A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os argumentos espaciais preposicionados selecionados por verbos de deslocamento de forma contrastiva em português e alemão. Para tanto, foram utilizados preceitos da gramática de valências e da gramática de casos que se pautam nos conceitos de centralidade do verbo (que seleciona os argumentos) e papel temático. Dentro do papel temático espacial, considera-se que é possível distinguir seis subtipos: origem, direção, percurso, trajetória, locativo e situativo. Para este trabalho foi feito o recolhimento de um corpus de ocorrências em português e alemão a partir de verbos de deslocamento que selecionam argumentos espaciais introduzidos por preposições. Essas ocorrências foram analisadas e classificadas semanticamente segundo os subtipos do papel espacial encontrados. Contrastando as ocorrências em português e alemão, foi possível verificar similaridades e diferenças entre as duas línguas. Foram observadas construções com o substantivo casa e Haus, a influência do verbo para a seleção do argumento espacial e as diferenças sutis entre os subtipos de papéis espaciais. Um grupo de verbos chamou a atenção por não permitir a classificação clara em um dos subgrupos. Para esses verbos, é levantada a hipótese de criação de mais um argumento espacial: o argumento espacial preposicionado de referência. / This masters thesis aims the study of prepositional spatial arguments that are taken by verbs of movement in a contrastive way in Portuguese and in German. In order to carry out this research, there were used concepts of the valency grammar and the case grammar that present the verb as the core of the sentence (which requires arguments) and the semantic role. Between the spatial semantic roles, it is considered that it is possible to find six subtypes: source, direction, path, trajectory, locative and situative. For this thesis it was collected a corpus of occurrences in Portuguese and German from verbs of movement that select spatial arguments introduced by prepositions. These occurrences were analyzed and semantically classified according to these subtypes of semantic roles. By contrasting the occurrences in Portuguese and German, it was possible to verify similarities and differences between both languages. There were observed constructions with the noun casa and Haus, the influence of the verb for the selection of the spatial argument and the small differences between the subtypes of spatial roles. A group of verbs caught the attention because they did not allow a clear classification in one of the subtypes. For these verbs it is raised the hypothesis of creation of another spatial argument: the spatial prepositional argument of reference.

5 ABSTRACT In this thesis, we examine the possibilities of a semantic analysis of spatial configurations represented by Danish prepositions. In the theoretical part of the thesis, we explore the means that cognitive linguistics uses to describe meaning in general, and to describe spatial configuration in particular. We also briefly present the results of several analyses of English spatial expressions. In the practical part of the thesis, we then apply the cognitive linguistics' terms and methods on material gathered from Danish dictionaries and grammar handbooks and Danish Corpus, in order to achieve an analysis of spatial senses represented by the Danish preposition i. The result of our analysis is a structured overview of the preposition's distinct spatial senses, accompanied by a suggestion of the preposition's semantic network. KEY WORDS: cognitive semantics, spatial scene, schema, spatial configuration, prepositions, Danish

In the literature on prepositions, a simple binary distinction between ``lexical\'\' and ``functional\'\' uses is commonly assumed. In this thesis I investigate the nature of the lexical vs. functional distinction for prepositions, and I argue that these two uses correspond to cardinal points of a spectrum of prepositional uses. This spectrum can be modelled descriptively as the interaction of two properties: form-fixedness and perceived meaningfulness. At the functional corner of the spectrum, prepositions are characterized by low meaningfulness and high fixedness, while at the lexical corner, prepositions have high meaningfulness and low fixedness. There are also, however, prepositions that are perceived to be both meaningful and fixed, and these present a problem for the notion of a simple binary lexical vs. functional dichotomy. <br />A number of empirical tests have been proposed for inducing a binary classification of prepositional uses---for example, formation of the pseudopassive and wh-questions, and specifier attachment. While these are all interesting phenomena individually, they do not converge on a single classification collectively, and I conclude that there are no broad generalizations to be captured by postulating a primitive lexical vs. functional distinction theoretically.<br />My own analysis, formalized in the framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, includes two binary distinctions between contentful vs. empty prepositions, and between prepositions with syntactically selected form vs. those without. The interaction of these distinctions results in an idealized representation of the three-cornered descriptive spectrum of meaningfulness and fixedness. I discuss various ways in which my more or less discrete formal representations can give rise to gradient behavior on a descriptive level.

Submitted by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T20:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JEREMIAS.pdf: 1290468 bytes, checksum: 911798db957a7a07487d5a06e4da71ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T20:17:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JEREMIAS.pdf: 1290468 bytes, checksum: 911798db957a7a07487d5a06e4da71ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-27 / Esse trabalho apresenta uma proposta de descri??o da polissemia das preposi??es ?de? e ?para? do portugu?s brasileiro, atrav?s da abordagem localista de Jackendoff (1983; 1992). De acordo com nossa pesquisa, as preposi??es ?de? e ?para? podem ser consideradas como itens poliss?micos, pois cada uma dessas preposi??es, individualmente, pode atribuir diferentes significados ao seu objeto de refer?ncia, e esses significados podem estar ligados cognitivamente por meio de uma representa??o espacial conceitual de trajet?ria. Segundo Ilari et al. (2008), as preposi??es ?de? e ?para? s?o preposi??es que ocupam posi??es de ponto de origem e ponto final, respectivamente, em uma trajet?ria espacial de eixo horizontal. No entanto, o uso b?sico dessas preposi??es, ou seja, aquele em que conseguimos interpretar um significado diretamente ligado a um espa?o f?sico, pode ser estendido para outros significados, que podem ser interpretados conceptualmente como espaciais. Para uma interpreta??o metaf?rica do esquema imag?tico de trajet?ria, Jackendoff (1983; 1992) prop?e a Hip?tese de Rela??o Tem?tica, em que os significados espaciais conceituais das preposi??es, podem ser explicados atrav?s de campos sem?nticos distintos. Essa possibilidade de extens?o, para significados espaciais conceituais, ? baseada na experi?ncia corporificada dos falantes, pois quando interpretamos, de maneira conceitual, um item lexical, afirmamos que o mundo real nos fornece o substrato para nossas percep??es sensoriais e as conceitua??es decorrentes dele. Atrav?s dessa experi?ncia, constru?mos inconscientemente experi?ncias estruturais de significados, que s?o esquemas imag?ticos, e proje??es metaf?ricas (JOHNSON, 1987). Desse modo, levantamos a hip?tese de que os diferentes significados estabelecidos pelas preposi??es ?de? e ?para? podem ter rela??o entre si, isto ?, o mesmo esquema de imagem, corroborando a ideia de polissemia dessas preposi??es. Propomos que, atrav?s da corporifica??o, o falante ? capaz de estender, cognitivamente, o significado de um item lexical para outros significados conceituais, ou seja, o uso espacial b?sico de uma preposi??o pode ser estendido para usos metaf?ricos, cuja interpreta??o, de car?ter espacial, pode ser resgatada atrav?s dos campos sem?nticos propostos por Jackendoff (1983; 1992). Os campos sem?nticos que tratamos nessa pesquisa s?o: Temporal, Possessional, Identificacional, Circunstancial e Existencial. Desse modo, estabelecemos como objetivos de pesquisa: a) a apresenta??o das rela??es de significados estabelecidas pelas preposi??es ?de? e ?para?; b) a apresenta??o do processo cognitivo de experi?ncia corporificada; c) a apresenta??o do esquema imag?tico dessas duas preposi??es e d) a conex?o dos campos sem?nticos n?o espaciais, das rela??es de significados dessas preposi??es, com uma abordagem localista. Como metodologia de pesquisa, faremos an?lises das rela??es sem?nticas de senten?as do portugu?s brasileiro, em que as preposi??es ?de? e ?para? estabelecem rela??es de significado, buscando identificar, por meio da teoria de Hip?tese de Rela??o Tem?tica, a rela??o dos significados conceituais, de seus respectivos campos sem?nticos, com os significados espaciais de base. / This work employs Jackendoff?s localist approach (1983; 1992) to advance a proposal for a description of the polysemy of prepositions ?from? and ?to? in Brazilian Portuguese. According to our research, prepositions ?from? and ?to? can be considered polysemic items, given that each of these prepositions, individually, can attribute different meanings to its object of reference and these meanings can be cognitively related by a spatial-conceptual representation of trajectory. According to Ilari et al. (2008), the prepositions ?from? and ?to? occupy the origin and the final positions, respectively, in a spatial trajectory of the horizontal axis. However, the basic use of these prepositions, that is, the one in which we are able to interpret a meaning directly related to a physical space, can be extended to other meanings that can be conceptually interpreted as spatial. For a metaphoric interpretation of the imagetic scheme of the trajectory, Jackendoff (1983; 1992) proposes the Thematic Relation Hypothesis, according to which the spatial-conceptual spaces of prepositions can be explained through distinct semantic fields. This possibility of extension for spatial-conceptual meanings is based on the embodied experience of the speakers, because when we interpret conceptually a lexical item, we state that the real world furnishes us a substratum for our sensorial perceptions and for the conceptualizations that follow from it. Through this experience we unconsciously build structural experiences of meanings that are imagetic schemes, and metaphoric projections (JOHNSON, 1987). Thus, we hypothesize that the different meanings established by prepositions ?from? and ?to? can be related among themselves, that is, they have the same image scheme, corroborating the idea of a polysemy for these prepositions. We propose that through embodiment the speaker is able to extend cognitively the meaning of a lexical item to other conceptual meanings, that is, the basic spatial use of a preposition can be extended to metaphoric uses whose interpretation, of a spatial character, can be recovered through the semantic fields proposed by Jackendoff (1983; 1992). The semantic fields we shall deal with in this work are: Temporal, Possessional, Identificational, Circumstantial and Existential. Thus, we establish as the goals of our research as follows: a) to present the meaning relations established by prepositions ?from? and ?to?; b) to present the congnitive process of the embodied experience; c) to present the imagetic scheme of these two prepositions and d) the connection of non-spatial semantic fields, of the semantic relations of these propositions, within a localist approach. As our research methodology, we will analyze the semantic relations of Brazilian Portuguese sentences in which prepositions ?from? and ?to? establish meaning relationships, trying to identify, through the theory of the Thematic Relation Hypothesis, the relation of conceptual meanings, their respective semantic fields, with special base meanings.

In this study, I investigate, synchronically, the variation of the prepositions para and a, as introducers of adjuncts and verbal complements, in the manner of speech of the inhabitants of Uberaba (Triângulo Mineiro) and Montes Claros (North of Minas Gerais), under the perspective of the Labov Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 1972) and Parametrical Sociolinguistics (TARALLO; KATO, 1989). This research had its origin in the hypothesis that the use of preposition a is more frequent in the region of Montes Claros, while in the region of Uberaba the use of preposition para is more frequent. The corpus of this research is made up of 36 recorded interviews, of which 18 were obtained in Uberaba and 18 were obtained in Montes Claros. The sample selection was prepared, observing four linguistic factors and three social factors, as follows: (i) presence and absence of the prepositions para and a, (ii) syntactic function of the entity headed by the preposition, if it were an adjunct or a complement, (iii) type of clause, (iv) type of verb, (v) age, (vi) schooling and (vii) geographical region. After analyzing the data, I verified that the preposition para is predominant in practically all the groups of factors analyzed, which partially confirms the initial hypothesis. / Neste trabalho, investigo, sincronicamente, a variação das preposições para e a como introdutoras de adjuntos e complementos, na fala das regiões de Uberaba (Triângulo Mineiro) e Montes Claros (Norte de Minas Gerais), na perspectiva da Sociolinguística Laboviana (LABOV, 1972) e da Sociolinguística Paramétrica (TARALLO; KATO, 1989). Esta pesquisa partiu da hipótese de que a frequência da preposição a é maior na região de Montes Claros, contrastando com a preposição para, que possui maior frequência na região de Uberaba. O corpus desta pesquisa é constituído de 36 entrevistas obtidas por meio de gravação oral, sendo 18 na região de Uberaba e 18 na região de Montes Claros. A seleção da amostra foi feita observando quatro fatores linguísticos e três fatores sociais, a saber: (i) presença e ausência das preposições para e a, (ii) função sintática da entidade encabeçada pela preposição, se adjunto ou complemento, (iii) tipo de sentença, (iv) tipo de verbo, (v) faixa etária, (vi) escolaridade e (vii) região geográfica. Após a análise dos dados, verifiquei que a preposição para é predominante em praticamente todos os grupos de fatores analisados, o que confirma apenas parcialmente a hipótese. / Mestre em Estudos Linguísticos

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os argumentos espaciais preposicionados selecionados por verbos de deslocamento de forma contrastiva em português e alemão. Para tanto, foram utilizados preceitos da gramática de valências e da gramática de casos que se pautam nos conceitos de centralidade do verbo (que seleciona os argumentos) e papel temático. Dentro do papel temático espacial, considera-se que é possível distinguir seis subtipos: origem, direção, percurso, trajetória, locativo e situativo. Para este trabalho foi feito o recolhimento de um corpus de ocorrências em português e alemão a partir de verbos de deslocamento que selecionam argumentos espaciais introduzidos por preposições. Essas ocorrências foram analisadas e classificadas semanticamente segundo os subtipos do papel espacial encontrados. Contrastando as ocorrências em português e alemão, foi possível verificar similaridades e diferenças entre as duas línguas. Foram observadas construções com o substantivo casa e Haus, a influência do verbo para a seleção do argumento espacial e as diferenças sutis entre os subtipos de papéis espaciais. Um grupo de verbos chamou a atenção por não permitir a classificação clara em um dos subgrupos. Para esses verbos, é levantada a hipótese de criação de mais um argumento espacial: o argumento espacial preposicionado de referência. / This masters thesis aims the study of prepositional spatial arguments that are taken by verbs of movement in a contrastive way in Portuguese and in German. In order to carry out this research, there were used concepts of the valency grammar and the case grammar that present the verb as the core of the sentence (which requires arguments) and the semantic role. Between the spatial semantic roles, it is considered that it is possible to find six subtypes: source, direction, path, trajectory, locative and situative. For this thesis it was collected a corpus of occurrences in Portuguese and German from verbs of movement that select spatial arguments introduced by prepositions. These occurrences were analyzed and semantically classified according to these subtypes of semantic roles. By contrasting the occurrences in Portuguese and German, it was possible to verify similarities and differences between both languages. There were observed constructions with the noun casa and Haus, the influence of the verb for the selection of the spatial argument and the small differences between the subtypes of spatial roles. A group of verbs caught the attention because they did not allow a clear classification in one of the subtypes. For these verbs it is raised the hypothesis of creation of another spatial argument: the spatial prepositional argument of reference.

Orientador: Rosana do Carmo Novaes Pinto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem, / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T13:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kleppa_Lou-Ann_D.pdf: 12084543 bytes, checksum: 1e300902cc79348dede7cd9bdbf89d2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese situa-se na área de Neurolingüística, buscando dialogar com a área da Aquisição de Linguagem. Seu ponto de partida é a hipótese do espelho invertido, proposta por Roman Jakobson ([1956] 1971), que prevê que os primeiros elementos lingüísticos adquiridos por uma criança serão os últimos sujeitos à dissolução na fala do sujeito afásico. O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é a preposição ligada a verbos na fala de uma criança (R) em processo de aquisição de linguagem e de dois sujeitos afásicos com agramatismo (MS e OJ) em processo de reconstrução de linguagem. Não se tem notícia de outros estudos que tomem a preposição como ponto de articulação para o contraste da fala de crianças e sujeitos afásicos. Foram examinados dados longitudinais, dialógicos e de fala espontânea de R, MS e OJ e dados dialógicos dos sujeitos afásicos, coletados em situações experimentais. Estes dados, de naturezas diferentes, foram examinados separadamente, para que fosse possível contrastar o funcionamento da preposição (i) na fala da criança versus dos sujeitos afásicos quando envolvidos numa mesma situação dialógica: a conversa informal; (ii) e na fala dos sujeitos afásicos em diferentes situações dialógicas: conversa informal versus situações experimentais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a classificação das preposições mais adequada é a proposta pela Hipótese da Gramaticalização, já adotada em Kleppa (2005a) para dispor as preposições num continuum de diferentes graus de gramaticalização. Assim, questões de freqüência, distribuição, forma e sentido da preposição determinam seu uso na fala da criança e dos sujeitos afásicos. Os resultados também indicam que a diferença de uso de preposições na fala da criança versus sujeitos afásicos, e dos sujeitos afásicos em conversas espontâneas versus situações experimentais é quantitativa, não qualitativa. Contudo, a maior diferença encontrada diz respeito ao estatuto de sujeito falante da criança e do sujeito afásico. A partir da análise de dados podemos dizer que a criança e os sujeitos afásicos movimentam-se na mesma língua, mas estabelecem diferentes (e incomparáveis) relações com ela. No âmbito da Neurolingüística, a Teoria da Adaptação orienta esta pesquisa, ao passo que no âmbito da Aquisição de Linguagem, a teorização de De Lemos ilumina algumas questões pontuais. Davidson, com seu estudo sobre malapropismos, apresenta uma visão interessante do ato comunicativo/ interpretativo e assim chegamos a diferentes concepções de língua, falante e fala daquelas adotadas nos estudos correntes sobre preposições, fala de criança ou afásico. / Abstract: This thesis was developed within the field of Neurolinguistics and aims some possible dialogue with the field of Language Acquisition. The starting point for this study is the inverted mirror hypothesis, posed by Roman Jakobson ([1956] 1971), predicting that the first linguistic elements acquired by the child will be the last ones dissolved in the speech of aphasic speakers. The object of this study is the preposition linked to verbs in the speech of one child (R) in the process of language acquisition and two agrammatic speakers (MS and OJ) in the process of language reconstruction. As far as we know, there are no other studies taking the preposition as an articulation point for the contrast between child and aphasic speech. Longitudinal, dialogical data were examined from both the child and the aphasic speakers: R provides spontaneous speech data, while MS and OJ provide as well spontaneous as elicited speech. These data, different by nature, were examined separately in order to allow the contrast of prepositions functioning (i) in the speech of the child versus the speech of agrammatic speakers when involved in the same dialogical context: informal conversation; (ii) and in the speech of agrammatic subjects in different conversational situations: informal conversation versus experimental situations. The results obtained indicate that the best classification of prepositions is the one offered by the Grammaticalization Hypothesis, arraying them in a synchronic continuum of different degrees of grammaticalization, as was done in Kleppa (2005a). Thus, issues concerning frequency, distribution, form and meaning of the prepositions determine their use in the speech of children and agrammatic subjects. Our results also indicate that the differences between the use of prepositions in child and aphasic speech in informal conversations are quantitative, not qualitative. The greatest difference, however, is related to the position of the speaker towards (his) language. The analysis shows that both the child and the aphasic speakers move within their language according to the possibilities given by the language, but the relations they establish with this language are not comparable. Within Neurolinguistics, the Adaptation Theory guides this research, while the theory developed by De Lemos comes to illuminate some specific points of debate concerning language acquisition. Davidson, with his study on malapropisms, presents an alternative view of the communicative/ interpretive act, and thus we reach different conceptions of language, speaker and speech from those assumed in current studies about prepositions, child and agrammatic speech. / Doutorado / Doutor em Linguística

One of the prominent questions in modern psycholinguistics is the relationship between the grammar and the parser. Within the approach of Generative Grammar, this issue has been investigated in terms of the role that Principles of Universal Grammar may play in language processing. The aim of this research experiment is to investigate this topic. Specifically, this experiment aims to test whether the Minimal Structure Principle (MSP) plays a role in the processing of Preposition-Stranding versus Pied-Piped Constructions. This investigation is made with a self-paced reading task, an on-line processing test that measures participants’ unconscious reaction to language stimuli. Monolingual English speakers’ reading times of sentences with Preposition-Stranding and Pied-Piped Constructions are compared. Results indicate that neither construction has greater processing costs, suggesting that factors other than the MSP are active during language processing.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of the variation in genitive and dative government. The subject of analysis are the following thirteen prepositions: (an)statt, innerhalb, längs, mangels, mittels, trotz, während, wegen, zugunsten/zu Gunsten; binnen, dank, laut, zufolge. The aim of the thesis is to capture the use of the mentioned prepositions as detailed as possible. The focus is on the question and the attempt to determine in which cases within the variation in prepositional case government in the written language one or the other case is preferred and whether certain tendencies or systematics common to all thirteen prepositions can be followed. The prepositions are analysed by means of nine selected sources (both dictionaries and grammar books) and German reference corpus.

The purpose of this study was to investigate which of 26 prepositions are acquired expressively by educable mentally retarded children. This study was designed to 'determine if there was a significant difference between the number of prepositions expressed by an EMR sample and those expressed by normals of similar mental age, and if the same prepositions were used by the two groups at given mental ages. The correlation between chronological age and the number of prepositions expressed by the EMR population was also investigated.