Wie schreibe ich einen Literaturbericht? Was gehört in einen Exzerpt? Wer sich mit den Schwierigkeiten des wissenschaftlichen Schreibens herumschlägt, kann sich an den WeltTrends – Lehrtext Nr. 4 wenden. In kurzen und präzisen Kapiteln wird dem Leser der korrekte Umgang mit den verschiedenen Anforderungen wissenschaftlicher Arbeit, wozu auch Protokolle und Referate zählen, nahe gebracht. Insbesondere die klare, strukturierte Darstellung der jeweiligen Anforderungen kann eine große Hilfe für den Anfänger darstellen.

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) aim at making communication between mobile nodes feasible without any infrastructure support. Sparse MANETs fall into the class of Delay Tolerant Networks which are intermittently connected networks and where there is no contemporaneous end-to-end path at any given time. We first, propose a new reliable transport scheme for DTNs based on the use of ACKnowledgments and random linear coding. We model the evolution of the network under our scheme using a fluid-limit approach. We optimize our scheme to obtain mean file transfer times on certain optimal parameters obtained through differential evolution approach. Secondly, we propose and study a novel and enhanced ACK to improve reliable transport for DTNs covering both unicast and multicast flows. We make use of random linear coding at relays so that packets can reach the destination faster. We obtain reliability based on the use of so-called Global Selective ACKnowledgment. We obtain significant improvement through G-SACKs and coding at relays. Finally, we tackle the problem of estimating file-spread in DTNs with direct delivery and epidemic routing. We estimate and track the degree of spread of a message in the network. We provide analytical basis to our estimation framework alongwith insights validated with simulations. We observe that the deterministic fluid model can indeed be a good predictor with a large of nodes. Moreover, we use Kalman filter and Minimum- Mean-Squared-Error (MMSE) to track the spreading process and find that Kalman filter provides more accurate results as compared to MMSE

The covid-19 pandemic has impacted the international business environmentheavily. This global crisis has forced companies all over the world to adapt.The ability to adapt has been a critical factor in being able to compete oreven survive. Therefore, this study explores how the Covid-19 pandemic hasaffected Swedish SMEs' international operations and how the firms areprepared for a potential crisis. The authors have used a qualitative strategy toget information from business professionals and their wisdom. To get asgood and valuable data as possible for this thesis, the data is collectedthrough semi-structured interviews. Through analyzing the data, the authorshave been able to identify how Swedish SMEs adapt their business in termsof sale channels and digitalization to a crisis like nothing seen before.Finally, the thesis concludes that the pandemic has influenced SwedishSMEs' sale channels, digitalization, and how firms think about preparationand risk management for potential future crises.

The pervasiveness and operational autonomy of mesh-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) make them an ideal candidate in offering sustained monitoring functions at reasonable cost over a wide area. To extend the functional lifetime of battery-operated sensor nodes, stringent sleep scheduling strategies with communication duty cycles running at sub-1% range are expected to be adopted. Although ultra-low communication duty cycles can cast a detrimental impact on sensing coverage and network connectivity, its effects can be mitigated with adaptive sleep scheduling, node deployment redundancy and multipath routing within the mesh WSN topology. This work proposes a cross-layer organizational approach based on sleep scheduling, called Sense-Sleep Trees (SS-Trees), that aims to harmonize the various engineering issues and provides a method to extend monitoring capabilities and operational lifetime of mesh-based WSNs engaged in wide-area surveillance applications. Various practical considerations such as sensing coverage requirements, duty cycling, transmission range assignment, data messaging, and protocol signalling are incorporated to demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility of the proposed design approach.

The pervasiveness and operational autonomy of mesh-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) make them an ideal candidate in offering sustained monitoring functions at reasonable cost over a wide area. To extend the functional lifetime of battery-operated sensor nodes, stringent sleep scheduling strategies with communication duty cycles running at sub-1% range are expected to be adopted. Although ultra-low communication duty cycles can cast a detrimental impact on sensing coverage and network connectivity, its effects can be mitigated with adaptive sleep scheduling, node deployment redundancy and multipath routing within the mesh WSN topology. This work proposes a cross-layer organizational approach based on sleep scheduling, called Sense-Sleep Trees (SS-Trees), that aims to harmonize the various engineering issues and provides a method to extend monitoring capabilities and operational lifetime of mesh-based WSNs engaged in wide-area surveillance applications. Various practical considerations such as sensing coverage requirements, duty cycling, transmission range assignment, data messaging, and protocol signalling are incorporated to demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility of the proposed design approach.

The advance of the Internet has resulted in an immensely interconnected world, which produces a tremendous amount of data. It has come to change our daily lives and behaviours tremendously. The trend is especially seen in the field of e-commerce where the customers have started to require more and more from the product and service providers. Moreover, with the rising competition, the companies have to adopt new ways of doing things to keep their position on the market as well as keeping and attracting new customers. One important factor for this is excelling customer service. Today, companies adopt technologies like BDA and AI to enhance and provide excellent customer service. This study aims to investigate how two Swedish cooperations extract value from their customer services with the help of BDA and AI. This study also strives to create an understanding of the expectations, requirements and implications of the technologies from the participants' perspectives that in this case are the employees of these mentioned businesses. Moreover, many fail to see the true potential that the technologies can bring and especially in the field of customer service. This study helps to address these challenges and by pinpointing the ’value- factors’ that companies participating in this study extracts, it might encourage the implementation of digital technologies in the customer service with no regard to the size of the company. This thesis was conducted with a qualitative approach and with semi-structured interviews and systematic observations with two Swedish companies acting on the Chinese market. The findings from the interviews, conducted with these selected companies, present that the companies actively use BDA and AI in their customer service. Moreover, several value-factors are pinpointed in the different stages of customer service. The most reoccurring themes are: ”proactive support”, ”relationship establishment”, ”identifying attitudes and behaviours” and ”real-time support”. Moreover, as for the value-creating factors before and after the actual interaction the reoccurring themes are ”competitive advantage”, ”high-impact customer insights”, ”classification”, ”practicality”, as well as ”reflection and development”. This essay provides knowledge that can help companies to further their understanding of how important customer service along with BDA and AI is and how they can support competitive advantage as well as customer loyalty. Since the thesis only focused on the investigation of Swedish organizations on the Shanghainese market, it would be of interest to continue further research on Swedish companies as China is seen to be in the forefront when it comes to utilizing these technologies.

Les réseaux mobiles Ad hoc (MANETs) visent à permettent à des noeuds mobiles de communiquer sans aucun support d'infrastructure. Les MANETs dispersés entrent dans la catégorie des réseaux tolérants aux délais (DTN), qui sont des réseaux connectés par intermittence et où il n'y a aucun chemin de bout-en-bout persistant à n'importe quel temps donné. Nous proposons, d'abord, un nouveau protocole de transport fiable pour les DTNs basé sur l'utilisation d'accusés de réception ainsi que le codage linéaire aléatoire. Nous modélisons l'évolution du réseau conformément à notre plan en utilisant l'approche fluide. Nous obtenons le temps de transfert d'un fichier en fonction de certains paramètres optimaux obtenus par l'approche d'évolution différentielle. Deuxièmement, Nous proposons ainsi et étudions un nouveau mécanisme d'ACK augmenté, pour améliorer le transport fiable pour les DTNs, pour les cas unicast et multicast. Nous nous servons du codage linéaire aléatoire aux relais pour que les paquets puissent atteindre la destination plus rapidement. Nous obtenons la fiabilité basée sur l'utilisation Global Sélective ACKnowledgement. Enfin, nous abordons le problème de l'estimation de propagation des fichiers dans les DTNs avec livraison directe et le routage épidémique. Nous estimons et suivons le degré de propagation d'un message dans le réseau. Nous fournissons la base analytique à notre cadre d'évaluation avec des aperçus validés en se basant sur des simulations. En plus, nous utilisons le filtre de Kalman et Minimum- Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) pour suivre le processus de propagation et trouvons que le filtre de Kalman fournit des résultats plus précis par rapport à MMSE / Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) aim at making communication between mobile nodes feasible without any infrastructure support. Sparse MANETs fall into the class of Delay Tolerant Networks which are intermittently connected networks and where there is no contemporaneous end-to-end path at any given time. We first, propose a new reliable transport scheme for DTNs based on the use of ACKnowledgments and random linear coding. We model the evolution of the network under our scheme using a fluid-limit approach. We optimize our scheme to obtain mean file transfer times on certain optimal parameters obtained through differential evolution approach. Secondly, we propose and study a novel and enhanced ACK to improve reliable transport for DTNs covering both unicast and multicast flows. We make use of random linear coding at relays so that packets can reach the destination faster. We obtain reliability based on the use of so-called Global Selective ACKnowledgment. We obtain significant improvement through G-SACKs and coding at relays. Finally, we tackle the problem of estimating file-spread in DTNs with direct delivery and epidemic routing. We estimate and track the degree of spread of a message in the network. We provide analytical basis to our estimation framework alongwith insights validated with simulations. We observe that the deterministic fluid model can indeed be a good predictor with a large of nodes. Moreover, we use Kalman filter and Minimum- Mean-Squared-Error (MMSE) to track the spreading process and find that Kalman filter provides more accurate results as compared to MMSE

Modern political and market structures have normalized colonial violence into economic and social realities, while imperial powers still dictate modes of labor and resources extraction that benefit them in the present, but send the physical world hurtling into a future of crisis. Justifying this activity are Western mindsets based in rational exclusivity, which fail to recognize the constructed elements of their reality, instead subjugating and historicizing those with different ontological perspectives. In particular, Western logics have persecuted indigenous populations and their cultural connection to ancestral homelands in order to appease colonial paranoia and reassert exclusive claim to stolen land. This is not materially, ethically, or spiritually sustainable. This thesis examines the ways in which colonial and indigenous ontologies interact in the past, present, and future through identifying the reality-shaping narrative phantasies which shape encounters surrounding land. Phantasies of land and the ecosystems humans are a part of are especially central to how individuals and societies relate to the self, as well as human and non-human others. Through an analysis of the 1843 Thomas Gregory-Pamunkey petitions over claims to the Pamunkey reservation land, this thesis studies how colonial and indigenous phantasies of land interact. It demonstrates that the colonial inability to recognize personal and cultural phantasies often leads to conflict, but an ability to recognize the power of narrative and communicate through alternative ontologies than one's own can lead to successful communication and meaningful relationships, ones which can help those with settler backgrounds to live more ethically and support indigenous resurgence. This thesis offers a theoretical, historical, and practical guide to begin the process of unsettling the self by way of recognizing the constructed narrative phantasies settlers have been accustomed to interpreting the world through, and reflects on ways for settlers to move forward by engaging with land-based ontologies. / Master of Arts / Modern political and market structures have normalized colonial violence into economic and social realities, while imperial powers still dictate modes of labor and resources extraction that benefit them in the present but send the physical world hurtling into a future of crisis. Justifying this activity are Western mindsets based in rational exclusivity, which fail to recognize the constructed elements of their reality, instead subjugating and historicizing those with different perspectives. In particular, Western logics have persecuted indigenous populations and their cultural connection to ancestral homelands in order to appease colonial paranoia and reassert exclusive claim to stolen land. This is not materially, ethically, or spiritually sustainable. This thesis examines the ways in which colonial and indigenous ontologies interact in the past, present, and future through identifying the reality-shaping narratives which shape encounters surrounding land. Stories of land and the ecosystems humans are a part of are especially central to how individuals and societies relate to the self, as well as human and non-human others. Through an analysis of the 1843 Thomas Gregory-Pamunkey petitions over claims to the Pamunkey reservation land, this thesis studies how colonial and indigenous narratives of land interact. It demonstrates that the colonial inability to recognize personal and cultural narratives often leads to conflict, but an ability to recognize the power of stories and communicate through alternative worldviews than one's own can lead to successful communication and meaningful relationships, ones which can help those with settler backgrounds to live more ethically and support indigenous resurgence. This thesis offers a theoretical, historical, and practical guide to begin the process of unsettling the self by way of recognizing the constructed narratives settlers have been accustomed to interpreting the world through, and reflects on ways for settlers to move forward by engaging with land-based worlviews.

Dans la communauté scientifique, le statut d’auteur est associé à la reconnaissance et à la crédibilité auprès des pairs puisque l’autorat constitue un facteur essentiel dans la prise de décisions pour l’embauche et la promotion d’un chercheur, ainsi que dans l’attribution de prix et de financement. Par ailleurs, dans les publications savantes, il est pratique courante de remercier les individus, institutions et organismes subventionnaires qui ont contribué de diverses façons aux travaux de recherche menant à la publication. Bien qu’ils puissent être considérés comme un simple acte de courtoisie, les remerciements peuvent également être perçus comme un marqueur de capital symbolique. Les remerciements permettent de souligner des contributions extrêmement variées, de nature cognitive, technique et sociale, mais qui ne satisfont généralement pas les critères d’autorat. En ce sens, les remerciements permettent de mieux comprendre le rôle des individus et des organisations qui ont contribué à la recherche. Dans ce contexte, notre recherche vise à décrire les fonctions des remerciements dans le système de la reconnaissance scientifique pour mieux comprendre leur valeur, du point de vue du crédit scientifique, ainsi qu’à explorer les facteurs qui peuvent influencer leurs caractéristiques dans le contexte des pratiques d’attribution du crédit scientifique. Notre étude s’intéresse d’abord à la distribution du crédit scientifique parmi l’ensemble des contributeurs d’un projet de recherche, soit les auteurs et les remerciés. L’analyse du nombre de contributeurs par article montre que les importantes différences disciplinaires traditionnellement observées en matière de collaboration sont grandement réduites lorsque les remerciés sont pris en compte. Nos analyses des caractéristiques des individus remerciés montrent que les disparités de genre, maintes fois démontrées en matière d’autorat, sont également présentes dans les remerciements où les femmes sont sous-représentées. De plus, les femmes ont tendance à remercier une proportion plus élevée de femmes que les hommes. En ce qui concerne le statut académique, nos résultats montrent que les individus remerciés qui ont déjà publié ont tendance à occuper une position plus élevée dans la hiérarchie académique que le reste des auteurs. Notre analyse comparative du contenu des remerciements souligne d’importantes tendances disciplinaires en matière de types de contributions remerciées. Nos résultats fournissent la première démonstration empirique à grande échelle des variations qui existent entre les disciplines dans le contenu des remerciements. Finalement, notre analyse qualitative des termes contenus dans les remerciements met en lumière trois fonctions principales des remerciements : la description des contributions, la déclaration des responsabilités, ainsi que l’expression de la voix de l’auteur. / In the scientific community, authorship is associated with recognition and credibility and thus plays a central role in decisions related to the hiring and promotion of a researcher, and in the attribution of prizes and funding. In scholarly publications, it is also common practice to acknowledge individuals, institutions, and funding organizations that contributed in various ways to a research project. Although they can be considered as a simple scholar’s courtesy, acknowledgements can also be perceived as a marker of symbolic capital. Acknowledgements shed light on extremely diverse contributions, of cognitive, technical and social nature, that generally do not meet authorship criteria. As such, acknowledgements allow for a better understanding of the role played by individuals and organizations that contribute to research. In this context, our research aims to describe acknowledgements’ functions within the reward system of science to better understand their value, in terms of scientific credit, and to explore factors that can influence their characteristics in the context of credit attribution practices. Our study addresses scientific credit distribution among all contributors of a research project, authors and acknowledgees. Our analyses of the number of contributors per paper show that the important disciplinary differences in team size, which traditionally characterize collaboration, are greatly reduced when considering acknowledgees as contributors. Our analyses of acknowledgees’ sociodemographic characteristics show that gender disparities, repeatedly demonstrated in terms of authorship, are also present in the acknowledgements, where women are also under-represented. Moreover, women tend to acknowledge a higher proportion of women than men do. Regarding academic status, our results show that acknowledgees who have already published tend to have a higher position in the academic hierarchy than the rest of authors. Our comparative analysis of acknowledgements’ content highlights important disciplinary trends in terms of types of contributions mentioned. Our results constitute the first large-scale empirical demonstration of disciplinary variations in the content of acknowledgements. Finally, our qualitative analysis of acknowledgements’ content emphasises three main functions of acknowledgements: the description of contributions, the responsibility disclaimers, and the expression of the authorial voice.

Collaborating in the Electric Age: [onto]Riffological Experiments in Posthumanizing Education and Theorizing a Machinic Arts-Based Research is a study about locating opportunities and entry points for introducing consideration of the nonhuman and posthuman to pedagogical perspectives that are traditionally concerned with human beings and epistemological subjects. The research, herein, engages doings in collaborative effort, during conditions of unprecedented interconnectedness facilitated by the electric age. Steeped in a environment thus created by technologies’ immense ubiquity and influence, this collaboration endeavours to recognize their full research participation, alongside that of humans. This research presents collaboratively conducted, published inquiries that have been coauthored by myself and fellow doctoral candidate Richard Wainwright. Each facilitates, then attempts to articulate ways to decentre the human in educational contexts, beginning with our own human perspectives. As exercises in broadening our considerations of the life forms, matter, and nonhuman entities that surround humanity, this research prompts us to recognize much more than what humanity typically acknowledges as existing, given the anthropocentric frameworks it has constructed. We reorientate the nature of these relationships—posthumanizing them—and in doing so, disrupt our own thinking to work something different than our circumstances have hitherto informed us to consider. We have co-developed a study and conducted research in collaboration with human and nonhuman research participants.Five nationally and internationally published co-authored journal articles, a book chapter, and five intermezzos (short “observational” pieces) comprise this study that explores collaboration and recombinatoriality during “the electric age” (McLuhan, 1969, 10:05). Recognizing humanity’s increasingly inextricable relationships with technologies, this collaboratively conducted study draws into creative assemblage Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s philosophical concepts; new materialism as cultural theory; the prescient observations and predictions of Marshall McLuhan and a media studies curriculum he co-developed over forty years ago; arts-based research; museum exhibitions; features of music production such as sampling, mashup, remix, and turntabling; among many other notes and tones. A conceptually developed riff mobilizes our inquiries as “plug in and play,” while its academic study is theorized as [onto]Riffology. Ontological shifts beget a machinic arts-based research (MABR) that develops a posthuman critical pedagogy inspired by Negri and Guattari (2010). Collaborating in the Electric Age: [onto]Riffological Experiments in Posthumanizing Education and Theorizing a Machinic Arts-Based Research celebrates collaborativity, discovery, and learning during the electric age. / Graduate / 2023-01-07