Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafo / En los últimos años la ciudad de Pichilemu ha experimentado un sostenido crecimiento físico y demográfico por influencia de la actividad turística, ocasionando una presión creciente sobre áreas de alto valor ecológico, y por ende, alteraciones en la biodiversidad local. Siguiendo la tendencia de América Latina, Chile posee un déficit de estudios de ecología urbana, motivo por el cual esta memoria contribuye evaluando la biodiversidad de avifauna y vegetación leñosa en las coberturas de suelo del mosaico urbano de Pichilemu. El levantamiento de información de biodiversidad se llevó a cabo mediante conteo de aves e inventarios florísticos entre el período estival del 2017 y el de 2018. Con esta información se calculó riqueza, abundancia, tres índices de diversidad alfa (Shannon-Wiener, Pielou y Simpson), en conjunto con los porcentajes de especies endémicas, nativas y amenazadas. Además, se analizó si la distancia entre los puntos de muestreo y los componentes de infraestructura verde diversos en Shannon influencia la distribución espacial de los valores de los parámetros de diversidad alfa. Paralelamente se clasificaron las especies de avifauna en gremios tróficos y según su grado de sensibilidad a la urbanización. Asimismo, se compararon las coberturas de suelo en función de su biodiversidad a través del test de Kruskall-Wallis y el test de Dunn. Por último, se realizó un análisis de clúster para ver la similitud entre las coberturas de suelo. Los resultados señalan un patrón bimodal en el índice de Shannon, pues existen dos grupos de coberturas de suelo que presentan los valores máximos en esta variable en Pichilemu. El primero de ellos, con los valores más altos del índice de Shannon, está compuesto por coberturas naturales tales como los humedales y cuerpos de agua, quebradas y cursos de agua, y matorral arborescente. El otro grupo, con los segundos valores más altos del índice de Shannon, está integrado por coberturas híbridas como el tejido urbano continuo y el tejido urbano discontinuo. En Pichilemu, las especies de avifauna son mayoritariamente nativas, mientras que gran parte de las especies de vegetación leñosa son exóticas, muchas de ellas siendo exóticas invasoras. A pesar de su alta diversidad, el tejido urbano continuo alberga casi todos los individuos pertenecientes a una especie urban exploiter (Passer domesticus). Al contrario, los individuos de las especies urban avoiders se concentran en coberturas diversas y poco intervenidas como los humedales y cuerpos de agua, quebradas y cursos de agua, playas, dunas y arenales, y el matorral arborescente. Al mismo tiempo, estas coberturas naturales son las que exhiben la mayor cantidad de gremios tróficos. Respecto al análisis de correlación, la distancia entre los puntos de muestreo y las coberturas correspondientes a componentes de infraestructura verde diversos en Shannon no explica totalmente la variabilidad de los parámetros de diversidad alfa. Mediante el análisis de clúster, se destacan los altos niveles de diversidad del conglomerado compuesto por los humedales y cuerpos de agua, quebradas y cursos de agua, matorral arborescente, matorral pradera, y las plantaciones, De este modo, se concluye que estas coberturas deberían ser priorizadas para las labores de restauración ecológica y conservación de la biodiversidad. / Throughout the last years, the city of Pichilemu has undergone a sharp spatial and demographic growth influenced partly by tourist activity, which it caused an increasing pressure on high ecological value areas and local biodiversity. Following the same trend as in Latin America, Chile has few studies on urban ecology; hence this study contributes with an assessment of avifauna and woody vegetation biodiversity in land covers belonging to the urban mosaic of Pichilemu. All field samplings were conducted during 2017 and 2018 summer times using bird counting and floristic inventories. Richness, abundance, alpha diversity indexes (Shannon-Wiener, Pielou and Simpson) of species were calculated, along with the proportion of endemic, native and threatened species. Moreover, the distance between sampling points and diverse components of the green infrastructure of Pichilemu city was analysed to demonstrate whether it influences the spatial distribution of alpha diversity parameters values. Avifauna species were classified into trophic guilds and three distinct categories (urban exploiter, urban adapter and urban avoider) basing on their response to urbanisation. Furthermore, in order to compare land covers regarding their biodiversity, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test were applied. Finally, a cluster analysis was carried out to see the similarity among land covers and sampling points. The results show a bimodal distribution pattern on the Shannon index, since there are two groups of land covers with maximum values both in avifauna and woody vegetation in Pichilemu. The most diverse group in Shannon index is made up of natural land covers such as wetlands and water bodies, streams and water courses and tree-shaped scrubland. The second most diverse group in Shannon index is made up of hybrid land covers such as continuous urban fabric and discontinuous urban fabric. Most of avifauna species are native whilst the majority of woody vegetation species are exotic in Pichilemu. Even though continuous urban fabric is diverse, almost all individuals of avifauna belong to an urban exploiter species (Passer domesticus). On the other hand, individuals belonging to urban avoider species are prone to be found in diverse and less disturbed land covers such as wetlands and water bodies, streams and water courses, strands, dunes and sandbanks and tree-shaped scrubland. Likewise, these land covers contain the highest number of trophic guilds of avifauna. Regarding correlation analysis, the distance between sampling points and diverse green infrastructure components does not explain completely the spatial variability of alpha diversity parameters. Through cluster analysis, cluster comprised of wetlands and water bodies, streams and water courses, tree-shaped scrubland, shrub brush and plantations has outstanding diversity values. Therefore, these land covers should be prioritised for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation measures.

Målet med denna studie är att utveckla en adapterprototyp mot en öppen energiplattformoch dokumentera utvecklingsprocessen. Fokus ligger på att integreraPhilips Hue, ett system för styra trådlösa lampor mot plattformen Elis (Mobile servicesfor energy e ciency in existing buildings). Inom en begränsad tidsram så skavi sätta oss in i två främmande system till en sådan grad att vi kan skapa kommunikationenmellan dem. Inledningsvis krävs det att vi läser dokumentation och att vijobbar fram en arbetsplan. Vidare kommer vi lösa den adaption som krävs för attvärden mellan det två systemen överensstämmer och fungerar. Vi kommer användaoss av intervjuer för att få klarhet i hur plattformen är uppbyggd och grunden tillderas designval. Metoden design research används för att på ett iterativt sätt skapadelmål och successivt utveckla och utvärdera arbete. Målet med design research äratt skapa en artefakt, en adapterprototyp i vårt fall. Vi gjorde totalt fyra iterationerdär vi delade upp arbetet. Steg ett var att lära oss om plattformen, steg två lära ossPhilips Hue. Först i steg tre började vi utveckla vår adapterprototyp med kunskapenfrån det första iterationerna Slutligen intervjuade vi utvecklare i Elis och prata meddom om vad vi har kommit fram till och diskuterade fördelarna och nackdelarna vistött på vid utveckling mot deras plattform. Vi kommer med synpunkter och sakervi anser kan förbättras och hur adaptern bidrar till ett Elis ur ett software ecosystemperspektiv.. . . / The purpose of this essay is to develop an adapter prototype for an open energyplatform and document the development process. We focus on integrating PhilipsHue personal wireless lighting unto the platform Elis (Mobile services for energye ciency in existing buildings). Within the short timeframe of this study we intendto reach a level of understanding enough to make the systems communicate usingour adapter prototype. Initially we study documentation and prepares a work plan.Further more we try to solve the adaptation needed for the two system to communicate,this involves converting and matching up values. We will do some interviewswith the developers of Elis to get the big picture of how and why they designed theplatform they way it is. The research paradigm design research is a iterative methodologythat creates milestones, develop prototypes and evaluate the work. Thegoal of design research is to create an artifact, in our case an adapterprototype. Wemade a total of four iterations where the work was divided. Step one was to learnhow the platform works and step two was to study Philips Hue. At step three theimplementation of our prototype with the preparatory work from the rst iterationscould begin. The nal step was to interview members of Elis development team to nd out the impact of our work and to discuss the pros and cons of working withtheir platform. We present opinions and ndings of things we have found that canbe improved. We also de ne how our adapter bene ts Elis in a software ecosystemperspective.. . .

3BP2 is a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain- and Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein that has been linked through genetic evidence to a rare human disease called cherubism 146. 3BP2 was originally cloned in a screen to identify c-Abl SH3 binding proteins 23,24. In overexpression studies, 3BP2 has been implicated as a positive regulatory adapter molecule coupled to immunoreceptor on T cells 67,69,70, B cells 68, NK cells 71-73 and mast cells 74,75. It was also evident that 3BP2 forms complexes with a number of signaling molecules, such as Zap-70, LAT, phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), Grb2, Cbl, and Fyn in Jurkat cells 67 and Vav1, Vav2, PLC-γ, and Syk in Daudi B cells 68. Despite the growing body of biochemical data to support the importance of 3BP2 in cells of the hematopoietic lineage, a clear picture of the biological function of 3BP2 has yet to emerge. To elucidate the in vivo function of 3BP2, our laboratory has generated 3BP2 gene-deficient mice through homologous recombination 452. The 3BP2-deficient (3BP2-/-) mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequency and were fertile and viable. 3BP2-/- mice accumulate splenic marginal-zone (MZ) B cells, possess a reduced frequency of peritoneal B-1 B cells, and have a diminished thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen response. 3BP2-/- B cells demonstrate diminished proliferation and cell survival following cross-linking of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Following BCR ligation, 3BP2 might be recruited to BCR complex through its inducible interaction with BCR costimulatory molecule CD19. In the absence of 3BP2, the activation of BCR downstream effectors such as MAPK Erk1/2, JNK, and c-Abl is normal; however, 3BP2 deficiency leads to defects in Syk phosphorylation and calcium flux. In addition to defects in peripheral B cell activities, 3BP2 deficiency contributes to defects in neutrophil activities. In response to the chemotactic peptide, fMLF, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to establish directional migration in vitro. There is a defect in the accumulation of filamentous actin at the leading edge of migrating 3BP2-/- neutrophils which might be responsible for the random movement of these cells under shallow gradient of fMLF. In vivo, there is a delay in the recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the site of chemically induced inflammation in 3BP2-/- mice. Compared to wildtype neutrophils, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to properly produce superoxide anion (O2-) following fMLF stimulation. Defects in both directional migration and superoxide production of 3BP2-/- neutrophils might contribute to the reduction in bacteria clearance and the increased mortality in 3BP2-/- mice post Listeria Monocytogenes infection. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I have reviewed basic structures and functions of the domain modules found in adapter proteins. In addition, I have reviewed the findings from numerous reports on the function of 3BP2 in different cell types. A discussion of the physical appearance and some of the initial characterization of 3BP2-deficient mice (3BP2-/-) we have generated in our laboratory are included in Chapter 1. The second part of Chapter 1 consists of an introduction on B cell receptor signaling pathway and B-cell development and activation. A discussion of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions can also be found in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 contains all the methods and materials used in my study. Chapter 3 includes the characterization of peripheral B cell compartment of 3BP2-/- mice as well as the role of 3BP2 downstream of B-cell antigen receptor and in T-independent immune response. In chapter 4, I present data from experiments designed to examine the role of 3BP2 downstream of a G protein-coupled receptor, fMLF receptor, of neutrophils. I also show the requirement of 3BP2 in the clearance of Listeria Monocytogenes. In chapter 5, I propose two models for 3BP2 action based on the findings in B cells and neutrophils and discuss future areas for investigation.

3BP2 is a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain- and Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein that has been linked through genetic evidence to a rare human disease called cherubism 146. 3BP2 was originally cloned in a screen to identify c-Abl SH3 binding proteins 23,24. In overexpression studies, 3BP2 has been implicated as a positive regulatory adapter molecule coupled to immunoreceptor on T cells 67,69,70, B cells 68, NK cells 71-73 and mast cells 74,75. It was also evident that 3BP2 forms complexes with a number of signaling molecules, such as Zap-70, LAT, phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), Grb2, Cbl, and Fyn in Jurkat cells 67 and Vav1, Vav2, PLC-γ, and Syk in Daudi B cells 68. Despite the growing body of biochemical data to support the importance of 3BP2 in cells of the hematopoietic lineage, a clear picture of the biological function of 3BP2 has yet to emerge. To elucidate the in vivo function of 3BP2, our laboratory has generated 3BP2 gene-deficient mice through homologous recombination 452. The 3BP2-deficient (3BP2-/-) mice were born at the expected Mendelian frequency and were fertile and viable. 3BP2-/- mice accumulate splenic marginal-zone (MZ) B cells, possess a reduced frequency of peritoneal B-1 B cells, and have a diminished thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen response. 3BP2-/- B cells demonstrate diminished proliferation and cell survival following cross-linking of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Following BCR ligation, 3BP2 might be recruited to BCR complex through its inducible interaction with BCR costimulatory molecule CD19. In the absence of 3BP2, the activation of BCR downstream effectors such as MAPK Erk1/2, JNK, and c-Abl is normal; however, 3BP2 deficiency leads to defects in Syk phosphorylation and calcium flux. In addition to defects in peripheral B cell activities, 3BP2 deficiency contributes to defects in neutrophil activities. In response to the chemotactic peptide, fMLF, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to establish directional migration in vitro. There is a defect in the accumulation of filamentous actin at the leading edge of migrating 3BP2-/- neutrophils which might be responsible for the random movement of these cells under shallow gradient of fMLF. In vivo, there is a delay in the recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the site of chemically induced inflammation in 3BP2-/- mice. Compared to wildtype neutrophils, 3BP2-/- neutrophils fail to properly produce superoxide anion (O2-) following fMLF stimulation. Defects in both directional migration and superoxide production of 3BP2-/- neutrophils might contribute to the reduction in bacteria clearance and the increased mortality in 3BP2-/- mice post Listeria Monocytogenes infection. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I have reviewed basic structures and functions of the domain modules found in adapter proteins. In addition, I have reviewed the findings from numerous reports on the function of 3BP2 in different cell types. A discussion of the physical appearance and some of the initial characterization of 3BP2-deficient mice (3BP2-/-) we have generated in our laboratory are included in Chapter 1. The second part of Chapter 1 consists of an introduction on B cell receptor signaling pathway and B-cell development and activation. A discussion of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated neutrophil functions can also be found in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 contains all the methods and materials used in my study. Chapter 3 includes the characterization of peripheral B cell compartment of 3BP2-/- mice as well as the role of 3BP2 downstream of B-cell antigen receptor and in T-independent immune response. In chapter 4, I present data from experiments designed to examine the role of 3BP2 downstream of a G protein-coupled receptor, fMLF receptor, of neutrophils. I also show the requirement of 3BP2 in the clearance of Listeria Monocytogenes. In chapter 5, I propose two models for 3BP2 action based on the findings in B cells and neutrophils and discuss future areas for investigation.

Infertility affects 15 % of couples, which corresponds to 60 - 80 million worldwide. The microenvironments in which the oocyte, embryo and fetus mature are vital to the establishment and development of a healthy pregnancy. Different biological systems, such as angiogenesis, the immune system and apoptosis need to be adequately regulated for pregnancy to occur and progress normally. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and Src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein B (SHB) on human female fertility. HRG is a plasma protein that regulates angiogenesis, the immune system, coagulation/fibrinolysis and apoptosis, by building complexes with various ligands. The impact of HRG on fertility is studied here for the first time. HRG is present in follicular fluid, the Fallopian tube, endometrium, myometrium and placenta. HRG distribution within embryo nuclei depends on developmental stage. Blastocysts express and secrete HRG. The HRG C633T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) appears to affect the chance of pregnancy and, correspondingly, parameters associated with pregnancy in IVF. Additionally, this HRG genotype may increase the risk in IVF of only developing embryos unfit for transfer. SHB is an adaptor protein involved in intracellular signaling complexes that regulate angiogenesis, the immune system and cell proliferation/apoptosis. Shb knockout mice have altered oocyte/follicle maturation and impaired embryogenesis. The impact of three SHB polymorphisms (rs2025439, rs13298451 and rs7873102) on human fertility is studied for the first time. The SNP prevalences did not differ between infertile and fertile women. BMI, gonadotropin dosages, the percentage of immature oocytes, the number of fertilized oocytes, the percentage of good-quality embryos and the day of embryo transfer seems to be affected by SHB genotype. In conclusion, HRG and SHB appear to influence female fertility. They are potential biomarkers that might be used for predicting pregnancy chance in infertile women. Knowledge of these genotypes may improve patient counseling and individualization of treatment.

This thesis deals with door video phone on the platform Raspberry Pi. There is described the platform Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi Camera module, operating systems for Raspberry Pi and described installing and configuring the software. Next is described the concept and description of programs created for door video phone and design of additional modules.

This thesis deals with door video phone on the platform Raspberry Pi. There is described the platform Raspberry Pi, Raspberry Pi Camera module, operating systems for Raspberry Pi and described installing and configuring the software. Next is described the concept and description of programs created for door video phone and design of additional modules.

Thesis deal with design of drop-hammer and especially its carriage (frame) for direction equipment for driving various thin-walled profiles in civil engineering. The entire drop- hammer is used as an additional adapter for construction machine. The first part of thesis contains design options, description of chosen option, including principles of work with drop- hammer. It also contains the calculation which are important for design of parts of drop- hammer, frame strese analysis by computer software, the approximate production coast of drop-hammer and summary of the parameters of the final product. The annexes contains the specified drawings and examples of 3D models of assemblies.

<p>Stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous intracellular proteins, leading to activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene in T lymphocytes. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein, with the ability to associate with the T cell receptor and several signaling proteins in T cells, including: the TCR ζ-chain, LAT, PLC-γ1, Vav, SLP-76 and Gads. Jurkat T cells expressing Shb with a mutation in the SH2 domain, exhibited reduced phosphorylation of several proteins and abolished activation of the MAP kinases ERK1, ERK2 and JNK, upon CD3 stimulation. The TCR induced Ca²⁺ response in these cells was abolished, together with the activation of the IL-2 promoter via the transcription factor NFAT. Consequently, IL-2 production was also perturbed in these cells, compared to normal Jurkat T cells. Shb was also seen to associate with the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor, upon IL-2 stimulation, in T and NK cells. This association occurred between the Shb SH2 domain and Tyr-510 of the IL-2R β chain. The proline-rich domains of Shb were found to associate with the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, which are important for STAT-mediated proliferation of T and NK cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Shb was also found to be involved in IL-2 mediated regulation of apoptosis. These findings indicate a dual role for Shb in T cells, where Shb is involved in both T cell receptor and IL-2 receptor signaling. </p><p>A Shb homologue, Shf was identified, and seen to associate with the PDGF-α-receptor. Shf shares high sequence homology with Shb and a Shd (also of the Shb family) in the SH2 domain and in four motifs containing putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites. When Shf was overexpressed in fibroblasts, these cells displayed significantly lower rates of apoptosis than control cells in the presence of PDGF-AA. These findings suggest a role for the novel adapter Shf in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis.</p>

Stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous intracellular proteins, leading to activation of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene in T lymphocytes. Shb is a ubiquitously expressed adapter protein, with the ability to associate with the T cell receptor and several signaling proteins in T cells, including: the TCR ζ-chain, LAT, PLC-γ1, Vav, SLP-76 and Gads. Jurkat T cells expressing Shb with a mutation in the SH2 domain, exhibited reduced phosphorylation of several proteins and abolished activation of the MAP kinases ERK1, ERK2 and JNK, upon CD3 stimulation. The TCR induced Ca2+ response in these cells was abolished, together with the activation of the IL-2 promoter via the transcription factor NFAT. Consequently, IL-2 production was also perturbed in these cells, compared to normal Jurkat T cells. Shb was also seen to associate with the β and γ chains of the IL-2 receptor, upon IL-2 stimulation, in T and NK cells. This association occurred between the Shb SH2 domain and Tyr-510 of the IL-2R β chain. The proline-rich domains of Shb were found to associate with the tyrosine kinases JAK1 and JAK3, which are important for STAT-mediated proliferation of T and NK cells upon IL-2 stimulation. Shb was also found to be involved in IL-2 mediated regulation of apoptosis. These findings indicate a dual role for Shb in T cells, where Shb is involved in both T cell receptor and IL-2 receptor signaling. A Shb homologue, Shf was identified, and seen to associate with the PDGF-α-receptor. Shf shares high sequence homology with Shb and a Shd (also of the Shb family) in the SH2 domain and in four motifs containing putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites. When Shf was overexpressed in fibroblasts, these cells displayed significantly lower rates of apoptosis than control cells in the presence of PDGF-AA. These findings suggest a role for the novel adapter Shf in PDGF-receptor signaling and regulation of apoptosis.