En la presente Tesis abordaré el estudio clásico de la antropología en los Andes centrales, en las comunidades campesinas. Estas instituciones que tuvieron sus orígenes en la época colonial y en la Reforma Agraria Velasquista (Guillermo Salas. 2008). Estas comunidades, en el devenir histórico, han experimentado cambios y permanencias. En estos tiempos de mayor expansión del capitalismo, las comunidades campesinas han tenido un mayor acercamiento al mercado, incluso sus propios actores (los comuneros) casi permanentemente están ligados al mercado, ofreciendo allí sus cosechas, la carne, el queso. También se les ve consumiendo productos que el mercado les ofrece. Esta articulación casi permanente y de acelerada interrelaciones sociales ha permitido cambios en los ámbitos culturales, en la organización, en las relaciones sociales. Pero así como hallamos cambios, también podemos hallar permanencias, como la reciprocidad. En función a este contexto histórico del capitalismo neoliberal que nos toca vivir y desde mi posición de ser hijo de campesinos-comuneros, me asigno la difícil tarea de abordar el estudio respecto a la reflexión de una institución muy antigua de la sociedad peruana (también estudiadas por antropólogos, sociólogos, economistas), comunidades campesinas. El tema concreto a abordar es el siguiente: la reciprocidad como una práctica socio-cultural realizada por los habitantes del caserío de Malvado1 (comunidad campesina de Pararín) en estos tiempos de la mayor expansión capitalista en su versión neoliberal. Esta práctica socio-cultural se da internamente entre comuneros del caserío, como también con los ex yanaconas3 a pesar de las diferencias de procedencia (lugar de origen) y rivalidades existentes entre ellas. Tal principio es practicado también con los parientes (consanguíneos y espirituales) de la zona alto andina de la comunidad campesina de Pararín, o con demás pobladores de los caseríos del valle Fortaleza, que también son parte de la comunidad campesina de Pararín. La reciprocidad4 en este trabajo es entendida como una correspondencia de bienes y servicios entre actores sociales (de dar y devolver), para superar necesidades básicas, como la escasez de alimentos. La práctica de la reciprocidad está basada en las relaciones de paisanaje, compadrazgo y confianza entre los actores. Los actores sociales del intercambio recíproco, no necesariamente son parientes cercanos o habitantes del mismo caserío; también puede suceder con personas foráneos. Para que se establezca este hecho, es necesaria la confianza entre los actores sociales. Lógicamente el móvil de la reciprocidad es satisfacer necesidades primordiales como de producción o de alimentación. Los problemas a plantearse en la presente tesis, son los siguientes: ¿Cuáles son las razones, por las cuales los pobladores del caserío de Malvado practican la reciprocidad en el contexto del mercado neoliberal actual?; ¿de qué modo se manifiesta la reciprocidad en el contexto de la lógica capitalista y desarrollo del mercado liberal en el caserío de Malvado?; ¿será la pobreza actual la que los ha impulsado a practicar la reciprocidad o, simplemente, será una recreación cultural?

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze higher education administrators' perceptions of the importance of trait-skills as necessary for effective leadership. A descriptive survey method compared and analyzed the perceptions of actual and potential higher education administrators in relation to the value and use of trait-skills. These perceptions were analyzed against demographic variables of age, sex, position, and by institutions. The t-test and pearson r correlation were employed in the analysis. The trait-skills items (TSI) a modified instrument from the (LBDQ, Stogdill, 1963) and the (TII, DuBrin 1963) were utilized to compare and analyze perceptions and role of the two groups on trait-skills and related variables. Three hypotheses used in the study stated, "There are no statistically significant differences in perceptions of the value of (1) compassion, (2) consideration (3) empathy-sympathy between actual and potential administrators.” The following conclusions appeared from the findings: 1. There was significant difference between the two groups on trait-skills beyond the .OS level. Examination of the mean scores suggested the potentials had significantly more of trait-skills than the actuals. Therefore the null hypotheses were rejected. 2. There were differences on trait-skills by sex of respondents. The females were significantly higher in trait-skills as shown by the mean scores. 3. The relationships between trait-skills and the variables of institution, age, and position examined separately through Pearson r correlation analysis were highly significant beyond the .05 level. The correlations suggested that higher levels of skills existed among the undergraduate colleges, older respondents and administrators in junior positions. The following recommendations derived from the findings are offered: 1. More female employees should be added to make for effective leadership or, male administrators should be trained and educated on the use of trait-skills. 2. Actual and senior administrators should be made aware of the importance of continuing to practice trait-skills. 3. Actual and potential administrators in Atlanta University and Clark College should be provided with orientation on the value of trait-skills.

The concept of emergent behavior is difficult to define, but can be considered as higher-level activity created by the individual actions of a population of simple agents. A potential means to model such behavior has been previously developed using Alfred North Whitehead's concept of Actual Entities. In computational form, actual entities are agents which evolve over time in response to interactions with their environment via the process of prehension. This occurs within the context of a Colony of Prehending Entities, a framework for implementation of AE concepts. This thesis explores the practical application of this framework in analysis of medical images, with specific focus on Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. Specialized Slice COPEs are developed for analysis of individual image slices from these scans, focusing on the detection and segmentation of structures of interest (such as bone matter, ventricular tissue, and tumors). These structures exist in 3D and can be extracted across multiple consecutive scan slices. Therefore, a specialized Scan COPE is also proposed which aims to render the structure's volume via interpolation between previously analyzed slice images. The software developed for the specified application also provides visualization of a COPE's evolution toward its goal. This has additional value in general study of the COPE framework and the emergent behavior it generates.

The perception of and actual ability to control emotional responses during stressful, taxing situations are important to an individual’s well-being. Studies have shown that both low perceived control and a low actual ability for emotional control are related to internalizing and externalizing problems in youth. However, significant gaps in research exist in terms of testing theoretical predictions about how perceived and actual emotional control are associated with anxiety and aggressive behavior problems, particularly among adolescents. The first goal of this study was to examine two objective measures of actual control (i.e., vagal tone and vagal regulation) and their link with anxiety and aggressive behavior problems in youth ages 11-17 years. The second goal was to examine individual differences in youths’ ability to voluntarily control their heart rate and its association with youths’ perceived control and/or anxiety and aggressive behavior. The final goal was to expand upon Scott and Weems’ (2010) recent work by testing an adapted model of control using these two measures of actual emotional control. Eighty youth (aged 11-17 years; 51% female; 37.5% African American) and their primary caregivers participated in this study. Youth completed a physiological assessment in which they watched a relaxing video, rested quietly, increased and decreased their heart rate, and performed a mildly challenging cognitive task while their heart rate, skin conductance and body temperature were measured. Youth and their caregivers also completed questionnaires measuring youths’ anxiety, aggression, and perceived control. The results indicated that resting vagal tone (i.e., high frequency – heart rate variability) was negatively associated with anxiety symptoms (and perceived anxiety control) in this adolescent sample but not aggression. Conversely, anxiety (child-reported) and aggression (parent-reported) were both associated with a maladaptive vagal augmentation in response to a challenging cognitive task. The findings also suggested there were individual differences in youths’ heart rate control (but were better at increasing it) and that less change in increasing heart rate was related to more child-reported anxiety symptoms. However, the results did not provide support for differential of prediction of anxiety symptoms versus aggressive behavior problems between control profiles.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gilmara Aparecida Roriz de Oliveira.pdf: 213656 bytes, checksum: 1fba5fd4bcb0486d95923d5b1ad4f2c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-17 / The present study sought to understand the subjectivity involving the choices and the love relationships of the present time. Psychoanalysis was used as theoretical support in order to understand the subjectivity of the subjects involved in the research. Throughout this journey, the family relationships were taken as the fundamental aspect in the process of psychosexual development and, consequently in the dynamic of choices and love relationships of the subject. The conflicts which surround the family relationship can be elaborated in an identification process and may influence the kind of love choices the subject makes in his adult life. Nowadays, the expectations regarding intimacy are different, there are non-traditional kinds of relationships, different life styles and new family arrangements enable different kinds of choices, including being single. Clinical interviews were carried out with each one of the 10 subjects participating in the research. The material gathered points to a lack or inadequacy of the parental model, which results in a precarious identification, leading to narcissistic object choice making it difficult to establish links. Work and professional life are displayed as a priority over a life with a partner and the marriage comes out as a non-value. The subject s discourses were marked by the work market instability, professional dissatisfaction and difficulties towards female autonomy. The results lead to believe that a new subjectivity is required by the changes of contemporary times. / O presente trabalho buscou compreender a subjetividade que envolve as escolhas e as relações amorosas na atualidade. A psicanálise foi utilizada como aporte teórico necessário para compreensão da subjetividade dos sujeitos pesquisados. Nesta trajetória, as relações familiares foram tomadas como aspecto fundamental no processo de desenvolvimento psicossexual e, conseqüentemente, na dinâmica das escolhas e das relações amorosas do sujeito. Os conflitos que permeiam as relações familiares podem ser elaborados num processo identificatório e podem influenciar no tipo de escolha amorosa que o sujeito fará na vida adulta. Na atualidade, as expectativas com relação à intimidade são diferentes, existem formas nãotradicionais de se relacionar, estilos diferentes de vida e os novos arranjos familiares possibilitam diferentes tipos de escolhas, inclusive ser solteiro. Foram realizadas entrevistas do tipo clínico com cada um dos 10 sujeitos que participaram da pesquisa. O material coletado aponta para falta ou inadequação de modelo parental, o que resulta numa identificação precária, que pode levar a uma escolha objetal narcísica, dificultando estabelecer vínculos. O trabalho e a vida profissional aparecem como prioridades em relação a uma vida a dois e o casamento aparece como não-valor. Os discursos dos sujeitos foram marcados pela instabilidade no mercado de trabalho, insatisfação profissional e dificuldades com relação à autonomia feminina. Os resultados levam a pensar que uma nova subjetividade está sendo exigida pelas mudanças da atualidade.

Cette recherche vise à élaborer une théorie de la pratique et une philosophie morale qui n’accorderaient aucune réalité à des possibles ou à des virtualités. Si l’inspiration bourdieusienne hante notre propos, c’est à partir de Spinoza que nous tentons dans un premier temps de construire un concept de disposition qui soit débarrassé de toute connotation indéterministe en référant les dispositions à des états de corps actuels et en clarifiant le sens de la notion, trop souvent confondue avec d’autres (aptitude, capacité, habitus). Nous montrons dans une deuxième partie que l’incorporation de l’extériorité dans des dispositions actuelles s’accompagne, conformément à la philosophie spinoziste, d’un effort nécessaire et déterminé pour accomplir aussitôt ce que l’agent est condamné à accomplir. La disposition désigne une puissance qui va au bout de ce qu’elle peut, abstraction faite de contrariétés internes ou externes. Si la puissance d’agir peut augmenter ou diminuer, l’effort ne peut être qu’aidé ou contrarié. L’agent est un automate, mais un automate qui s’efforce d’effectuer de gré et nécessairement ce qu’il est forcé d’effectuer, même s’il s’avère que c’est pour le pire. Cela nous conduit dans une troisième partie à contester les interprétations de la philosophie pratique spinoziste en terme d’aliénation. Nous montrons aussi que l’intellectualisme spinoziste doit être largement redéfini, la libération ne pouvant s’effectuer sans compter sur les « dispositions du dehors », y compris l’imagination d’un progrès possible. Enfin, si l’agent automate se signale par la grande inconstance de ses dispositions, il faut le disposer à agir dans un sens favorable à la raison. Le fonctionnement de l’État doit reposer sur la seule mécanique des institutions, puisqu’il est acquis qu’on ne peut vraiment compter sur personne. / This research aims at developing a theory of practice and a moral philosophy that leaves no place for what is merely possible and virtual. While inspired by the sociology of Bourdieu, I first draw on Spinoza to develop a concept of disposition that is freed of all indeterminist connotations by referring dispositions to actual states of the body so as to clarify the meaning of the term, which is so often confused with concepts such as aptitude, capacity, habitus. In the second part of this work, I show that the incorporation of the exteriority comes with the necessary effort to immediately accomplish what the agent is condemned to accomplish. « Disposition » refers to a power that sees through to the end what it can, notwithstanding internal and external impediments. If the power to act increases or diminishes, effort itself can only be helped or hindered. Thus, the agent is an automaton, but one that willingly strives to do what it is compelled to do, even if it is for the worst. Consequently, in the third part, I contest interpretations that relate human bondage in Spinoza’s ethics to alienation. I argue that Spinoza’s intellectualism must be redefined : emancipation cannot occur without relying on the dispositions we receive from the common order of Nature, including imagining possible progress. Finally, although the automaton is characterized by the inconstancy of his dispositions, he has to be disposed in a way that is favorable to reason. The workings of the state should rest solely on the mechanism of the institutions, as it has been established that we really cannot rely upon anyone.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Katia Cristina Franco de M Suelotto.pdf: 381296 bytes, checksum: 0ab8163bf63adb590060fb64980c437c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-20 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The novel Nenhum Olhar, by the Portuguese author José Luís Peixoto and winner of the 2001 Saramago Award, focus on the trajectory of a small group of characters from a nameless city (Alentejo?). Among them, some characters are emphasized, José and his wife José s parents , and the cook, married to Moisés, from whom a daughter is born and she later marries Salomão, cousin of the second José. First of all, we cut out the chronotopos which we considered crucial to understand the narrative. Then, based on the reflexions that came from the first chapter, we discuss, on the second one, the topic of the bakhtinian relegation and point out the importance of the look as a dialogical source in the novel. Also we notice that the text is built with basis on the duplication process which questions the mythical universe and permits considering its paradigm the Holy Family under new perspectives. The main interdiscursive sources which the author uses are responsible for the text-matrix parody and for the tragical view of world, seen in third chapter, which makes presence through the narrative. This project has the objective of studying the chronotopos and dialogical procedures in Nenhum olhar, viewing the examination of the tension between its underlying ideology and the one from the model on which it is based. / O romance Nenhum Olhar, de autoria do português José Luís Peixoto e vencedor do Prêmio José Saramago 2001, focaliza a trajetória de um pequeno grupo de personagens de uma comunidade sem nome (Alentejo?). Destacamos, dentre elas, José e sua mulher - pais de José - , e a cozinheira, casada com Moisés, que geram uma filha que se casa com Salomão, primo do segundo José. Primeiramente, recortamos os cronotopos que consideramos cruciais para a compreensão da narrativa. Em seguida, a partir das reflexões advindas do primeiro capítulo, problematizamos, no capítulo II, a questão do rebaixamento bakhtiniano e ressaltamos a preponderância do olhar como recurso dialógico no romance. Notamos, então, que o texto constrói-se mediante o processo de duplicação, que dá origem ao tempo mítico e permite considerar o paradigma bíblico a Sagrada Família sob novas perspectivas. Os principais mecanismos interdiscursivos de que lança mão o escritor são responsáveis pela paródia do texto-matriz e pela concepção de mundo trágica, contextualizada no terceiro capítulo, que percorre a narrativa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo dos cronotopos e dos demais procedimentos dialógicos em Nenhum Olhar, com vistas ao exame da tensão entre a ideologia a ele subjacente e a do modelo que lhe serve de guia.

A reliable estimate of evapotranspiration (ET) in river basins is important for the purpose of water resources planning and management. ET represents a significant portion of rainfall in the water budget; therefore, the uncertainty in estimating ET can lead to the inaccurate prediction of water resources. While remote sensing techniques are available to estimate ET, such methods are expensive and necessary data may not be readily available. Classical methods of estimating ET require detailed land use/cover information that are not readily available in rural river basins. Complementary methods provide simple and reliable approaches to estimate ET using meteorological data only. However, these methods have not been investigated in detail to assess the overall applicability and the needs for revisions if any. In this work, an improved approach to use the complementary methods using readily available meteorological data is presented. The methodology is validated using 34 global FLUXNET sites with heterogeneous land use/cover, climatic, and physical conditions. The method was compared with classical methods using Ghana as a study area where original pioneering studies of ET have been performed. The work was extended to develop global maps of ET and water surplus (precipitation - ET) for the 20th century followed by climate change-induced 21st century estimates for 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 periods. The emission scenario used was the moderate A1B with the global climate models CGCM3.1 and HADGEM1. The results were assessed at different scales from global to regional such as for potential outcomes of climate change on ET and water surplus.

Large-scale mining practices have disturbed many natural watersheds in northern Alberta, Canada. To restore disturbed landscapes and ecosystems functions, reconstruction strategies have been adopted with the aim of establishing sustainable reclaimed lands. The success of the reconstruction process depends on the design of reconstruction strategies, which can be optimized by improving the understanding of the controlling hydrological processes in the reconstructed watersheds. Evapotranspiration is one of the important components of the hydrological cycle; its estimation and analysis are crucial for better assessment of the reconstructed landscape hydrology, and for more efficient design. The complexity of the evapotranspiration process and its variability in time and space has imposed some limitations on previously developed evapotranspiration estimation models. The vast majority of the available models estimate the rate of potential evapotranspiration, which occurs under unlimited water supply condition. However, the rate of actual evapotranspiration (AET) depends on the available soil moisture, which makes its physical modeling more complicated than the potential evapotranspiration. The main objective of this study is to estimate and analyze the AET process in a reconstructed landscape.<p> Data driven techniques can model the process without having a complete understanding of its physics. In this study, three data driven models; genetic programming (GP), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and multilinear regression (MLR), were developed and compared for estimating the hourly eddy covariance (EC)-measured AET using meteorological variables. The AET was modeled as a function of five meteorological variables: net radiation (Rn), ground temperature (Tg), air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (Ws) in a reconstructed landscape located in northern Alberta, Canada. Several ANN models were evaluated using two training algorithms of Levenberg-Marquardt and Bayesian regularization. The GP technique was employed to generate mathematical equations correlating AET to the five meteorological variables. Furthermore, the available data were statistically analyzed to obtain MLR models and to identify the meteorological variables that have significant effect on the evapotranspiration process. The utility of the investigated data driven models was also compared with that of HYDRUS-1D model, which is a physically based model that makes use of conventional Penman-Monteith (PM) method for the prediction of AET. HYDRUS-1D model was examined for estimating AET using meteorological variables, leaf area index, and soil moisture information. Furthermore, Wavelet analysis (WA), as a multiresolution signal processing tool, was examined to improve the understanding of the available time series temporal variations, through identifying the significant cyclic features, and to explore the possible correlation between AET and the meteorological signals. WA was used with the purpose of input determination of AET models, a priori.<p> The results of this study indicated that all three proposed data driven models were able to approximate the AET reasonably well; however, GP and MLR models had better generalization ability than the ANN model. GP models demonstrated that the complex process of hourly AET can be efficiently modeled as simple semi-linear functions of few meteorological variables. The results of HYDRUS-1D model exhibited that a physically based model, such as HYDRUS-1D, might perform on par or even inferior to the data driven models in terms of the overall prediction accuracy. The developed equation-based models; GP and MLR, revealed the larger contribution of net radiation and ground temperature, compared to other variables, to the estimation of AET. It was also found that the interaction effects of meteorological variables are important for the AET modeling. The results of wavelet analysis demonstrated the presence of both small-scale (2 to 8 hours) and larger-scale (e.g. diurnal) cyclic features in most of the investigated time series. Larger-scale cyclic features were found to be the dominant source of temporal variations in the AET and most of the meteorological variables. The results of cross wavelet analysis indicated that the cause and effect relationship between AET and the meteorological variables might vary based on the time-scale of variation under consideration. At small time-scales, significant linear correlations were observed between AET and Rn, RH, and Ws time series, while at larger time-scales significant linear correlations were observed between AET and Rn, RH, Tg, and Ta time series.

Privacy emerges as a critical issue in an e-commerce environment because of a fundamental tension among corporate, consumer, and government interests. By reviewing prior Internet-privacy research in the fields of information systems, business, and marketing published between 1995 and 2006, we consider the following research questions: 1) how an individual’s privacy behaviour is affected by privacy policy disclosures and by the level of the individual’s involvement regarding the sensitivity of personal information; 2) how companies’ privacy policies vary with respect to regulatory approaches and cultural values; and 3) whether there is a gap between the privacy practices valued by individuals and those emphasized by companies. A three-stage study is conducted to answer these questions. The first two stages, consisting of a Web-based survey and an online ordering experiment with 210 participants, found that individuals are more likely to read the privacy policy statements posted on Web sites and less likely to provide personal information, when they are under a high privacy involved situation as compared to being in a low privacy involved situation. However, the existence of a privacy seal did not affect individuals’ behaviour, regardless of involvement conditions. This study also found a gap between self-reported privacy behaviour and actual privacy behaviour. When individuals were requested to provide personal information, their privacy policy statement reading behaviour was close to their self-report behaviour. However, their personal information providing behaviour was different from their self-reported behaviour. The third stage, which entailed the study of 420 privacy policies spanning six countries and two industries, showed that privacy policies vary across countries, as well as with varying governmental involvement and cultural values in those countries. Finally, the analysis of all the three stages revealed a gap between individuals’ importance ratings of companies’ privacy practices and policies that companies emphasize in their privacy disclosures.