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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
491

Resíduos de coco, acerola e caju para produção de carvão ativado

Silva, Ricardo Vandré Trótski Oliveira 25 February 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ricardo_vandre_trotski_oliveira_silva.pdf: 610833 bytes, checksum: 744d83d7588313cd4ff2b78eb59399bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / With the growth of industrial activities and population, also increases the amount of generated waste which causes environmental problems. In Brazil, a major producer of goods in the agricultural industry, the problems caused by the accumulation and improper disposal of solid waste are large. From this problematic, mechanisms that encourage the reuse and recycling of waste are created. It is seeking to develop new technology of alternative raw materials that are produced activated carbon from coconut waste, barbados cherry and cashew. Primarily, the collection of fiber-to-dry coconut and cake/shells from barbados cherry and cashew for later preparation of this material by impregnation with ZnCl2, chemical activation and conducting an evaluation test coal efficiency. The result, within all samples, was an activated carbon where the application in the water sample collected from the Capibaribe River (near Chico Science tunnel), Recife, presented a decrease in turbidity in 97.3% using treatment with 25% fiber- coconut + 75% cashew. / Com o crescimento das atividades industriais e da população, aumentam também a quantidade de resíduos gerados que ocasiona problemas ambientais. No Brasil, produtor de bens na agroindústria, os problemas causados pelo acúmulo e destinação inadequada dos resíduos sólidos é de grande porte. A partir dessa problemática são criados mecanismos que incentivam a reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. É buscando desenvolver tecnologia inédita de matérias-primas alternativas que se produziu carvão ativado a partir de resíduos de coco, acerola e caju. Primeiramente coletou-se a fibra-de-coco seco e bagaços/cascas de acerola e do caju para posterior preparação desse material através da impregnação com ZnCl2, da ativação química e da realização de um teste de avaliação da eficiência do carvão. Foi produzido carvão ativado com todas as amostras, onde a aplicação na amostra de água coletada no rio Capibaribe (perto do túnel Chico Science), Recife, Pernambuco, apresentou redução da turbidez em 97,3 % usando o tratamento com 25 % de fibra-de-coco + 75 % de caju.
492

Padan 95 SP treatment by electrochemical process and its combination with other techniques

Nguyen Tien, Hoang 06 November 2019 (has links)
This dissertation describes electrochemical oxidation of Padan 95 SP on Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode mainly by •OH radicals (which was measured by indirect method, i.e: the formation of 2-Hydroxylterephthalic acid (2-HTA)), Electro-Fenton and the combination with adsorption technology for increasing total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency. In this study, the formation of 2-HTA on BDD electrode via the reaction between terephthalic acid (TA) and •OH as a method to quantify hydroxyl radical formation was investigated. The degradation of Cartap in Padan 95SP (95 % Cartap) on BDD was investigated. Operating parameters such as applied current density, types of electrolyte and initial concentration of Padan 95SP were varied in order to determine their effect on the degradation efficiency of Cartap. The concentration of Cartap was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy according to 5,5-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) procedure. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to characterize the commercial Padan 95SP and the formation of by-products. The optimal conditions for Cartap degradation by electrochemical process have been established: concentration of electrolyte: 0.05 M Na2SO4, initial concentration of Padan 95SP: 300 mg·L-1, pH = 3, current density: j = 20 mA·cm-2. At this condition, Cartap decreases to 41 %, TOC decay reaches 8 %. To increase TOC decay at higher Padan 95 SP concentration in aqueous solution, the combination technique of electrochemical process with other techniques was proposed, e.g.: Electro-Fenton technique, pre-oxidizing by NaOCl or the Electro-Adsorption combination. In the Electro-Fenton technique, we investigated the influence of factors such as the presence of NaOCl in pretreatment of process, affects of H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ dosage, co-catalysts metals ion and pH. The efficiency shows approximately 80 % of TOC removed at 700 mg·L-1 Padan 95 SP. The combination of electrochemical with adsorption method shows the efficient removals of TOC and Padan 95SP (95 % Cartap) based on reagents oxidation in electrochemical process and adsorption of granular activated carbon (GAC), respectively. The influence of factors such as supporting electrolytes, flow rate, bed height, recycling number as well as initial concentration were investigated in order to determine their effects on TOC removal. The efficiency of this combination shows approximately 75 % of TOC and more than 90 % of Cartap removed at 700 mg·L-1 Padan 95 SP. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) BET surface analysis were applied to investigate GAC before and after usage. The results have shown that the application of electrochemical technique with other methods can be the potential option for treatment of wastewater containing Padan 95 SP. / Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Reduktion des gesamten organischen Kohlenstoffs (TOC) aus wässriger Lösung, die Padan 95 SP enthält. Als Methoden zur Minimierung von TOC wurden die elektrochemische Oxidation von Padan 95 SP auf Bor-dotierter Diamant (BDD) Elektroden durch •OH Radikale, Elektro-Fenton und die Kombination mit Adsorptionstechnologien verwendet. Die •OH Radikale wurden dabei durch indirekte Methoden, z. B. die Bildung von 2-HTA gemessen. Zur Quantifizierung der Hydroxylradikalbildung wurde in dieser Studie die Bildung von 2-Hydroxylterephthalsäure (2-HTA) an BDD-Elektroden über die Reaktion zwischen Terephthalsäure (TA) und •OH untersucht. Weiterhin befasst sich die Arbeit mit dem Abbau von Cartap in Padan 95SP (95% Cartap) auf BDD über die Reaktion zwischen Cartap und Hydroxylradikalen. Betriebsparameter wie die angewandte Stromdichte, die Elektrolytarten und die Anfangskonzentration von Padan 95SP wurden variiert, um ihre Wirkung auf die Abbaueffizienz von Cartap zu bestimmen. Die Konzentration von Cartap wurde mittels UV-Vis-Spektroskopie mit dem 5,5-Dithiobis-(2-Nitrobenzoesäure) (DTNB) Verfahren bestimmt. Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) und Gaschromatographie/Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) wurden verwendet, um das kommerziell erhältliche Padan 95SP und die Bildung von Nebenprodukten beim Abbau von Cartap zu charakterisieren. Die optimalen Bedingungen für die Cartap-Degradation durch den elektrochemischen Prozess wurden festgelegt: Konzentration des Elektrolyten: 0.05 M Na2SO4, Padan 95SP Anfangskonzentration: 300 mg·L-1, pH = 3, Stromdichte: j = 20 mA·cm-2. Unter diesen Bedingungen sinkt Cartap auf 41% und der TOC erreicht 8 % des jeweiligen Ausgangswertes. Um den TOC-Zerfall bei höher Padan 95 SP Konzentration in Wasser zu erhöhen, wurde die Kombination des elektrochemischen Prozesses mit anderen Techniken vorgeschlagen, z.B.: Elektro-Fenton-Technik, Oxidation mit NaOCl, oder die Kombination des elektrochemischen Prozesses mit einem Adsorptionsprozess. Bei der Elektro-Fenton-Technik wurde der Einfluss von Faktoren wieder Anwesenheit von NaOCl in der Prozessvorbehandlung, Auswirkungen der H2O2-Konzentration, Fe2+-Dosierung, Metallionen als Cokatalysatoren und der pH-Wert der Lösung untersucht, um die Wirkung auf die Abbau-Effizienz für Cartap zu bestimmen. Es konnten mit dieser Methode rund 80 % TOC, ausgehend von 700 mg·L-1Padan 95SP, entfernt werden. Die Kombination des elektrochemischen Prozesses mit einer Adsorptionsmethode ermöglicht eine effiziente Entfernung von TOC und Padan 95SP (95% Cartap). Dies basiert auf der Oxidation und anschließender Adsorption auf granularer Aktivkohle (GAC). Der Einfluss von Faktoren wie Leitelektrolyten, Flussrate, Betthöhe, Recyclingzahl sowie die Anfangskonzentration von Padan 95 SP wurde untersucht, um deren Auswirkungen auf die TOC Entfernung zu bestimmen. Durch die Kombination konnten so 75% desTOC und mehr als 90% Cartap bei 700 mg·L-1Padan 95 SP entfernt werden. Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot (FT-IR) und BET-Oberflächenanalyse wurden angewendet, um GAC vor und nach der Verwendung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass die Kombination des elektrochemischen Prozesses mit anderen Methoden eine potentielle Option für die Behandlung von Abwasser, das Padan 95 SP enthält, sein kann.
493

Application of electrodes with redox mechanisms for the desalination of water / Applicering av elektroder med redoxmekanismer för avsaltning av vatten

Moreno Cerezo, Pablo January 2023 (has links)
Capacitive deionization is a promising technology for purification and desalination of brackish water with great advantages over current technologies due to its low operating cost and high-water recovery ratio. Most of the system studied relies on the adsorption/desorption capacity of activated carbon electrodes due to its high surface area. However, its specific adsorption capacity is limited since the adsorption is predominantly on the surface of the electrodes. In this thesis we propose the use of polyaniline as a chloride-ion adsorption material. Polyaniline is a redox polymer able to accommodate anions in several of its three states when subjected to an external voltage. To this end, we synthesized polyaniline by electrodeposition technique and its electrochemical behavior was studied. A hybrid CDI system was assembled, using PANI as anode material and activated carbon cloth as cathode, showing outstanding adsorption of 37.26 mg/g Cl at current densities of 250 A/g. The energy consumption of this system was of 0.4979 kWh/m3. Its stability was evaluated over 50 cycles with negligible capacity loss. Along with its use in a CDI system, the aim of this thesis was to understand the mechanisms of operation of this material, by means of its physical and electrochemical characterization, as well as its efficiency and stability through the use of this material in capacitive deionization cells. / Kapacitiv avjonisering är en lovande teknik för rening och avsaltning av bräckt vatten med stora fördelar jämfört med nuvarande teknik på grund av dess låga driftskostnader och höga vattenåtervinningsgrad. De flesta av de studerade systemen bygger på adsorptions/desorptionskapaciteten hos elektroder av aktivt kol på grund av dess stora yta. Dess specifika adsorptionskapacitet är dock begränsad eftersom adsorptionen huvudsakligen sker på elektrodernas yta. I den här avhandlingen föreslår vi att polyanilin används som adsorptionsmaterial för kloridjoner. Polyanilin är en redoxpolymer som kan ta emot anjoner i flera av sina tre tillstånd när den utsätts för en extern spänning. För detta ändamål syntetiserade vi polyanilin genom elektrodepositionsteknik och dess elektrokemiska beteende studerades. Ett hybrid CDI-system monterades med PANI som anodmaterial och aktiverad kolduk som katod, vilket visade en enastående adsorption av 37,26 mg/g Cl vid en strömtäthet på 250 A/g. Energiförbrukningen för detta system var 0,4979 kWh/m3. Systemets stabilitet utvärderades över 50 cykler med försumbar kapacitetsförlust. Förutom användningen i ett CDI-system var syftet med denna avhandling att förstå detta materials funktionsmekanismer genom fysisk och elektrokemisk karakterisering samt dess effektivitet och stabilitet genom användning av detta material i kapacitiva avjoniseringsceller.
494

Empleo de textiles en aplicaciones de absorción sonora

Segura Alcaraz, María del Pilar 21 January 2021 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] Esta memoria de tesis presenta una contribución al estudio de los materiales textiles en el campo de la absorción sonora. En concreto, se ha trabajado con la asociación de una capa absorbente fibrosa constituida por una estructura laminar no tejida cuya composición es poliéster y una capa resistiva a base de tejido de calada también compuesta de poliéster. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en evaluar las variaciones que provocan los cambios en distintos parámetros de construcción de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportamiento del conjunto ante el sonido. Para abordar el problema se emplean distintos tejidos de calada, tales como telas simples, múltiples, acolchadas y rizo, con diferentes parámetros de construcción. Se mide el coeficiente de absorción de sonido al aplicarlas a diferentes espesores de estructura no tejida de poliéster, empleando el tubo de ondas estacionarias. Tras analizar los resultados obtenidos, se observan diferencias en los coeficientes de absorción de sonido alcanzados, las cuales se explican atendiendo al espesor del no tejido, pero también se observa la influencia de las características constructivas de los tejidos empleados. Finalmente, se emplea el diseño de experimentos para obtener la combinación óptima de parámetros que proporciona el mayor coeficiente de absorción de sonido para un tipo de tejido dado en todas las frecuencias estudiadas. Se concluye que, la modificación en la absorción de sonido de una estructura no tejida al aplicar una capa resistiva de tejido de calada, es lo suficientemente significativa como para ser tenida en cuenta a la hora de diseñar productos textiles para acondicionamiento acústico y que el diseño de experimentos constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad a este fin. / [CAT] Aquesta memòria de tesi presenta una contribució a l'estudi dels materials tèxtils en el camp de l'absorció sonora. En concret, s'hi ha treballat amb l'associació d'una capa absorbent fibrosa constituïda per un no teixit de polièster i una capa resistiva a base de teixit de calada de composició polièster. L'objectiu d'aquest treball consisteix a avaluar les variacions que provoquen els canvis en diferents paràmetres de construcció de la capa resistiva, sobre el comportament del conjunt davant el so. Per a abordar el problema s'empren diferents teixits de calada, com ara teles simples, múltiples, encoixinats i ris, amb diferents paràmetres de construcció. Es mesura el coeficient d'absorció en aplicarles a diferents grossàries de no teixit de polièster, emprant el tub d'ones estacionàries. S'observen diferències en els coeficients d'absorció de so obtinguts, les quals s'expliquen atenent la grossària del no teixit, però també a les característiques constructives dels teixits emprats. Finalment, s'empra el disseny d'experiments per a obtenir la combinació òptima de paràmetres que proporciona el major coeficient d'absorció de so per a un tipus de teixit donat en totes les freqüències estudiades. Es conclou que la modificació en l'absorció de so d'un no teixit en aplicar una capa resistiva de teixit de calada és prou significativa per a ser tinguda en compte a l'hora de dissenyar productes tèxtils per a condicionament acústic i que el disseny d'experiments constitueix una eina de gran utilitat a aquest efecte. / [EN] This thesis report presents a contribution to the study of textile materials in the field of sound absorption. Specifically, we have worked with the association of a fibrous absorbent layer consisting of a polyester nonwoven and a resistive layer based on openwork fabric. The objective of this work is to evaluate the variations that cause the changes in different construction parameters of the resistive layer, on the behaviour of the whole before the sound. To address the problem, different openwork fabrics are used, such as single, multiple, quilted and curl fabrics, with different construction parameters. The absorption coefficient is measured when applied to different thicknesses of polyester nonwoven, using the standing wave tube. Differences are observed in the sound absorption coefficients obtained, which are explained according to the thickness of the nonwoven, but also to the constructive characteristics of the fabrics used. Finally, the design of experiments is used to obtain the optimal combination of parameters that provides the highest sound absorption coefficient for a given type of tissue at all frequencies studied. It is concluded that the modification in the sound absorption of a nonwoven when applying a resistive layer of openwork fabric is significant enough to be taken into account when designing textual products for acoustic conditioning and that the design of experiments constitutes a very useful tool for this purpose. / Al departamento de Ingeniería Textil y Papelera y a la unidad docente de Alcoy del departamento de Mecánica de los Medios Continuos y Teoría de Estructuras, por facilitarme los medios necesarios para realizar todas las actividades que han sido necesarias. A Jaime Ramis Soriano, por recibirme en el laboratorio de Grupo de Acústica Aplicada del IUFACyT de la Universidad de Alicante. / Segura Alcaraz, MDP. (2020). Empleo de textiles en aplicaciones de absorción sonora [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159786 / Compendio

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