With the EU's introduction of Near-zero energy requirements to be implemented in all member states by 2021, the construction sector faces a challenge in which all new building constructions are receiving tightened demands for energy conservation. In the latest edition of Boverkets Byggregler, Boverket, the Swedish National Board of Housing, has revised the energy conservation section as the first of two steps in the introduction of the Near-zero energy requirement in Sweden, where the method of calculating energy consumption is renewed and primary energy aspects are now being considered.   As it is not yet completed what the exact level of requirement for Near-zero energy is, this study applies the proposal for Swedish application of Near-zero energy requirements published by Boverket in 2015, which proposes, among other things, which primary energy factors to use for different energy carriers and use this in combination with the new method of calculating energy consumption according to the latest edition of Boverkets Byggregler.   In addition to investigating what Near-zero energy will mean, the study had as its main objective to investigate what measures can be taken to the model house, provided by Nordisk Boutveckling, to enable the building to meet the new requirements. The study was therefore designed as a parameter study, where various measures to improve the building's energy conservation were tested in the energy-calculation program VIP-Energy.   The result shows that the building, which is considered to be of a typical construction standard, is able to meet the requirement when it combines existing solar cells on the roof with a battery that can store the energy produced during the solar hours and then use this to provide the building with electricity for heating, real estate energy and for the production of tap water instead of allowing the electricity to be sold or used as household-electricity. The result also shows that installing better windows is an effective measure if the building is to meet the energy requirements with a certain margin of safety. It also turns out possible to meet the requirements by improving the building with a number of measures and using district heating as a heating method.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A great predatory pressure on the reduced number of fishing option has produced difficulty to the market to cover the demand of fishing products. This fact justifies itself by the domain of the linear products that envolve the unilateral technologies of the exploitation of the resources, this limits the possibility of choice of the product. The final objective reached, ends up being of extreme avallability, that causes an interruption of the estability of the environment and has an influence on the social peripheral nucleus. At this moment, the aquaculture has been a solution for this problem. A growing consolidation of its techniques has been happening, making itself equaly comparable to the agriculture in the sence of food production. A new technique, the Zero Emission approach, that says that what is rejected (output) by one, is food (input) for another one, has resulted in a better management of the comercial fishing. New aggregated values are created around a main material processor, generating a new competitive chance and making the profits better and at the same time creating completely new markets and services This project is targeted to the rural producer. It presents here, a productive model related to aquaculture, with microscale production systems, capable of using raw material with zero waste of it. The cultivations that participated of the system are those that could complete the cattle breeding, usually available to these social nucleus. Its also integrated into the new cultivations that would be done paralelly to the the property: a worm cultivation, a fish cultivation and an organic vegetable garden / Uma grande pressão predatória sobre o reduzido número de opções de pescado tem produzido uma dificuldade ao mercado em cobrir a demanda de produtos pesqueiros. Esse fato se justifica pelo domínio dos processos lineares que envolvem as tecnologias unilaterais de explotação destes recursos, o que limita as possibilidades de escolha do produto. O objetivo final alcançado, acaba sendo o uso extremamente parcial dos recursos disponíveis, o que causa uma quebra na estabilidade dinâmica dos ecossistemas e influencia a obtenção de recursos dos núcleos sociais periféricos. Neste momento, a aqüicultura tem surgido como uma adaptação viável de produção. Uma crescente consolidação de suas técnicas se faz notar, colocando a mesma, cada vez mais, em condições de igualdade com o setor agropecuário no que se refere à produção alimentícia. Uma nova técnica, a abordagem "Emissão Zero", que prescreve que o que é rejeito (output) para um, é alimento (input) para outro, tem resultado num melhoramento da arte do gerenciamento comercial pesqueiro. Novos valores agregados são gerados em torno de um processador principal de materiais, criando uma nova margem competitiva e melhorando o fluxo de caixa com o retorno dos investimentos ao mesmo tempo em que mercados e serviços completamente novos são criados. O presente projeto propõe uma alternativa para a geração de novas receitas para o produtor rural. Apresenta-se aqui, um modelo produtivo integrado à aqüicultura, com sistemas de produção em micro-escala, capaz de utilizar as matérias primas e residuais com desperdício zero. As culturas que participaram do sistema são aquelas que poderiam complementar a criação de gado, normalmente disponível a estes núcleos sociais. A mesma se integrou aos novos cultivos que poderiam gerar novos valores agregados àquelas já presentes na propriedade: um minhocário, um cultivo de peixes e uma horta orgânica

Content: It is acknowledged that conventional chrome tanning in leather processing discharges significant amounts of chromium, dissolved solids and chlorides. The recycling technology is one of the effective solutions to reduce the environmental impact of chrome tanning waste water at source. In this work, a novel closed recycling technology of chrome tanning wastewater was applied in the tanning process of the goat skins at a pilot scale level. The properties of chrome tanning liquors obtained by the recycling technology and the resultant crust were analyzed. The results show that this close recycling process works well. The contents of Cr2O3, total organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen and chloride ion in the waste water tend to accumulate with the increase of recycling times, and finally reach a balance after 5 times of recycling. The obtained leather sample is full, soft and having a shrinkage temperature comparable to that of conventional chrome tanned leather. SEM images indicate that the resulting leather samples by this recycling technology show fine and clean grain and well-dispersed fibrils. TG and DSC results show that the thermal stability of wet blue leathers tanned by the circular process are similar to those tanned by conventional chrome tanning process. Compared with conventional chrome tanning technology, water, salt and chrome tanning agent are saved in this process, and the zero emission of chrome tanning wastewater is realized. The cleaner production technology exhibits promising application prospect for its economic and environmental benefits. Take-Away: 1. A novel closed recycling technology of chrome tanning wastewater was applied in the tanning process of the goat skins at a pilot scale level. 2. The chrome tanning liquors obtained by the recycling technology and the resultant crust were analyzed. 3. Water, Sodium chloride and chrome tanning agent are saved by the closed recycling technology, and the zero emission of chrome tanning wastewater is realized.

This master’s thesis analyses Kalina cycle, a power cycle where ammonia – water solution is used as a working fluid. The first part of this study introduces us to the Kalina cycle, presents its advantages and disadvantages, characteristics of the working fluid and its applications. Second section concerns with the method of cycle design and describes the calculation model made in this thesis. The calculation model is attached in a separate .XLSM file. The third part shows calculation of the cycle for given parameters, determination of cycle efficiency and main proportions of the thermal turbine. In the conclusion are the interpretations of the calculations results.

Industries such as trade, manufacturing and transportation have undergone significant changes due to the globalization concept. Sea ports play a very important role in building and strengthening the economies of countries worldwide. Due to the high rate of production, the work load has increased at the ports which resulted into financial as well as capacity problems. As a result of such problems, cost optimized and automated solutions are being developed and introduced at the ports. In the horizontal transport system of the sea ports, AGVs are one of those automated solutions used to transport containers from ships to yard and vice versa. Newer and more practices are being employed to make the efficient transportation of these AGVs. Numexia has recently introduced a new version of Cassette AGVs called Zero-Emission C-AGV. A conceptual model is developed for Zero-Emission C-AGVs and different layouts are evaluated using multi agent-based simulation. The greedy algorithm has been used for the efficient dispatching of jobs. The Simulation will carry out the dispatching of jobs for C-AGVs between quay area and yard using different layouts and scenarios for the unloading operation.

This master thesis follows the bachelor thesis with the same name. It is looks into the analyses of the combi-cycle, the advantage of which is high efficiency and easy separation of CO2 for its storage and further usage. It introduces the Graz cycle, its thermal balance a basic arrangement. The calculation is attached in a separate .XLS file. At the end of the thesis, the result of the calculation is interpreted and the conditions under which the project would be realized are outlined.

CAKE Kibb is proposing a possible mobility solutionfor regenerative agriculture that suits better within thev alues that comes with it. A non disturbing vehicle both physically and chemically that can help throughout the day of a farmers lifestyle, in a diverse and modular manner. Agriculture is now one of the industries that contributes to the most greenhouse emissions in theworld. This is slowly killing our soil and prevents a healthy growth, so the industry is at this point slowly killing it self. With Regenerative agriculture the aim is to harness the healing powers of earth itself to have healthy regenerative growth. At this time the access to non pollutant transportation and machines is very limited. With the very diverse tasks that is required, a modular small mobility could be a good solution for the farms going towards regenerative agriculture. What if this could inspire farmers to choose a more sustainable mobility solution in their daily tasks.Would it be possible to move around on a farm with minimal impact? With the experience the author has from living on a horse ranch growing up she knows the respect you have for the animals and earth. She cant see why this would not be interesting for more farmers or ranchers wanting to respect the things they already spend all day nurturing for optimal growth and well-being. The process that follows was set out from the research made around the topic and from what was concluded from user interviews. With the projects set time frame (year - 2030) the project is highly dependent on current technology, rules and regulations. This puts quite tight restrains on what the vehicle can come to be. If the goal is to reduce the impact agriculture has on our earth is it even ethical to create something more that would move around on it? The conclusion made was that even if this contributes to the consumer society, agriculture is vital for human life on earth. So, here is a chance to inspire towards a more sustainable, zero emission direction of handling agriculture. In this project it is easy to imagine a whole arsenal of accessories and functions it could have but the author has decided to limit the development of these to a few given scenarios and leave a gap for imagination for other opportunities. The focus will therefore be on the main vehicle and a few accessories connected to the scenarios but not in as high refinement as the main vehicle. There is no ambition in innovating new tools for farming more so create a way to use the current methods in a more sustainable way with the principals of regenerative agriculture in mind.

Världen står inför en klimatkris som kräver omedelbara åtgärder. Byggnader är Europas största konsument av energi och står för över 30% av växthusgasutsläppen. För att förbättra detta har EU kommit ut med direktivet om byggnaders energiprestanda (EPBD) som står inför officiell publicering inom en snar framtid. Direktivet består av en rad riktlinjer om bland annat energiprestandanivåer, ekonomiska incitament och solcellsutveckling som medlemsstaterna kommer behöva anpassa sig till. Statlig styrning är inte någonting nytt för fastighetsbranschen men EPBD är det mest omfattande för branschen som har kommit från EU någonsin. Denna studie syftar till att reda ut vad EPBD kommer att innebära för svenska fastighetsbolag och dess intressenter. I första hand vilka styrmedel direktivet innehåller. Sedan till vilken grad fastighetsföretagen kommer behöva anpassa sig efter dessa styrmedel samt vad de tycker om direktivet. För att se till detta undersöks även tidigare styrmedel tillika EPBD för att se ifall det finns likheter eller olikheter och hur väl de har fungerat i verkligheten. Vidare intervjuas fastighetsföretag och kringliggande intressenter för att besvara frågeställningarna. Slutligen kom vi fram till att delar av direktivet kan anses svagt där fastighetsföretagen ofta har mer ambitiösa interna mål än riktlinjerna EPBD ställer på dem. Konsensus var dock att direktivet välkomnas av fastighetsbranschen och trots sina svagheter finns delar om energideklarationer och minimikrav som anses nyttigt för branschen. / The world is facing a climate crisis which requires immediate action. Buildings are Europe's largest energy consumers and account for over 30% of greenhouse gas emissions. To address this, the EU has introduced the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), which is set for official publication in the near future. The directive includes a range of guidelines on energy performance levels, economic incentives, and solar energy development that member states will need to adapt to. Government regulation is not new to the real estate industry, but the EPBD is the most comprehensive regulation the sector has ever received from the EU. This study aims to clarify what the EPBD will mean for Swedish real estate companies and their stakeholders. Primarily, it examines what means of control the directive entails. Secondly, it assesses the extent to which real estate companies will need to adjust to these means of control and their opinions on the directive. Additionally, the study investigates previous regulatory measures similar to the EPBD to identify similarities or differences and evaluate their effectiveness in practice. Interviews with real estate companies and related stakeholders are conducted to answer the research questions. It is concluded that parts of the directive may be considered weak, as real estate companies often have more ambitious internal goals than those set by the EPBD. Consensus was however that the directive is welcomed by the industry, and despite its weaknesses, elements such as harmonization of energy performance certificates and minimum standards are deemed beneficial for the sector.

This diploma thesis deals with the design of control algorithm for hydraulic directional control valves of a zero-emission mini excavator. Zero emission excavator have same parameters as diesel engine powered version of it. To solve this problem simulations were done for hydraulics and control algorithm of this machine. To find right parameters of simulation models, experiments have been done. There were also proposed some methods to obtain the right set of parameters. The result of this diploma thesis is control algorithm for directional control valves of this very unique mini excavator that doesn't have any competitor (in terms of control algorithm). Set of parameters was also tested during experiments.

Towards a carbon free society the IHI group is committed to provide products, technologies and services in line with ecological and economical sustainability. Storage and transportation of green energy are major challenges related to the global transition from fossil fuels towards 100% renewables. IHI is active in various areas ranging from SOFC technology via ammonia combustion to smart community demonstrator projects. With respect to mobility hydrogen fuel cell technology is identified as one major pillar for CO2-neutral vehicular propulsion – especially for higher payloads and extended driving distances. Since more than 20 years IHI is providing charging systems for stationary fuel cell applications and since 2004 also for mobile fuel cell applications. IHI´s oil free turbocharger for fuel cell applications is providing state-of-the-art boosting technology to enable emission free propulsion systems. It comprises a turbine, a compressor and, on the same shaft, an electric motor as well as air foil bearings to support the rotor. The turbine utilizes the enthalpy from the stack exhaust to lower the required electric power for driving the compressor. It can provide up to 40% of the needed compressor power and hence substantially increases the system efficiency. Compressor and turbine are optimized for operating conditions in fuel cell systems regarding specified airflow and pressure ratio, which is typically in the range of 3.0.