP e Ca+HMP foram adicionados ao suco; XG, STP e PP apresentaram uma perda de esmalte similar ao grupo C-. Ca+HMP apresentaram a menor redução da MDS, seguido por Ca; todos os outros grupos apresentaram uma redução da MDS similar ao grupo C-. Para dentina, somente Ca+HMP apresentou uma redução na perda de estrutura. Na terceira fase, Ca, HMP e Ca+HMP protegeram contra erosão e nenhum dos compostos interferiu com o processo de remineralização. Na quarta fase, Ca e Ca+HMP reduziram a erosão, sem diferenças significantes entre esses grupos; o HMP não apresentou efeito protetor. 5/10 voluntários notaram uma diferença no sabor de C+, 4/10 para Ca e 2/10 para C-. Conclui-se que, in vitro, tanto o HMP, quanto o Ca, nas concentrações testadas, reduziram a erosão causada pelo suco em esmalte e a combinação desses aditivos aumentou seus efeitos protetores. Para dentina, apenas a combinação Ca+HMP reduziu a erosão. In situ, Ca reduziu a erosão provocada pelo suco, porém, alterações no sabor foram notadas por alguns voluntários. HMP não apresentou efeito protetor. / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the erosive potential of the orange juice modified with calcium and some food-approved polymers. This study was divided into four fases. In the first, the following substances: calcium lactate (Ca), xanthan gum (XG), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), sodium trypoliphosphate (STP), sodium pyrophosphate (PP) and some of their combinations were added to a commercially available orange juice, creating 15 modified juices. The juice without additives was used as a negative control (C-) and a commercially available calcium-modified juice as positive control (C+). These juices were tested for erosive potential using pH-stat. The response variable was the volume of titrant needed to maintain the pH of the juices in their baseline values. After, six selected juices were tested in the second phase with an erosion-remineralization cycling model. In the third phase, the erosion and remineralization episodes were tested independently. The reponse variable for these phases was surface microhardness for enamel and optical perfilometry for enamel and dentin. In the fourth phase, the juices Ca, Ca+HMP and HMP, plus the controls were tested with an erosion in situ model, consisting of a 5-phase, single blind crossover clinical trial involving 10 subjects. In each phase, subjects inserted custom-made palatal appliances containing enamel specimens in the mouth and, after 5 min equilibration period, performed erosive challenges for total of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30 min. Two specimens were randomly removed from the appliances, after each challenge period. The reponse variable was the percentage of surface microhardness change. Before the procedures, in each phase, the subjects performed a taste test, where the modified juice assigned to that phase was blindly compared to C-. In first phase, all the additives were able to reduce the erosive potential of the juice, except the addition of XG alone. In the second phase, no detectable enamel loss was observed when Ca, HMP and Ca+HMP were added to the juice; XG, STP and PP had enamel loss similar to C-. Ca+HMP showed the lowest reduction in the surface microhardness, followed by Ca;all the other groups presented a reduction in the surface microhardness similar to C-. For dentin, only Ca+HMP reduced surface loss. In the third phase, Ca, HMP and Ca+HMP protected against erosion; and none of the tested compounds seemed to interfere with the remineralization process. In the fourth phase, Ca and Ca+HMP reduced erosion, with no difference between them. HMP did not show any protective effect. 5/10 subjects noticed a difference in the taste of C+; 4/10 for Ca; and 2 /10 for C-. In conclusion, in vitro, HMP and Ca, in the concentrations tested, reduced erosion on enamel and this effect was enhanced by their combination. For dentin, only the combination Ca+HMP caused a significant reduction. In situ, Ca reduced the erosion caused by the juice; however, taste changes were noticed by some volunteers. HMP did not show any protective effect.
48

Avaliação in vitro e in situ do potencial erosivo do suco de laranja modificado por cálcio e alguns polímeros alimentares / In vitro and in situ evaluation of the erosive potential of the orange juice modified with calcium and some food-approved polimers

Taís Scaramucci 10 June 2011 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar in vitro e in situ o potencial erosivo do suco de laranja modificado por cálcio e alguns polímeros alimentares. Este estudo foi dividido em quatro fases. Na primeira, as seguintes substâncias: lactato de cálcio (Ca), goma xantana (XG), hexametafosfato de sódio (HMP), tripolifosfato de sódio (STP), pirofosfato de sódio (PP) e suas combinações, foram adicionadas a um suco de laranja, disponível comercialmente, criando 15 sucos modificados. O suco sem aditivos foi utilizado como controle negativo (C-), e um suco de laranja modificado com cálcio (disponível comercialmente), como controle positivo (C+). Os sucos tiveram o seu potencial erosivo avaliado com o método do pH-stat. A variável resposta foi o volume de titulador necessário para manter o pH dos sucos nos valores iniciais. Após, seis sucos foram selecionados e testados na segunda fase, com um modelo de ciclagem de erosão-remineralização. Na terceira fase, os episódios de erosão e de remineralização foram estudados independentemente. A variável resposta para essas duas fases foi a microdureza de superfície (MDS) para esmalte, e a perfilometria ótica, para esmalte e dentina. Na quarta fase, os sucos Ca, Ca+HMP e HMP, mais os controles, foram testados com um modelo de erosão in situ, crossover, cego, de 5 fases, envolvendo 10 voluntários. Em cada fase, os voluntários inseriam aparelhos palatinos contendo espécimes de esmalte na boca e, após 5min, realizavam os desafios erosivos nos tempos experimentais de 0 (controle), 10, 20 e 30min. Dois espécimes eram aleatoriamente removidos dos aparelhos, após cada tempo. A variável resposta foi a alteração da microdureza de superfície (em %). Antes dos procedimentos clínicos, em cada fase, os voluntários realizaram um teste cego de sabor, onde o suco modificado designado a aquela fase foi comparado cegamente com C-. Na primeira fase, todos os aditivos foram capazes de reduzir o potencial erosivo do suco, com exceção da adição de XG isoladamente. Na segunda fase, não houve perda de estrutura de esmalte detectável quando Ca, HMP e Ca+HMP foram adicionados ao suco; XG, STP e PP apresentaram uma perda de esmalte similar ao grupo C-. Ca+HMP apresentaram a menor redução da MDS, seguido por Ca; todos os outros grupos apresentaram uma redução da MDS similar ao grupo C-. Para dentina, somente Ca+HMP apresentou uma redução na perda de estrutura. Na terceira fase, Ca, HMP e Ca+HMP protegeram contra erosão e nenhum dos compostos interferiu com o processo de remineralização. Na quarta fase, Ca e Ca+HMP reduziram a erosão, sem diferenças significantes entre esses grupos; o HMP não apresentou efeito protetor. 5/10 voluntários notaram uma diferença no sabor de C+, 4/10 para Ca e 2/10 para C-. Conclui-se que, in vitro, tanto o HMP, quanto o Ca, nas concentrações testadas, reduziram a erosão causada pelo suco em esmalte e a combinação desses aditivos aumentou seus efeitos protetores. Para dentina, apenas a combinação Ca+HMP reduziu a erosão. In situ, Ca reduziu a erosão provocada pelo suco, porém, alterações no sabor foram notadas por alguns voluntários. HMP não apresentou efeito protetor. / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the erosive potential of the orange juice modified with calcium and some food-approved polymers. This study was divided into four fases. In the first, the following substances: calcium lactate (Ca), xanthan gum (XG), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), sodium trypoliphosphate (STP), sodium pyrophosphate (PP) and some of their combinations were added to a commercially available orange juice, creating 15 modified juices. The juice without additives was used as a negative control (C-) and a commercially available calcium-modified juice as positive control (C+). These juices were tested for erosive potential using pH-stat. The response variable was the volume of titrant needed to maintain the pH of the juices in their baseline values. After, six selected juices were tested in the second phase with an erosion-remineralization cycling model. In the third phase, the erosion and remineralization episodes were tested independently. The reponse variable for these phases was surface microhardness for enamel and optical perfilometry for enamel and dentin. In the fourth phase, the juices Ca, Ca+HMP and HMP, plus the controls were tested with an erosion in situ model, consisting of a 5-phase, single blind crossover clinical trial involving 10 subjects. In each phase, subjects inserted custom-made palatal appliances containing enamel specimens in the mouth and, after 5 min equilibration period, performed erosive challenges for total of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30 min. Two specimens were randomly removed from the appliances, after each challenge period. The reponse variable was the percentage of surface microhardness change. Before the procedures, in each phase, the subjects performed a taste test, where the modified juice assigned to that phase was blindly compared to C-. In first phase, all the additives were able to reduce the erosive potential of the juice, except the addition of XG alone. In the second phase, no detectable enamel loss was observed when Ca, HMP and Ca+HMP were added to the juice; XG, STP and PP had enamel loss similar to C-. Ca+HMP showed the lowest reduction in the surface microhardness, followed by Ca;all the other groups presented a reduction in the surface microhardness similar to C-. For dentin, only Ca+HMP reduced surface loss. In the third phase, Ca, HMP and Ca+HMP protected against erosion; and none of the tested compounds seemed to interfere with the remineralization process. In the fourth phase, Ca and Ca+HMP reduced erosion, with no difference between them. HMP did not show any protective effect. 5/10 subjects noticed a difference in the taste of C+; 4/10 for Ca; and 2 /10 for C-. In conclusion, in vitro, HMP and Ca, in the concentrations tested, reduced erosion on enamel and this effect was enhanced by their combination. For dentin, only the combination Ca+HMP caused a significant reduction. In situ, Ca reduced the erosion caused by the juice; however, taste changes were noticed by some volunteers. HMP did not show any protective effect.

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