Specialist degree in education, Eastern Illinois University. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).

At present, the domestic economy reverses, the unemployment rate and the painful index staysat a high level, but the mainland people have the high expense ability, as well as comes to go sightseeing the intense wish, finally in the folk and under the correlation field urging, the government opens Class Three, and Class Two of mainland public figure in January 5th, 2002 comes to go sightseeing, once thus caused highly concerned however afterwards proved, because the government implemented this policy beforehand to obtain the tacit understanding by Mainland China. Promotes in the Executive Yuan six years country developing plan, 2008 tourists increasing plan not only are the key projects, is demonstrated the government thinks highly of the degree, this policy executed opportunity is not high. However, if comprehensively opens the mainland public figure to come the conception which goes sightseeing to be able to realized, goes abroad day by day by mainland people wealthy deep goes sightseeing the traveling to dispatch the strength to say, comes to go sightseeing every year the population should be over five million people. The government in 2002, two significant policies which impels "the tourist multiplies plan", "opens the mainland people to come to go sightseeing plan", in impels the determination in the demonstration government which goes sightseeing, but this two policies success or not, the mainland china people must act the pivotal role. Based on the above research motive, goals of this research are: First, the realization the type of mainland tourist comes for sightseeing and traveling complaint processing. Second, the realization at present Taiwan policy regarding the mainland tourist the regulation stipulation and present situation analysis. Third, SWOT to analyze our country to the mainland tourism service quality, software and hardwar facility, provides the reference for domestic tourism.

Children with complex heart defects lead sedentary lives that limit involvement in peer activities, impact their growth and development, and jeopardize their long-term health. The goal of this research was to better understand the factors that influence daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which is associated with physical and psychological health. The physical activity levels of 64 children (25 female, 5 to 11 years of age) with a single pumping chamber in the heart were measured by accelerometry. Fitness and gross motor skill measures and medical history information were analyzed to identify factors associated with MVPA participation. Increased activity was related to the use of antithrombotic medication, spring season of the year, better motor skill and male sex. Group and individual discussions further explored psychosocial influences on the children’s level of MVPA. The children indicated physical activity was primarily motivated by having fun and being with their friends, while other children being more skilled discouraged participation. Parents of children with complex heart defects had dramatically different perceptions. They believe their child’s activity is primarily influenced by the heart condition and report often feeling uncertain about which activities are appropriate for their child. Finally, sources of parental uncertainty were examined by comparing the physical activity advice provided by the cardiologist to parent reports of the child’s activity restrictions, a content analysis of published activity guidelines and interviews with paediatric cardiologists. Parent uncertainty about activity was supported by the lack of agreement between parent and cardiologist reports of medically necessary activity restrictions. Parent reports of vague or variable activity advice were reflected in the published literature and cardiologist perspectives on activity counselling. These results suggest enabling children with complex heart defects to achieve an active lifestyle may rest on ensuring that the child and parents have appropriate physical activity beliefs and expectations.

Syfte: Att utifrån litteratur belysa betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet för att lindra depressiva besvär hos ungdomar. Design: Studien har utförts som en litteraturöversikt. Metod: Litteratur som publicerats mellan 2001-2012 söktes fram i databaserna PsycINFO och CINAHL. Sammanlagt 14 vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats och använts i litteraturöversikten. Resultat: Fysisk aktivitet har visat sig ha en positiv effekt på depression hos ungdomar. Fysisk aktivitet visade på en dämpande effekt på depressiva symtom, och påvisade att viktiga effekter av fysisk aktivitet ger en lindring av depressiva symtom. Skillnader mellan yngre tonåringar och äldre tonåringar är att de yngre tenderar att ha högre deltagande i fysisk aktivitet gentemot de äldre, varav mängden fysisk aktivitet minskar från de tidiga tonåren till de äldre. Familjefaktorer har ett starkt samband med fysisk aktivitet. Ungdomar som har en god relation med sina föräldrar har också ett större deltagande i olika fysiska aktiviteter. Flickor löper större risk än pojkar att drabbas av depression. Förebyggande strategier avseende fysisk aktivitet kan vara framgångsrika, och det är viktigt att ha fokus på ungdomar med en historia av psykisk ohälsa och hälsoriskbeteenden för att minska risken för fortsatt utveckling av psykiska problem. Slutsats: Depression hos ungdomar skapar en sämre livskvalitet. Fysisk aktivitet är en viktig del av välmåendet och bör framhävas i relation till psykisk ohälsa hos unga. Att uppmärksamma flickors tendenser till ett sämre mående är en viktig del i omvårdnadsarbetet. Det är viktigt att som sjuksköterska ha vetskap om sambandet mellan fysisk aktivitet och depressiva symtom för att kunna arbeta preventivt och applicera kunskapen i det dagliga arbetslivet och i möten med ungdomar.

Sec translocon is the major machinery for protein translocation in E.coli including SecYEG, SecA and other Sec proteins. It is generally assumed that during translocation process, SecYEG serves as a protein-conducting channel and transports the protein across membranes by using SecA ATPase as driving force. However, previous work suggested that protein translocation can occur without SecYEG. In order to understand the role of SecA in this SecYEG-independent process, we use voltage clamp recording as a tool to study the ionic activity of SecA-dependent protein-conducting channel. In a major deviation from the conventional view, we found that SecA alone is sufficient to promote the channel activity with liposomes made of E.coli phospholipids in both whole cell recording in the oocytes and in the single channel recording with patch clamp. The activity is strictly dependent on the presence of functional SecA, including those from different species of bacteria. However, this SecA-alone dependent channel activity is less efficient compared to the membranes containing SecYEG. Furthermore, the channel activity loses the signal peptide specificity. Addition of purified SecYEG restores the signal peptide specificity as well as the efficiency. This channel activity is more sensitive to SecA-specific inhibitors compared with membranes containing wild-type SecYEG but is less sensitive to membranes containing suppressor proteins. This is the first time it has been shown that SecA binds to lipid low-affinity site and functions as a protein-conducting channel. To further characterize the structural roles of SecA as the core of the channel, we use several SecA variants to reconstitute with liposomes to determine the domains involved in forming functional channels. Using deletion truncated domains of 901 residues SecA and liposomes in the oocytes recordings, we identify two critical SecA domains for the formation of pore channel activity: with phospholipids alone, and for interacting with SecYEG to gain higher activity. These data provide fundamental understanding for the SecA-dependent protein –conducting channels. Our findings also suggest the possible evolution process on the protein translocation pathways from prokaryotes through eukaryotes.

Over the past three decades, instances of childhood obesity have tripled in the United States and are recognized as a serious public concern that requires action. Environmental factors have been identified as potential influences on the physical activity behavior of children; availability of equipment is one of these factors. The overall purpose of this dissertation was to examine availability of equipment as an environmental influence on a child’s physical activity behavior. The two environments where children spend the major of time, home and school, were evaluated for equipment availability and increased physical activity. Three studies were conducted to complete this purpose. In Manuscript 1, a systematic literature review was conducted, which included electronic databases as well as reference lists and author’s works as relevant. Only studies which measured home and school environments as factors in physical activity of children ages 5-12 were included. The review was conducted to determine the theoretical framework most used. Of the thirty-one studies reviewed, 67% showed little or no theoretical framework driving the study. Theoretical framework and models based on theory is needed to advance the field and this body of literature. In Manuscript 2, a systematic literature review was conducted which included electronic databases as well as reference lists and author’s works as relevant. Only studies which measured home and school environments and highlighted the availability of equipment as a factor in physical activity of children ages 5-12 were included. Of the twenty-one studies reviewed, only 14% clearly defined “equipment” and how it was measured for the particular study. With multiple definitions and confusion when comparing studies, standardization in this area is desperately needed. Manuscript 3, analyzed data from a larger study, NIH, Student Wellness Assessment and Advocacy Project (SWAAP), conducted in Waller county Texas, 2010. The results demonstrated which pieces of equipment in the home environment were available and the percentage of use. School environments were measured for availability of equipment and facilities. A linear regression analysis determined that being of Hispanic race was significant in less physical activity in an average seven day period. Given that children spend up to 80% of their day at home or school, influences in these two environments are extremely important to the development of physical activity behaviors. Future studies involving the availability and use of equipment should clearly define the type of equipment used or observed. In cases of intervention studies type and amount need to be clearly defined as well as assessment of its effect on physical activity in children. Several studies have been conducted for the specific age group of 6-12 year olds and their physical activity and multiple factors involved availability of opportunities for physical activity. Of those factors equipment availability has been shown to influence physical activity as well as not influence these opportunities. Standardization of the term equipment and how it is measured will allow researchers to have a clearer picture of the role that equipment plays in opportunities for children to be physically active.

Children with complex heart defects lead sedentary lives that limit involvement in peer activities, impact their growth and development, and jeopardize their long-term health. The goal of this research was to better understand the factors that influence daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which is associated with physical and psychological health. The physical activity levels of 64 children (25 female, 5 to 11 years of age) with a single pumping chamber in the heart were measured by accelerometry. Fitness and gross motor skill measures and medical history information were analyzed to identify factors associated with MVPA participation. Increased activity was related to the use of antithrombotic medication, spring season of the year, better motor skill and male sex. Group and individual discussions further explored psychosocial influences on the children’s level of MVPA. The children indicated physical activity was primarily motivated by having fun and being with their friends, while other children being more skilled discouraged participation. Parents of children with complex heart defects had dramatically different perceptions. They believe their child’s activity is primarily influenced by the heart condition and report often feeling uncertain about which activities are appropriate for their child. Finally, sources of parental uncertainty were examined by comparing the physical activity advice provided by the cardiologist to parent reports of the child’s activity restrictions, a content analysis of published activity guidelines and interviews with paediatric cardiologists. Parent uncertainty about activity was supported by the lack of agreement between parent and cardiologist reports of medically necessary activity restrictions. Parent reports of vague or variable activity advice were reflected in the published literature and cardiologist perspectives on activity counselling. These results suggest enabling children with complex heart defects to achieve an active lifestyle may rest on ensuring that the child and parents have appropriate physical activity beliefs and expectations.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida fysisk aktivitet kan påverka en individs frukostval. Vidare undersöktes på vilket sätt frukostvalet i så fall hade påverkats samt om denna förändring var beroende av ålder och kön. Studien var av empirisk, deskriptiv design. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med totalt 98 deltagare, 50 kvinnor och 48 män (16-75 år). Enligt resultatet var den kombinerade träningsformen (konditionsträning och styrketräning) den dominerande bland båda könen. Renodlad styrketräning var vanligare bland männen då ingen av kvinnorna uppgav denna som utpräglad träningsform. Kvinnorna utövade istället konditionsträning i större utsträckning än männen. Resultatet visade även att det skilde sig ytterst lite mellan de deltagare som menade att frukostvalet hade påverkats av träning och de som inte upplevt någon förändring. Bland kvinnorna svarade ett fåtal fler att frukosten hade påverkats medan männens svar var jämnt fördelade mellan påverkad och icke påverkad. Åldersmässigt visade resultatet en tydlig skillnad där majoriteten av dem som svarat att frukostvalet förändrats, återfanns i de två yngsta åldersgrupperna, hos båda könen. I den äldsta åldersgruppen var det ingen deltagare som angav att träningen påverkat frukostvalet. Vanliga orsaker till förändring av frukostvalet visade sig vara ökad hunger, en vilja att tillföra kroppen energi för att orka prestera på träningen, att kunna få bästa möjliga resultat av träningen samt för att skapa en hälsosam livsstil. / The purpose of this study was to investigate if regular physical activity can affect a person’s nutritional habits, which in this study focused on breakfast. The study also examined in what way the breakfast habits had been changed and if the change was dependent on sex and age. The study was of empirical, descriptive design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 98 participants, 50 women and 48 men (16-75 years old). According to the results, the combined fitness regime (cardio-vascular exercise and resistance training) was dominant among both sexes. Pure resistance training was more common among men while women practiced cardio-vascular exercise more frequently. Further, the result showed very little difference between the participants who said that breakfast habits had changed due to exercise and those who did not experience any change at all. A few more women answered that breakfast habits had been affected compared to the men where the answers were equally divided between being affected and not. The majority of those who reported altered breakfast habits were found in the two youngest groups, among both sexes. In the oldest group no one reported that exercise had affected their breakfast habits. Common causes for change of breakfast habits proved to be increased appetite, to provide the body with enough energy to perform, to get the best result from training and to create a healthy lifestyle.

Bakgrund: I slutet av 1980-talet slog de aktivitetsbaserade tankegångarna igenom, i form av ABC-kalkylering. Dock visade sig metoden vara komplex att använda i praktiken och därför introducerades tankegångar kring att istället använda den aktivitetsbaserade informationen i styrningssyften, ABM. Trots detta är det ABC som har fått störst genomslag i svensk tillverkningsindustri. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om svenska företag använder sig av ABM och i så fall hur de använder ABM. Dessutom är syftet att studera hur sambandet mellan ABM och ABC ser ut för att utröna om det föreligger något beroende dem emellan. Metod: Denna uppsats har genomförts med en kombinerad forskningsdesign. Det har utförts både en enkätundersökning och en fallstudie, därmed har såväl kvantitativ som kvalitativ metod använts. Slutsatser: Resultatet av föreliggande studie visar på att företag i svensk tillverkningsindustri inte känner till begreppet ABM men trots det används den aktivitetsbaserade informationen i styrningssyften. Det finns ett fåtal företag som uttryckligen säger sig använda ABM. De vanligaste användningsområdena inom ABM är kostnadsreducering och ständiga förbättringar. Dessutom visar resultaten att det inte föreligger något beroende mellan ABM och ABC. / Background: The activity-based ideas made its breakthrough in the late 1980's with the Activity-Based Costing, ABC. But the method proved to be difficult and complex to use in practice and that's the reason to the introduction of alternative ways to use the activity-based ideas, namely Activity-Based Management, ABM. But it is although ABC that has had the greatest breakthrough in the Swedish manufacturing industry. Purpose: In this study, the purpose is to investigate if companies in the Swedish manufacturing industry use ABM and if, how do they use ABM. The purpose is also to study the relation between ABM and ABC to investigate if there is any dependence between them. Method: This study has been carried out with a mixed method. Both a survey and a case study has been made, which means that both quantitative as well as qualitative research method has been used. Conclusions: The result of this study shows that the term ABM is unknown to companies in the Swedish manufacturing industry, but although use the activity-based information in control purposes, ABM. There are though a few companies that explicitly express the use of ABM. The most common used applications of ABM is cost reducing and continuous improvement. The result also shows that there are no dependence between ABM and ABC.Keywords: ABM (Activity-Based Management), ABC (Activity-Based Costing) and the ABCM-cross.

This empirical study investigates language use and collaborative learning in informal non-classroom settings by learners of German as a Foreign Language (GFL). I examine learner interactions resulting from a language course requirement for which small groups of students composed a role-play to be performed in front of the class. Bridging the two research traditions of activity theory and the socio-interactionist approach, my research starts with an analytical focus on speech events as they are embedded in an object-oriented educational activity. The activities are further analyzed using a conversation analytic (CA) approach within the socio-interactionist framework by focusing on the ways participants construct knowledge of the second language (L2) through word searches and the re-use of word search solutions. I also examine the role of voice when participants speak German, and the role of non-target languages in L2 learning. The video-recorded peer-to-peer interactions are the substantial part of the dataset for analysis. The data also include questionnaires, class observations and interviews, stimulated interviews, and in-class presentations that further inform the analysis. The data were gathered during the Fall 2007 semester with learners from two beginners courses of GFL. Two groups of three and two students, respectively, were chosen for closer analysis from among 31 students and 9 instructors participating in the study. This research found that students’ past individual and group histories serve as resources for the formation of the German role-play which becomes an analytical achievement based on shared understanding of the object at all phases of its construction, including the storyline and the formulation of the text in L2. Learners engage each other in learning, simultaneously displaying different kinds of expertise linked to task instructions, the circumstances of the context, speakers' biographies, and learning histories. The artifacts (e.g. textbook and dictionary) serve to support the authoritative knowledge when negotiating different types of expertises. Similarities in dealing with language problems could be observed in that participants learned lexical items by solving language problems, whereby the solution-word becomes a resource for further learning to produce the same item in different types of talk. Also, voices show up as the social facets of the construction of the knowledge in L2. Speaking voices gave learners the opportunity to practice varieties of vernacular German and to negotiate their discursive identities in the new language. Non-target languages provided cognitive support in solving problems with L2, serve social functions such as interpersonal work and expression of public self-image, and proved to be an essential tool enabling participants to work in the pursuit of the object of the activity as a collective achievement.