La thèse étudie les relations entre science et politique à travers l’émergence d’un nouveau concept, celui de « soft skills ». Examinant comment ce motif cognitif se construit et se diffuse à l’échelle internationale en l’espace d’une décennie, elle met en évidence le rôle essentiel d’experts et d’organisations internationales, mais aussi d’entrepreneurs et de réseaux privés. Ces circulations mènent à la convergence progressive des acteurs sociaux autour d’un même raisonnement qui se décline au sein du monde de l’éducation et du monde de l’emploi. Menée en France, la seconde partie de la recherche replace ces évolutions dans une dynamique de recomposition de l’action publique et d’émergence de nouveaux cadres, intimement liés à l’implication croissante de nouveaux acteurs issus de la philanthropie et de l’entrepreneuriat social. Articulée à la promotion du capital humain et de l’économie de la connaissance, justifiée par la stratégie européenne d’éducation tout au long de la vie et d’investissement social, soutenue par la responsabilité sociale revendiquée par certaines entreprises, la valorisation des compétences sociales mène à l’hybridation progressive des politiques et de leurs acteurs. Ces arrangements sont étudiés dans la troisième partie de la thèse, consacrée à l’étude de plusieurs dispositifs éducatifs. / This doctoral thesis studies the relationships between science and policy through the emergence of the new concept of “soft skills”. Examining how this cognitive motive is built and disseminated at a global level over the last decade, this research shows the essential roles played by experts and international organizations, as well as by entrepreneurs and private networks. These circulations lead to a gradual convergence of actors upon a shared reasoning in the field of education and employment policies. Conducted in France, the second part of the research shows how these dynamics fit in the context of public policies’ reconfigurations. New frames emerge, tightly linked to the growing influence of new actors coming from the fields of philanthropy and social entrepreneurship. Nested in the promotion of human capital and the knowledge economy, justified by the European strategy of lifelong learning and social investment, and by corporate social responsibility claimed by companies, soft skills are growingly promoted. This leads to a gradual hybridization of policies and their actors, studied in the last part of the research which based upon study cases of educational programs.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GRACIELA NOEMI RAMIREZ.pdf: 2270100 bytes, checksum: fa55498d6d4b82070a3046ee940fa833 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper investigates the impacts on young people in what concerns their political dimension after their participation in the Proyecto Adolecentes, based on an evaluative study. Specifically, it analyzes and discusses the following: the PA representation, the existence of an expansion of the reference zone, political participation and areas of participation. The program has been developed in the province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) within the period of 2005-2010, and for the purposes of the research one of municipality applying the programme has been defined as the geographic location whereas the year of 2008 (implementation of the project) was defined as the time reference. The work adopts a constructivist sociological perspective in order to avoid the structure - action dichotomy whilst it also makes use of symbolic anthropology when it tries to interpret the speech of young people: a focus in which not only one theory is established but that also bestows importance to the cultural context of the phenomenon under investigation. It is based on a qualitative approach and the main source is the interviews with users of the program. Based on these resources the research presents and analyzes the processes of implementation of the program as well as the meaning that the experience as a PA user acquires to the youngsters. It evaluates the impacts in their ways of conceiving and practicing politics, the political machine system being an important factor for understanding such processes. / A presente dissertação discorre sobre os impactos produzidos nos jovens, em sua dimensão política, a partir da participação no Proyecto Adolescentes mediante uma pesquisa avaliativa. De forma específica, são analisados e problematizados a representação do PA, a existência de uma expansão do território de referência, a participação política e os âmbitos de participação. O programa foi desenvolvido na província de Buenos Aires (Argentina) no período 2005-2010 e, no âmbito da pesquisa, tomou-se um dos municípios executores como campo empírico, e o ano de 2008 (implementação do projeto) como referência temporal. O trabalho opta por uma perspectiva sociológica construtivista como forma de evitar a dicotomia estrutura ação ao mesmo tempo em que lança mão da antropologia simbólica quando busca interpretar as falas dos jovens, justificando um enfoque em que não apenas uma teoria se estabelece e que também confere importância ao contexto cultural do fenômeno estudado. A abordagem é qualitativa e tem como principal fonte as entrevistas realizadas com os usuários do programa. Baseada nestes recursos, a pesquisa apresenta e analisa os processos de implementação do programa bem como o significado que adquire a experiência vivenciada pelos usuários do PA, avaliando os impactos em suas formas de conceber e praticar política, sendo o sistema clientelístico uma referencia relevante para a compreensão de tais processos.

En Europe le processus de subsidiarisation des politiques sociales et de l’emploi (Kazepov, 2010) impacte fortement les réseaux locaux d’acteurs liés à la mise en place de nouvelles politiques actives (van Berkel et Borghi, 2007 ; Heidenreich et Rice, 2016). Ses conséquences sont gérées au quotidien par les professionnels intervenant auprès des citoyens. Ils expliquent aux usagers les fractures d’un Etat social en phase de transition – d’une socialisation des risques collectifs à une responsabilité individuelle de la protection (Bresson, Colomb et Gaspar, 2015 ; Andreotti, Mingione et Polizzi, 2012) – et ils donnent du sens aux frontières institutionnelles, géographiques et sociales (Ferrera, 2005), construites entre les dispositifs des politiques actives.La question de recherche de cette thèse vise à montrer en quoi le modèle européen de politiques actives de l’emploi structure les pratiques et les fonctionnements de nouveaux systèmes locaux de welfare. Pour y répondre elle aborde les stratégies d’acteurs face aux antinomies causées par la dimension rhétorique du nouveau welfare actif (Bifulco, 2005) et la dimension pratique de la crise des financements. Il s’agit donc de traiter la question des marges de manœuvre des street level bureaucrates (Lipsky, 1980) pour faire face au changement et donner du sens à des directives européennes souvent éloignées des terrains d’intervention et des caractéristiques des publics cibles.Au niveau théorique, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de proposer un cadre conceptuel capable d’expliquer le processus de subsidiarisation et de l’activation de l’Etat social à partir de ses effets. Notre hypothèse de travail nous amène à explorer une corrélation entre les politiques actives de l’emploi et : 1. la fragmentation territoriale des institutions et des réseaux d’acteurs ; 2. la spécialisation des services publics de l’emploi ; 3. les nouveaux instruments de contractualisation ; 4. la professionnalisation et précarisation des intervenants.A l’aide d’une recherche comparative en France et en Italie, nous proposons une analyse des stratégies professionnelles intervenant dans les politiques sociales d’insertion en faveur des jeunes. A propos de politiques de jeunesse, elles nous montrent les composantes des systèmes locaux de welfare (Loncle, 2011) et dessinent les modalités de protection sociale pour les nouvelles générations. En outre, depuis la mise en place de la Stratégie Européenne de l’Emploi en 1997 et le Pacte Européen pour la jeunesse en 2005, elles indiquent les modalités de transition vers l’âge adulte et définissent les critères d’employabilité dans le marché de l’emploi européen. Nous privilégions la méthode spécifique des vignettes (Barter et Renold, 2000 ; Finch, 1987 ; Hughes et Huby, 2002) afin de montrer les coulisses et les stratégies d’acteurs dans le processus d’activation. Nous complétons ces matériaux d’enquête avec des entretiens semi-directifs et des observations participantes visant à interroger différents niveaux d’acteurs, institutionnels et professionnels, liés à la restructuration du welfare local. / In Europe the subsidiarisation process of social policies and employment strategy impacts the local networks of actors linked to the development of new active policies. Its consequences are managed daily by professionals working with citizens. They explain to users fractures of a welfare state in transition - from a socialization of collective risks to an individual responsibility of protection- and they give meaning to the institutional boundaries , geographical and social , built between active political devices.The research question of this thesis is to show how the European model of active employment policy structure practices and operations of new premises of welfare systems. To answer it discusses the strategies of actors face the contradictions caused by the rhetorical dimension of the new active welfare and the practical dimension of the crisis of funding. It is therefore addressing the issue of flexibilities of street level bureaucrats to deal with change and make sense of often remote European directives intervention courses and characteristics of target audiences.At the theoretical level, the objective of this research is to propose a conceptual framework to explaining the process of subsidiarisation and activation of the welfare state from its effects. Our working hypothesis leads us to explore a correlation between active employment policies and : 1. the territorial fragmentation of institutions and stakeholder networks ; 2. the specialization of public employment services; 3. the new instruments of contracts ; 4. professionalization and casualization of stakeholders.Using a comparative research in France and Italy, we offer an analysis of professional strategies involved in social integration policies for young people. About youth policy, they show the components of the local systems of welfare (Loncle, 2011) and draw welfare conditions for the new generations. In addition, since the implementation of the European Employment Strategy in 1997 and the European Youth Pact in 2005, they indicate the transition arrangements to adulthood and define the criteria of employability in the market European employment. We prefer the specific method thumbnails (Barter and Renold, 2000; Finch, 1987; Hughes and Huby, 2002) to show the scenes and actors strategies in the activation process. We complet these survey materials with semi-structured interviews and participant observation to examine different levels of actors, institutions and professionals related to the restructuring of the local welfare.