Traditionally, research about young children has been shaped by developmental approaches which persist in framing them as incomplete adults. This dissertation proffers a relatively new image of childhood that celebrates the possibilities inherent in childrens multiple ways of knowing. It is drawn from a 2006 study of the playful social language of, and interviews with, grade one children attending an urban Canadian school.<p/> Two questions drive this inquiry: a) What is the significance of childrens social language in a primary classroom? b) What is the role of play within childrens social language and within their culture? To maintain a sense of children as collaborators in research and to bring childrens talk into mainstream education discourse, Bakhtinian concepts of dialogicity and responsivity are foregrounded.<p/> The dissertation begins with a literature review that relates extant theory, research, and praxis to the study of language, discourse, and play. Then, participants perceptions of play, as articulated in the interviews, are presented. Because the study focuses upon childrens ability to make sense of their lived experience, their perceptions of play guide subsequent interpretations. Theory is reconsidered, and interpretative analysis is presented as dialogic response to the childrens ways of knowing, as points of contact between texts, as dialogue. Vignettes, drawn from videotapes of the participants social language in class, provide concrete examples of the role of play within the childrens local culture. Three key ideas emerge: children are able, dialogic interpreters of their lived experience and research participants in their own right; play discourse is agentive behaviour; and agentive play discourse is childrens response to problematic life experiences, for example, the worlds gendered texts.<p/> This study illustrates how childrens playful social talk places an imaginative distance between them and entrenched assumptions about what counts as knowledge. And, it challenges readers to distance themselves from the way things are, to redefine what is considered to be legitimate classroom conversation, and to reconsider how, together, children discursively make meaning and imagine themselves as social actors.<p/>

Traditionally, research about young children has been shaped by developmental approaches which persist in framing them as incomplete adults. This dissertation proffers a relatively new image of childhood that celebrates the possibilities inherent in childrens multiple ways of knowing. It is drawn from a 2006 study of the playful social language of, and interviews with, grade one children attending an urban Canadian school.<p/> Two questions drive this inquiry: a) What is the significance of childrens social language in a primary classroom? b) What is the role of play within childrens social language and within their culture? To maintain a sense of children as collaborators in research and to bring childrens talk into mainstream education discourse, Bakhtinian concepts of dialogicity and responsivity are foregrounded.<p/> The dissertation begins with a literature review that relates extant theory, research, and praxis to the study of language, discourse, and play. Then, participants perceptions of play, as articulated in the interviews, are presented. Because the study focuses upon childrens ability to make sense of their lived experience, their perceptions of play guide subsequent interpretations. Theory is reconsidered, and interpretative analysis is presented as dialogic response to the childrens ways of knowing, as points of contact between texts, as dialogue. Vignettes, drawn from videotapes of the participants social language in class, provide concrete examples of the role of play within the childrens local culture. Three key ideas emerge: children are able, dialogic interpreters of their lived experience and research participants in their own right; play discourse is agentive behaviour; and agentive play discourse is childrens response to problematic life experiences, for example, the worlds gendered texts.<p/> This study illustrates how childrens playful social talk places an imaginative distance between them and entrenched assumptions about what counts as knowledge. And, it challenges readers to distance themselves from the way things are, to redefine what is considered to be legitimate classroom conversation, and to reconsider how, together, children discursively make meaning and imagine themselves as social actors.<p/>

L’évolution des droits des personnes en situation de handicap leur garantit une prise en compte singulière de leurs besoins et de leurs attentes. Les associations se mobilisent pour que leur vie relationnelle, affective et sexuelle (VRAS) puisse être reconnue dans l’accompagnement au sein des établissements et des services médico-sociaux. Cette dimension, qui se situe au cœur de l’intime, comporte de multiples enjeux. La protection de l’individu doit être assurée au même titre que son autonomie, et la proximité quotidienne entre les acteurs doit être suivie d’une remise en question permanente. Les bénéficiaires, les professionnels et les familles se retrouvent dans des situations parfois complexes et paradoxales, qui sont résolues par différents mécanismes de régulation. Les modalités s’inscrivent aujourd’hui dans une logique inclusive et se construisent en cohérence avec le droit, l’éthique et les moyens dont disposent les acteurs. Il existe des leviers d’action qui renforcent la capacité d’agir et les compétences de l’ensemble des parties prenantes. L’approche comparative utilisée ici débouche sur une analyse des pratiques existantes et innovantes, tant en Franche-Comté qu’en Suisse romande. Cette recherche, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un contrat doctoral Région, repose sur un paradigme interactionniste et s’appuie sur diverses disciplines. Ce travail mobilise plusieurs techniques de recueil de données (entretiens, questionnaires et observations), et propose un certain nombre de recommandations. / Today, the development of rights for the disabled, guarantees that their needs and expectations are met in a singular manner. Associations are mobilised so that their relational, emotional and sexual life may be recognised during their accompaniment within medico-social establishments and departments. This dimension, present in the heart of the intimate, includes numerous challenges. The individual’s protection must be ensured, just in the same way as their autonomy. Moreover, daily proximity between the various actors involved must be followed through by permanent questioning. Beneficiaries, professionals and families sometimes find themselves in complex, paradoxical situations, solved thanks to various regulating mechanisms. Today, the modalities involved figure within inclusive logic and are being developed in coherence with the law, ethics and the different actors’ means. There are action levers, reinforcing the empowerment and skills of all the parties implied. The comparative approach used here results in an analysis of existing and innovative practice in Franche-Comté (France), as well as in French-speaking Switzerland. This research, carried out within the scope of a regional Doctorate contract, rests on an interactional paradigm and is based on various different disciplines. This work mobilises several techniques, with a view to collecting data (interviews, questionnaires and observation) and proposes a number of recommendations.

This work is focused on the topic of school class climate and its enhancement by the methods of personality and social education in a concrete class where the author is working as a teacher. The theoretical part is dedicated to the class climate and its characteristics. It describes what influences, by which methods it can be investigated and what can it be influenced by. In the practical part the author uses the methods of the teacher's active research to investigate the climate in her own class and also self-reflexively examines herself from the view of the beginning teacher. During the time period of one school year continually monitors the climate in her class and states the most effective ways towards improvement. The results of the research show that the methods of personality and social education have an influence to the class climate if they are used in a natural and casual manner. KEY WORDS: Class climate, teacher's active research, beginning teacher, social skills, self - reflection, begin together, personality and social education, cooperation, relations, pre - puberty, problematic pupil, method.

Cities are highly unequal systems and rapid, top-down development is increasingly causing segregation between people of different socio-economic statuses through gentrification. In response, a bottom-up, more community centred approach is often proposed, yet this method also not without significant issues. In this thesis I investigate the role of the designer as a mediator, facilitator and translator between the top-down and bottom-up approaches to urban development. Using Grønland, Oslo as a case study, I start by gathering high-level research in order to understand the large-scale strategies that the municipality and private developers have for the area. In the second section, I undertake on-the-ground research in order to understand the everyday issues that people who live in, or use, the area face. In the final section I propose a research laboratory and makerspace that can activate the local community, providing the resources in order for everyday people to be able to have a positive impact on their city, in addition to gathering long-term, in-depth research on the area in order to influence the future of Grønland. This thesis is written as a working document that can, and should, be used by a wide range of people, from the municipality to local residents, and is designed to be added to as the project develops.