Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1978 T47 / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is an increasing demand for canola (Brassica napus L.), an emerging oilseed crop in South Africa. Canola thrives in the Western Cape. However, yet low yields are still obtained within the production areas with poor and or variable responses to nitrogen applications. Crop nutrition and specifically the contribution of sulphur (S) to nitrogen (N) use and selection of nutrient efficient genotypes can be strategies of considerable significance in increasing yields. This study investigated growth, yield and quality responses of canola to different N (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha-1) and S (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha-1) fertilisation rates in field trials at different localities, during the 2009-2011 period. Responses to N and S under optimum growing conditions and responses of different cultivars were investigated in unison in glasshouse trials at the Department of Agronomy of the University of Stellenbosch. Locality and growing season (year) significantly affected nutrient content in plants at flowering (90 days after planting), dry mass production as well as yield and quality of canola in field trials at five different localities during the 2009-2011 period. Growth and yield were also affected by N application rate in both field and glasshouse trials. Sulphur applications did not have an effect on vegetative growth, but rather stimulated flower and pod production in glasshouse trials and resulted in higher grain yields in field trials. Response depends largely on rainfall and S content of the soil. Highest yields were, on average, obtained with application rates of 120 kg N and 30 kg S ha-1, while glasshouse trials showed that even higher rates may be considered under optimum growing conditions. High application rates of N and S also improved water use efficiency from approximately 4-5 kg grain yield to about 8-9 kg grain yield mm-1 of rain during the growing season. Agronomic efficiencies of applied N decreases with increasing N rates and values of about 8 kg grain yield increase per kg of N applied at N rates of 120 kg N ha-1 indicated that high N rates may improve profit margins of canola as long as the cost of N is not more than eight times the producers price of canola. Agronomic efficiencies of N applications are improved if 15 kg S ha-1 is applied complimented with high rainfall, but not with applications of 30 kg S ha-1. Improved agronomic efficiencies of S applications shown at higher N rates, confirmed the dependency of S responses to sufficient availability of nitrogen. Sulphur applications, in contrast to N, resulted in an increase in oil content of the grain in field trials. Yield responses of different cultivars to nitrogen fertilisation under glasshouse conditions differed, with better responses obtained within short and medium season cultivars, than with a late maturing (long season cultivar), in spite of a better vegetative (dry mass) response of the later maturing cultivar. These results may indicate differences in the growth habit of different cultivars, but more research in this regard is needed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Canola (Brassica napus L.), ‘n relatief nuwe oilsaadgewas wat goed aangepas is, word in ‘n toenemende mate in die produksiegebiede van die Weskaap verbou. Lae opbrengste en wisselvallige reaksies teenoor stikstofbemesting word egter verkry ten spyte van die gewas se hoë stikstofbehoefte en dit mag moontlik aan swaweltekorte toegeskryf word. In hierdie ondersoek is die groei-, opbrengs- en kwaliteitsreaksie van canola teenoor verskillende N (0, 30, 60, 90 en 120 kg N ha-1) en S (0, 15 en 30 kg S ha-1) bemestingspeile in droëland proewe op verskillende lokaliteite bestudeer gedurende die 2009-2011 groeiseisoene. Reaksies teenoor N en S onder optimale groeitoestande en vir verskillende cultivars is in glashuisproewe van die Departement Agronomie van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, uitgevoer. Die chemiese samestelling van die plante tydens blomstadium (90 dae na plant), asook droëmateriaal produksie, graanopbrengs en kwaliteit het betekenisvol verskil tussen die lokaliteite, maar lokaliteitsverskille is ook deur die seisoene beïnvloed. Die ontwikkeling, groei en graanopbrengs van die canola is ook beïnvloed deur die stikstofbemestingspeile in beide die veld en glashuisproewe. Swawelbemesting het nie die vegetatiewe groei van canola beïnvloed nie, maar het blom en peulproduksie in glashuisproewe en graanopbrengste in veldproewe verhoog. Die reaksie van canola teenoor die swawelbemesting is grootliks bepaal deur die swawelinhoud van die grond asook klimaatsfaktore soos reënval. In die algemeen is die hoogste canola opbrengste in veldproewe met toedienings van 120 kg N en 30 kg S ha-1 verkry, maar glashuisproewe het getoon dat hoër toedieningspeile nodig mag wees onder optimale groeitoestande soos in besproeiingsgebiede. Hoë toedieningspeile van N en S het veroorsaak dat die waterverbruiksdoeltreffendheid toegeneem het van 4-5 kg graanopbrengs per mm reën tot sowat 8-9 kg graan opbrengs per mm reën. Agronomiese doeltreffendheid van toegediende stikstofbemesting het afgeneem met toenemende N peile, maar waardes van ongeveer 8 kg opbrengsverhoging per kilogram N toegedien met stikstofpeile van 120 kg ha-1, toon dat hoë N toedieningspeile mag steeds winsgrense verhoog mits die prys van een kilogram N nie meer is as agt maal die produsente prys van canola is nie. Agronomiese doeltreffendheid van stikstofbemesting is verhoog deur ook 15 kg S per hektaar toe te dien, maar nie deur die toediening van 30 kg S ha-1 nie. Die agronomiese doeltreffendheid van S toedienings het slegs by die gelyktydige toediening van hoë stikstoftoedienings toegeneem, wat die wisselwerking tussen N en S ten opsigte van graanopbrengs bevestig. In teenstelling met stikstof het swawel toedienings die olie-inhoud van canola in die veldproewe verhoog. In glashuisproewe is gevind dat kort en medium groeiseisoen cultivars, ten spyte van ‘n groter vegetatiewe reaksie van die lang groeiseisoen cultivars, groter opbrengsreaksies teenoor stikstof- en swawelbemesting toon. Meer navorsing word egter in hierdie verband benodig.

Increment cores were collected from 10 stands in mixed-conifer forest stands which had suffered varying levels of Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation during 1946, 1964, and 1973 infestations in north central Idaho. Ring-width measurements, standardized to remove inherent growth trends, were compared between host (Douglas-fir and grand fir) and nonhost (western larch, ponderosa pine, western white pine) species for evidence of growth losses due to defoliation. Heavy defoliation caused growth of host species to decrease 75 %-90% in one year. Normal growth rates returned within 3-4 years after maximum defoliation, however. The effect of moderate defoliation could not be reliably identified in the data.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Peter Ireland / Upon reaching the effective end of conventional monetary policy, the Zero-Lower Bound, the Federal Reserve Board began to utilize a non-conventional expansionary monetary policy involving Large Scale Asset Purchases. Under this policy, large quantities of agency and federal debt is purchased using the reserves of the Federal Reserve Bank’s balance sheet. This policy is frequently referred to as Quantitative Easing or, more simply, QE. This paper considers the effects and sustainability of the Federal Open Market Committee’s use of Large Scale Asset Purchases on the prices and yields of financial assets within the U.S. Financial Markets. Our analysis presents evidence that while QE was initially effective in lowering the yields of agency and federal debt, the downward pressure on yields was not sustainable over time. Additionally, we find that the effects of QE spilled-over into additional asset classes within the financial markets including corporate fixed-income and equities. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Economics.

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Wfitwatersvand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 1977,

O espaço rural latino americano e o brasileiro têm passado por profundas modificações estruturais, econômicas, sociais e culturais, ligadas diretamente às urbanidades que tem invadido o rural. Esse fenômeno é percebido no rural do município de Ipatinga, Minas Gerais, e pode ser comprovado através de pesquisa de campo e entrevistas aplicadas aos moradores do rural. Foi demonstrando que a pluriatividade atinge cada vez mais propriedades rurais do município, principalmente com atividades ligadas ao lazer e ao turismo, mas também com aquelas ligadas à transformação de produtos agropecuários em semi-industrializados. A pluriatividade não significa necessariamente o abandono da agricultura, mas pode sim acabar sendo um reforço da mesma, promovendo uma melhor composição de renda para os agricultores e desenvolvendo o interesse de sucessão da terra pelos filhos desses agricultores, os quais podem ter aí uma possibilidade de rendimentos compatíveis com os que teriam na área urbana como empregado da indústria. Apesar disso e da presença de asfalto e iluminação pública em muitas áreas do rural, não existe uma política pública definida e nem um plano de desenvolvimento sustentável para esse rural, que alias, encontra-se todo inserido dentro dos limites da APA Ipanema e, portanto, deveria possuir políticas públicas diferenciadas e compatíveis com a legislação para áreas de proteção ambiental. O morador do rural está tendo que ressignificar sua identidade, e se torna impossível pensarmos isso se não aplicarmos o conceito de multifuncionalidade, que permitiu uma análise mais ampla, consistente deste rural e não apenas sobre a ótica econômica, o que seria um reducionismo da realidade. Antigos e novos proprietários de terra têm visões diferentes sobre essas mudanças e, para os primeiros, apesar de melhorias visíveis na qualidade de vida, principalmente dos filhos, a preferência é pelo rural antigo, pela tranqüilidade e pelas atividades que faziam parte de seu cotidiano. Já o proprietário mais recente, aquele que adquiriu a terra nos últimos 15 anos, quem muitas das vezes a usa como sítio de fim de semana, o rural é uma possibilidade de fugir da violência, da poluição e do estresse do urbano ou, simplesmente, um meio de complementar sua renda, principalmente quando aposentado. O rural não deixará de existir e muito menos se transformará em urbano, pois mesmo esse sofre influência das ruralidades, portanto, o que temos aqui, como já observado em outras regiões do país, é o surgimento dos espaços híbridos (Rua, 2006), que mesclam características rurais e urbanas e que, com políticas públicas corretas, podem servir de opção pra geração de emprego e renda e para manutenção dos jovens na sucessão da terra. / The Latin American and Brazilian rural space has undergone deep structural, economical, social and cultural modifications. These modifications are directly connected to the urbanization that has invaded the rural areas. This phenomenon is noted in the rural area of the city of Ipatinga, Minas Gerais and may be proven through field research as well as through interviews to those who inhabit these rural areas. This demonstrates that pluriactivity has gradually reached more rural proprieties of the city, especially those related to recreation and tourism. But it is also related to the transformation of agropecuarian products into semi-industrialized ones, as is the case of the “Usina de beneficiamento de Leite da Tribuna”. The pluriactivity does not necessarily imply abandoning the agriculture, but may actually be reinforcing towards it by generating a better income composition to the agriculturalist and developing in their children an interest for the succession of the land. Their children may here find revenues compatible to the ones available in the urban areas. Neither public policy nor any plan of sustainable development has been defined for this rural area, which, incidentally, finds itself inserted within the limits of APA Ipanema and should therefore have differentiated public policies at the same time compatible to the legislation for the areas under environmental protection. The rural inhabitant has had to redefine his/her identity. This becomes unconceivable of unless one applies the concept of multifunctionality. It has permitted a broader analysis that is consistent with this rural area not only under an economic perspective which would be a reductionism towards the reality. Old and new land owners have different views regarding these changes. For the former, despite clear improvements in their quality of life, particularly for their kids, the preference is for the old rural when the tranquility, chats between buddies, along with its other characteristics were a part of everyday life. The only certainty we have is that the rural will not cease to exist and will most definitely not become urban, since even the latter suffers the influences of the rural. Thus, what we have here, as has been observed in other regions of the country and defended by Rua (2006) is the emerging of hybrid spaces that combine rural and urban characteristics. With correct public policies, these hybrid spaces may present themselves as an option to the creation of employment and income. They may also make the succession of the land a possibility – as it was once considered by the older inhabitants and property heirs: a family inheritance. Meanwhile for the new land owners, those that have obtained the land within the last 15 years and frequently use it as a ranch for the weekends, the rural is a possibility to escape the violence, pollution and the stress of the urban. Either that or it is simply a means of complementing his/her income, especially for those under retirement.