This study unleashes the harsh realities of living and working on the street in Pretoria, South Africa. The study focuses on connections between street children, sexuality and HIV and AIDS. Understanding how street children live and how they obtain their information are major contributors in trying to help solve this global crisis. Therefore, the goal of the study is to explore street children’s knowledge of sexuality, HIV, and AIDS in Pretoria, South Africa through using a qualitative research approach. The researcher’s choice of using a qualitative research approach results in an in-depth personal investigation of a sample of Pretoria’s street children’s. The researcher used snowball sampling and by asking other street children where to find the participants. Through this sampling method, credibility of the researcher and confidence by the participants grew and allowed for the researcher to obtain the necessary information needed through a semi-structured one-to-one interview as the method data collection. As defined in the text by the researcher street children are individuals under the age of 18 who primarily cohabit on the street, survive on their surroundings, and may have no parents or guardians. There are millions of street children globally who flee to the streets for a variety of reasons. These motivations can include the need to raise money for themselves or family members. The children could possibly encounter physical or emotional familial abuse or have no family or support system to help them grow as individuals. There are many more concerns that the children have which create the feel or ‘need’ for them to flee towards street life. The findings derived from the interviews have been analyzed and categorized into themes and sub themes, in association with questions asked in the semi-structured one-on-one interviews using an interview schedule. There were two themes identified through this study, theme 1 is sexuality followed by the 5 sub themes in this category being: intimate and/or sexual relationships, support base, body image, understanding key concepts and sexual behaviour. Theme 2 is HIV and AIDS and the sub themes that correlate with this theme are general knowledge of HIV and AIDS, information distribution,transmission, prevention, the effect of HIV on street children and treatment. Through interviewing fifteen street children these individuals opened up by talking about their lives on the street, their sexuality, including sexual and non-sexual relationships, how they feel about themselves as sexual beings and as children living on the street. In addition, what they know about HIV and AIDS, their relationships with those who are infected, how it has influenced their lives and what they know about this global epidemic. Knowing where these 12 to 17 year old participants receive their information can help for future programme development and distribution of information on sexuality and HIV and AIDS, to keep the streets safer from such unfortunate circumstances. Some key findings in this study address the lack of knowledge street children have about themselves as sexual beings and their lack of knowledge regarding HIV and AIDS. The children hustle for money in many different manors including selling their bodies for money and standing on street corners begging. Although some of the participants are educated, their lack of support systems and scrutiny for the community they live in and possibly family members leaves little room for growth and development in society. The recommendations are arranged to target the themes and sub themes. Some of the recommendations include governmental and nongovernmental help with increased volunteerism, information distribution, job creation, housing, shelters, education and support. Many of the children have lost someone due to HIV or AIDS. Children living on the streets are surrounded by AIDS daily and the matter of fact is, that if one talks about HIV they have to talk about sex. This leads individuals to questions surrounding sexuality and their bodies. This study helps to understand children’s views of these topics. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Cette thèse est une contribution à la compréhension des nouvelles dynamiques urbaines liées aux activités commerciales dans les villes des Suds et tout particulièrement à Dakar. L’entrée privilégiée est celle des acteurs qui sont impliqués directement ou indirectement dans les activités commerciales. Compte tenu de la place importante qu’elles occupent dans l’économie et dans l’espace urbains et la multitude d’acteurs qu’elles mobilisent, ces activités offrent un cadre pertinent d’analyse des processus d’appropriation de l’espace et des mutations urbaines en cours. Cette thèse révèle que les activités commerciales s’insèrent dans l’espace dakarois sous de multiples formes : commerce de rue, marchés, centre commercial. Mais l’absence d’une politique cohérente d’aménagement de l’espace urbain établit le commerce comme un défi pour la gestion urbaine. Dans ce contexte, la décentralisation qui aurait pu contribuer au développement harmonieux de la ville, a, plutôt, exacerbé les clivages entre les collectivités de proximité, la mairie de Dakar et l’Etat central sur fond de rivalités politiques, nourries par les conflits d’intérêts privés mis en concurrence. Les opérations de déguerpissement érigées en mode de régulation de l’espace urbain par les collectivités locales ne sont pas parvenues à résoudre le problème de l’occupation des rues par les marchands. Ces derniers préfèrent rester dans la rue plutôt que de regagner les centres commerciaux construits par la mairie de Dakar pour les recaser. Cette thèse contribue ainsi à éclairer la notion d’espace public territoire privilégié des stratégies de survie quotidienne. / This thesis aims to develop a better understanding of the new urban dynamics related to commercial activities in Dakar. It focuses on the identification of the stakes, the logics, and the actors’ game with a view of better understanding the processes of urban space appropriation and its management by multiple actors who are involved directly or indirectly in commercial activities in the Senegalese capital. As a matter of fact commercial activities offer a relevant analytical framework of the processes of space appropriation and urban changes in Dakar, given the important place they hold in urban economy and the multitude of actors they involve. In actuality, commercial activities occur in many forms in the city of Dakar: street trading, markets, shopping malls. They do play a role in space changes within the Senegalese capital. However, due to the lack of coherent policy on urban space, trading presents a challenge to urban management. In this context, whereas decentralization could have contributed to urban development, it has actually heightened tensions, with political rivalries in the background, between the city council of Dakar and the central State. At another level, the decamping operations that are taken as a mode of regulation of urban space by local authorities have failed to solve the problem of street occupancy by merchants.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / The informal economy in South Africa has been associated with a lack of growth, and it is believed that people would pursue businesses in this sector to overcome the cicumstances of poverty. Street trading, which is the most visible sector of the informal economy, has been blamed for urban decay and the negative impact it has on the urbanisation of different cities across South Africa. Such views have contributed to the challenges of street traders and have affected how they make a living. Street trading is a growing phenomenon in the Central Businesses Districts (CBDs) where many are people dependent on the practice of street trading for livelihoods. This study sought to understand the contribution made by the street trading enterprises in sustaining migrant street trader livelihoods and well-being in Durban. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) was applied as a conceptual framework to investigate the degree to which migrant street traders can improve their well-being and cope with the vulnerability context. The core elements of the SLF connect for migrant street traders to achieve desired livelihood outcomes. Using a case study research approach, the study sampled 12 migrant street traders for semi-structured interviews and 30 migrant street traders for the questionnaire. The study involved migrant street traders who sell clothing apparel at the Workshop flea market in the Durban CBD. The study applied a sequential mixed-method approach for data collection and data analysis. Empirical findings on quantitative data provided an insight into the different types of migrant street traders enterprises and the factors that propel migrant street traders to start street trading enterprises. Qualitative data provided insight that may not have been obtained by quantitative methods. Qualitative empirical finding’s inception point is the migration aspirations and opportunities of migrant street traders. The data highlights the role of networks in facilitating the migration process and providing support. Whilst the vulnerability context continuously poses major challenges for migrant street traders, the capital stocks from which migrant street traders draw from are crucial to deal with the shocks, seasonality, trends, and other challenges. Findings indicated the capitals enable migrant street traders to achieve a better life that they have reason to value, extend their capabilities, enhance well-being, and most of all achieve desired livelihood outcomes. The study revealed that social capital and human capital are crucial for sustaining livelihoods. Evidence from the study further revealed that street trading and the livelihoods of migrant street traders were highly dependent on the city they had chosen as their destination point when leaving the country of origin. Therefore, traders migrated toDurban not only for economic reasons but also for its geographic location and liveability. Although street trading operates in the vulnerability context, evidence from the study points to ways in which aspects of street trading in Durban may contribute to sustainable livelihoods and the enhanced well-being of migrants.

With over 300 years serving as a traffic route it is no wonder that Hornsgatan has the role of a major ‘artery’ in today’s Stockholm. This thesis will analyze and investigate how the street environment on Hornsgatan is affecting the people spending time on the street, and how a better street life and street quality can be brought out when it comes to enhance the social aspects for the street and its people. Through methods such as observations of the street and interviews with business owners, the case study of Hornsgatan have been based upon some theories by famous theorists when it comes to improving streets (and urban life) in cities, e.g.; Appleyard (1981), Jacobs (1993) and Gehl (2010). The results from the case study and the interviews show that Hornsgatan have both factors of what a ‘good’ and socially sustainable street should have; mix-use, the presence of people and social activities, active ground floors and different traffic modes, and factors that contribute to a less attractive street life; the heavy traffic, lack of places to sit, lack of greenery and lack of social activities for/between people. To reply the question if Hornsgatan is a ‘good’ and socially sustainable street or not, the answer is both yes and no. As Appleyard (1981) states, “[…] there is no single perfect street […]” (Appleyard 1981, p. 245). Instead each street and its situation are unique. However, with guidelines and aspects for how a street can be improved, at least some help can be brought out for its improvements. / Urban Form and Social Behaviour Research Project

<p>Of every 10 workers in the world six work in the informal economy, while four out of every five organizations operate in the informal economy. An important sector in the informal economy is street food vending. Street food vendors not only earn their own living but provide a service to the market by making affordable food available quickly to the participants of the street market. While their role in the developing economies cannot be overlooked, not a lot has been known about them. This thesis explores street food vending in Afghanistan and Nigeria. Nigeria is used as an example for the rest of West Africa. In this thesis we will find out what crops are predominantly used by street food vendors, what are the impacts of price volatility on the profitability of street food vendors, are the vendors profitable, and how they make decisions under risk. We will be using tornado graphs, as well histograms, and cumulative density function to determine profitability and risk for street food vendors. We will also be using decision making trees to visualize how decisions are made by street food vendors.</p><p> </p>

This study aimed to investigate how teachers work methodically in subjects such as social studies and mathematics in high school, with the educational task of educating students to become good democratic citizens. According to the National Agency for Education's curriculum, the educational task of educating students to become adequate democratic citizens should permeate all subjects in school. In addition, the study aimed to investigate how these teachers worked to implement fundamental value issues in their teaching. The results of the survey indicate that there are no major differences between the subjects in how teachers work with various assignments in education and values. It rather reflects the personal values, personality, and interests among teachers. Therefore, clearer guidelines for teachers would have been preferable when it comes to the upbringing assignment and fundamental value issues in order to gain an increased understanding and meaning of the assignments themselves, both for students and teachers.

The decade of the 1880s was a time of unprecedented development in the Pacific Northwest. Railroads were being constructed, immigration was high, lumber in demand and statehood for Washington appeared imminent. Vancouver, Washington, benefited from this prosperity. In 1888 a Portland firm built a steam powered railway from East Portland, through its real estate development, Woodlawn, to the Vancouver ferry. The success of this enterprise in aiding the sale of real estate was observed by several Vancouver men who formed the Columbia Land and Improvement Company to promote the sale of their property. The company constructed a horse drawn street railway in 1889 from Vancouver's business district north to its development in Vancouver Heights. The railway had mixed financial success and was sold to a Portland man, George B. Markle, in 1892. He electrified it and operated the line until his financial empire crumbled in the Panic of 1893. After several years of operation in the hands of a receiver, the railway ceased running in 1895, and was dismantled two years later.

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Two entities, town and university, each playing different functional roles, different in scale and structure, come together at one point. The architecture of that point is a transitional condition. Each element has integrity on its own, and at the same time is a part of the system. The primary requirement for the architecture of this place is to be elegant and thoughtful. This idea is addressed in five scales within the project: the axis, the street, the paths, the wall, and the room. / Master of Architecture

My diploma thesis is working with Sudeten question. I made audiobook from chronicle of village Větrov. it was written between years 1945-1952.