Depuis 2007, plus de la moitié de la population mondiale vit en ville. La forte densité de population et d'activité entraîne une augmentation des besoins en climatisation des bâtiments en été. L’augmentation des températures due à l’effet d’îlot de chaleur urbain est principalement liée à l'aménagement urbain et aux flux de chaleurs anthropiques causés par l’utilisation des systèmes de chauffage et de climatisation. En agissant sur l'aménagement urbain, comme la densité de construction, l'albédo de surface ou les espaces verts, le microclimat urbain peut être amélioré ; ce qui permet ainsi de réduire les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. Nous proposons dans ce manuscrit un modèle pour calculer les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments à l'échelle d’un quartier en prenant en compte l’interaction entre le microclimat urbain et les bâtiments. L'objectif est de décrire d'une part les ambiances intérieures du bâtiment, telles qu’elles sont modélisées dans les codes de thermique dynamique du bâtiment, et d'autre part, l'environnement extérieur tel qu’il est modélisé dans les codes de micro-météorologie. Pour travailler à cette échelle,la description détaillée de tous les transferts thermiques à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de chaque bâtiment n'est pas appropriée. Ainsi, un modèle réduit de bâtiment est couplé avec un modèle simplifié de microclimat urbain. Le modèle de bâtiment est basé sur la méthode des facteurs de pondération et permet de prendre en compte les gains internes, l'inertie de l'enveloppe et les échanges radiatifs et convectifs à l'intérieur du bâtiment. Il est couplé à un modèle radiatif en milieu urbain, basé sur la méthode des radiosités, et un modèle zonal tridimensionnel de la canopée urbaine. Après avoir présenté ces modèles, ils sont appliqués sur un cas d'application, à savoir le quartier Pin Sec de la ville de Nantes. Différents scénarios d'aménagement urbain sont simulés sur une année afin d’analyser l’influence de l’aménagement urbain sur les besoins énergétiques des bâtiments. / Since 2007, more than half of world population lives in urban areas. The high density of population and its activity leads to an increase of building energy demand in summer. The temperature rise of densely built areas is mainly due to urban landscaping and anthropogenic heat fluxes caused by combustion flues and air conditioning of buildings. Acting on urban landscaping, like building density, surface albedo or green areas, the urban microclimate can be improved, which consequently reduces the building energy demand. We propose in this thesis a model to compute the energy demand at the district scale taking into account the interaction between urban microclimate and building energy demand.On the one hand, the aim is to describe the indoor thermal conditions as usually in thermal dynamic simulations; on the other hand, the external condition are modeled as they should be described in micro-meteorological models. To work at this scale, the detailed description of all thermal transfers inside and outside each building is not appropriate. Thus, a reduced thermal building model is coupled with a simplified urban microclimate model. The building model is based on weighting factors method and allows taking into account the internal gains, the envelope inertia, and the radiative and convective exchanges inside the building. This model is coupled with a radiative model of a district, based on radiosity method, and a tridimensional zonal model of the urban canopy. Following the description of these models, a case study of the district Pin Sec in Nantes is presented. Different scenarios of urban landscaping are simulated over one year to assess their influences on building energy demand.

Yes / Natural earth-bounded channel flows usually subject to various sidewall turbulences, i.e. in the form of secondary currents, due to non-constant channel shapes at different sections. This paper investigates an improved Shiono-Knight model (SKM) by combining it with a Multi-Zonal (MZ) method (proposed by Pu, 2019) to represent lateral flow turbulence and secondary currents in different shapes of open channel, i.e. rectangular and trapezoidal. By applying the proposed analytical model to both rectangular and trapezoidal channel flows, we have inspected different streamwise velocity characteristics across transverse direction generated by their sidewalls in order to provide crucial fundamental understanding to real-world natural flow system. The proposed model has also been validated via various experimental data conducted in national UK Flood Channel Facility (UK-FCF). It has been observed that the trapezoidal channel has created a larger sidewall zone where secondary current can affect flow velocity; however, the intensity of the secondary flow in trapezoidal channel has been found lesser than that of the rectangular channel. By improving the modelling of natural flow at sidewall, the studied approach could be adapted into different existing analytical models to improve their accuracy.

The subject of this diploma thesis was the construction and calibration of a forecast model for water flow in the specific profile on the river Dyje in the village Podhradí nad Dyjí. The description of the theoretical part describes various prediction models and description of the prediction model using the technique of random walking and a description of neural networks. The practical part was then devoted to the description of the locality of interest, the creation of a prediction model and the use of neural networks as post processing to improve the results.

The diploma thesis deals with flow prediction using artificial intelligence to control the storage function of the reservoir. It focuses on the control of storage function using combination of dispatching graphs and flow prediction. The work is divided into a methodological part and an application part. The methodological part contain describes how the acquisition of historical data, a description of the work of dispatching graphs and forecasting models. The application part contains flow forecasts and outflow control. A prediction model is based on the fuzzy method, and it is used to predict inflows. The calibration and validation of the prediction model is also described. Results of prediction model were evaluated. In next step the results of control method were evaluated and compared with result of dispatching graphs. The results of controlled method were satisfactory.

Room models, currently used for controller tests, assume the room air to be perfectly mixed. A new room model is developed, assuming non-homogeneous room conditions and distinguishing between different sensor positions. From measurement in real test rooms and detailed CFD simulations, a list of convective phenomena is obtained that has to be considered in the development of a model for a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The zonal modelling approach that divides the room air into several sub-volumes is chosen, since it is able to represent the important convective phenomena imposed on the HVAC system. The convective room model is divided into two parts: a zonal model, representing the air at the occupant zone and a second model, providing the conditions at typical sensor positions. Using this approach, the comfort conditions at the occupant zone can be evaluated as well as the impact of different sensor positions. The model is validated for a test room equipped with different HVAC systems. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on the main parameters of the model. Performance assessment and energy consumption are then compared for different sensor positions in a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The results are also compared with those obtained when a well-mixed model is used. A main conclusion of these tests is, that the differences obtained, when changing the position of the controller's sensor, is a function of the HVAC system and controller type. The differences are generally small in terms of thermal comfort but significant in terms of overall energy consumption. For different HVAC systems the cases are listed, in which the use of a simplified model is not recommended. This PhD has been submitted in accordance to the conditions for attaining both the French and the German degree of a PhD, on a co-national basis, in the frame of a statement of the French government from January 18th, 1994. The research has been carried out in the Automation and Energy Management Group (AGE), Department of Sustainable Development (DDD), at the "Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment" (CSTB) in Marne la Vallée, France, in collaboration with the "Centre Energétique" (CENERG) at the "Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris" (ENSMP), Paris, France and the Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Germany.

Room models, currently used for controller tests, assume the room air to be perfectly mixed. A new room model is developed, assuming non-homogeneous room conditions and distinguishing between different sensor positions. From measurement in real test rooms and detailed CFD simulations, a list of convective phenomena is obtained that has to be considered in the development of a model for a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The zonal modelling approach that divides the room air into several sub-volumes is chosen, since it is able to represent the important convective phenomena imposed on the HVAC system. The convective room model is divided into two parts: a zonal model, representing the air at the occupant zone and a second model, providing the conditions at typical sensor positions. Using this approach, the comfort conditions at the occupant zone can be evaluated as well as the impact of different sensor positions. The model is validated for a test room equipped with different HVAC systems. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on the main parameters of the model. Performance assessment and energy consumption are then compared for different sensor positions in a room equipped with different HVAC systems. The results are also compared with those obtained when a well-mixed model is used. A main conclusion of these tests is, that the differences obtained, when changing the position of the controller's sensor, is a function of the HVAC system and controller type. The differences are generally small in terms of thermal comfort but significant in terms of overall energy consumption. For different HVAC systems the cases are listed, in which the use of a simplified model is not recommended. This PhD has been submitted in accordance to the conditions for attaining both the French and the German degree of a PhD, on a co-national basis, in the frame of a statement of the French government from January 18th, 1994. The research has been carried out in the Automation and Energy Management Group (AGE), Department of Sustainable Development (DDD), at the "Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment" (CSTB) in Marne la Vallée, France, in collaboration with the "Centre Energétique" (CENERG) at the "Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris" (ENSMP), Paris, France and the Technical University of Dresden (TUD), Germany.

The simulation of physical systems in the early stages of conceptual designs has shown to be a key factor for adequate decision making and avoiding big and expensive issues downstream in engineering projects. In the case of aircraft cabin design, taking into account the thermal comfort of the passengers as well as the proper air circulation and renovation can make this difference. However, current numerical fluid simulations (CFD) are too computationally expensive for integrating them in early design stages where extensive comparative studies have to be performed. Instead, Zonal Models (ZM) appear to be a fast-computation approach that can provide coarse simulations for aircraft cabin flows. In this thesis, a Zonal Model solver is developed as well as a geometry-definition and meshing framework, both in Matlab®, for performing coarse, flexible and computationally cheap flow simulations of user-defined cabin designs. On one hand, this solver consists of a Fractional Step approach for coarse unstructured bi-dimensional meshes. On the other, the cabin geometry can be introduced by hand for simple shapes, but also with Computational Aided Design tools (CAD) for more complex designs. Additionally, it can be chosen to generate the meshes from scratch or morph them from previously generated ones. / <p>The presentation was online</p>