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This thesis probes the share and adequacy of gymnastics in physical education classes at primary school. Second and fourth grades of the primary school were selected for the research. Teachers of these grades were subjected to a questionnaire. These questionnaires have been prepared on the basis of educational programs of individual schools. The objective was to determine to what degree the gymnastic exercise is included in physical education classes. The evaluation was carried out by comparing the responses of individual teachers of each of the two grades and the two most important items were processed graphically. These questions are the total annual funding of physical education and gymnastic classes and also the most widely used gymnastic tools for these schools.

Le cirque, qui combine des disciplines et des esthétiques des plus disparates et expose les corps dans des postures extrêmes, est un art composite et excessif : profondément hybride. Cette thèse, que nous consacrons plus spécifiquement aux scènes acrobatiques, entend étudier un processus de création en articulant théorie et pratique : celui de l’hybridation de l’acrobatie avec les arts du texte (écrit et parole) grâce à l’analyse d’un corpus de spectacles acrobatiques narratifs et parlés, créés entre 2004 et 2016 par des compagnies de cirque dans des espaces scéniques variés (chapiteau, rue ou scènes de théâtre) et qui mettent en scène des fictions. L’hybridation dont ces formes font l’expérience, assez rare sur des scènes circassiennes contemporaines françaises pourtant foisonnantes, nous permet d’approfondir l’étude de plusieurs questions qui animent la création acrobatique actuelle : celle de la poétique de l’acrobatie que sous-tend la quête des dramaturgies circassiennes, de la composition des formes, et par conséquent celle de l’auctorialité dans les formes acrobatiques. C’est bien le mouvement de transformation d’un art et des représentations qu’il véhicule que nous cherchons à saisir, ainsi que les présupposés qui sous-tendent l’affirmation de la légitimité du cirque sur les scènes contemporaines. Comment les transformations que le texte imprime à l’art vigoureux et fragile de l’acrobatie, et réciproquement, permettent-elles de repenser les modalités de composition d’une forme acrobatique ? Quelles visions du monde les acrobates ont-ils à partager ? Quels mondes à inventer et à représenter ? Le texte et la parole imposent de repenser les corporéités acrobatiques en même temps que les logiques de composition des créations : ils participent au renouvellement des scènes circassiennes qui affinent et affirment par ce biais leur point de vue sur le monde. / The circus, which combines the most disparate disciplines and aesthetics and exposes the bodies in extreme postures, is a composite and excessive art: deeply hybrid. Articulating theory and practice, this thesis devoted to acrobatic scenes intends to study process of creation: specifically the hybridization of acrobatics with the arts of text (writing and talking) based on a corpus of narrative and spoken acrobatic performances created between 2004 and 2016 by circus companies in various scenic spaces (tent, street or theater scenes) and which stages fictions. However this hybridization is quite rare in abounding French contemporary circus scenes, these scenic experiences has allowed us to deepen the study of several questions that animate nowadays acrobatic creation: poetics of acrobatics that underlies the quest for circus dramaturgies, composition of forms and consequently that of auctoriality in acrobatic forms. Indeed, this thesis aim to study the movement of transformation of an art and its representations, as well as the presuppositions that underlie the affirmation of the legitimacy of circus performances on contemporary scenes. How do the transformations, which the text imparts to the strong and fragile acrobatics arts, and vice versa, implies to rethink the composition modalities of an acrobatic show? What visions of the world do acrobats have to share? What worlds do they have to invent and represent? Text and speech impose to rethinking acrobatic corporeities along with the logic of the composition of the creations: they participate in the renewal of the circus scenes which refine and affirm their point of view on the world.

"Florida State University presents an annual all-student University circus which is nationally known. This event is a five-ring affair held in the spring quarter of each year in which approximately one hundred and fifty students take an active part. The activities which make up the circus include those of the aerial, dancing, balancing, gymnastics and tumbling, skating, and clowning types. Approximately five small performances are given during the fall quarter in cities near the locality in the State of Florida each year. The Department of Physical Educaiton for Men at Florida State University offers a one-hour service course in circus activities as well as sponsoring the annual all-student University circus. The circus is a part of the physical education program. Physical education is education, and the purposes of both are the same. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the educational values of Florida State University's circus. If it is found that circus activities contribute to the three major purposes of physical education--development of mental and physical fitness, development of social and ethical character, and development of skills for worthy use of leisure--such an enterprise may become a desirable addition to the total physical education program"--Introduction. / "July, 1950." / Typescript. / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science under Plan II." / Advisor: Kenneth D. Miller, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 32-33).

Apesar da prática da Ginástica Acrobática ser apontada por alguns estudos como um estímulo eficiente em gerar adaptações neuromusculares associadas a uma melhora no controle postural, até o presente momento nenhum estudo investigou o comportamento das oscilações posturais de ginastas da Ginástica Acrobática frente à manipulação de informações sensoriais, como por exemplo, na presença de informações táteis adicionais. Além disso, um grande número de estudos tem mostrado um aumento nas oscilações posturais em função da fadiga muscular. No entanto, não há na literatura investigações acerca dos efeitos da fadiga muscular sobre controle postural de ginastas da Ginástica Acrobática. Visto que diferentes tipos de treinamento físico, especialmente aqueles que requerem ações rápidas e habilidosas envolvendo equilíbrio e orientação corporal, induzem melhoras no controle postural, a hipótese levantada nesse estudo foi de que os ginastas da Ginástica Acrobática deveriam apresentar, após um protocolo de indução de fadiga muscular, um aumento nas oscilações posturais menos acentuados em comparação a não ginastas (i.e. um menor efeito da fadiga muscular sobre as oscilações posturais). Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi comparar, entre ginastas da Ginástica Acrobática (grupo GYN) e não ginastas (grupo CTRL), os efeitos da fadiga muscular dos flexores plantares do tornozelo sobre o controle postural, durante tarefas de postura unipodal com e sem a presença de informações táteis adicionais (i.e. com e sem contato do dedo indicador com uma superfície externa). Além disso, foi utilizada eletromiografia (EMG) de superfície de músculos do membro inferior e do tronco para avaliar mais profundamente as adaptações do sistema neuromuscular em função da instalação da fadiga. Os resultados indicaram que, para ambos os grupos GYN e CTRL, a fadiga muscular causou aumento das oscilações posturais, enquanto o toque causou diminuição das mesmas. No entanto, para o grupo CTRL (mas não para o grupo GYN) o efeito da fadiga parece ser dependente da condição de toque, visto que quando informações táteis adicionais estiveram presentes, o efeito da fadiga sobre as oscilações posturais foi atenuado. Apesar das oscilações posturais terem sido semelhantes entre os grupos GYN e CTRL, a análise dos sinais de EMG indicou que o grupo GYN utilizou menores níveis de ativação do músculo tibial anterior (ou ativações menos frequentes), assim como diferentes distribuições espectrais dos sinais de EMG provenientes do gastrocnêmio medial, bíceps femoral e do reto abdominal durante a tarefa de equilíbrio unipodal, independentemente da condição de fadiga ou de toque / Although Acrobatic Gymnastics practice has been considered effective in generating neuromuscular adaptations associated with postural control improvements, to date no study has investigated the behavior of postural sway of gymnasts of Acrobatics Gymnastics in response to the manipulation of sensory information such as the addition of tactile sensory cues. Moreover, a large number of studies have shown increased postural oscillations in response to muscle fatigue. However, no investigation has addressed the effects of muscle fatigue on the postural control of gymnasts of Acrobatics Gymnastics. As postural control is improved by different types of physical training, particularly those requiring skilled and fast actions, the hypothesis saised in this study was that gymnasts of Acrobatics Gymnastics would be less prone to fatigue-induced postural instabilities, thereby showing a smaller effect of muscle fatigue on postural sway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of plantar flexor muscle fatigue on the control of single leg stance between gymnasts of Acrobatics Gymnastics (GYN group) and non-gymnasts (CTRL group), during postural tasks performed with and without additional tactile information due to contact of the index finger with an external surface. Additionally, surface EMG of the lower limb and trunk muscles was used to further evaluate the fatigue-induced adaptations on the neuromuscular system. The results indicated that, for both GYN and CTRL groups, muscle fatigue caused an increase in postural sway, while the touching an external surface decreased it. However, for the CTRL group (but not for the GYN group) the effect of fatigue seems to be dependent on the touch condition, as the effect of fatigue on postural sway was attenuated in the presence of additional tactile information. Although postural sway parameters were similar between the GYN and CTRL groups, analysis of the EMG signals indicated that the GYN group used lower levels of tibialis anterior muscle activation (or less frequent activations), as well as different spectral distributions of the EMG signals from gastocnemius medialis, biceps femoris and rectus abdominis during the unipodal postural task, regardless of the fatigue or touch condition