The obesity epidemic is associated with an increase in the prevalence of a number of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and some cancers and has been described by the World Health Organisation as one of the greatest public health challenges of the 21st century. Obesity is characterised by excessive expansion of adipose tissue mass underpinned by adipocyte hyperplasia. Central to this is the process of adipogenesis, which encompasses the proliferation and terminal differentiation of fibroblastic preadipocytes, contained within adipose tissue, to mature adipocytes. Despite the pivotal role of this process in obesity our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms governing adipocyte development, either in physiological or pathophysiological settings, is limited. Studies aimed at understanding this complex process are integral to development of more effective strategies for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity and obesity related diseases. Our laboratory recently identified a putative role for inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, in the dynamic regulation of lipid accumulation. Upon treatment of a variety of cell types with insulin or oleic acid IMPDH translocates to lipid droplets and inhibition of this translocation is correlated with reduced lipid accumulation. As lipid droplet formation and lipid accretion are defining features of adipogenesis, it was hypothesised that IMPDH may facilitate efficient lipid accumulation during adipose conversion of preadipocytes. In vitro systems have been used extensively to dissect the molecular and cellular events involved in adipogenesis. Therefore the aim of this project was to extend these investigations to examine the requirement for IMPDH activity during adipogenesis, using the well characterised murine 3T3-L1 cell line and primary human preadipocytes (phPAs). IMPDH expression and activity were transiently increased during differentiation of the 3T3-L1 cells although IMPDH did not associate with lipid droplets under these conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of IMPDH, using mycophenolic acid (MPA; 1 µM), reduced intracellular GTP by 60%, and blocked mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) and adipogenesis. Supplementation with guanosine (60 µM), a substrate in the nucleotide salvage pathway, restored both GTP levels and adipogenesis. These observations indicated that IMPDH activity is required for efficient differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Preliminary studies, involving differentiation of phPAs in standard serum-free medium (SFM) suggested that phPAs were resistant to MPA. To afford better comparison between the phPAs and the 3T3-L1 cells, which are differentiated in serum-containing medium (SCM), a modified 3T3-L1 like protocol facilitating efficient differentiation of the phPAs in SCM was established. Under these conditions phPAs displayed considerable variation in sensitivity to MPA which gave a trend towards decreased differentiation (reduced by 26%; p=0.07). Supplementation with guanosine significantly reduced adipogenesis (by 37%; p<0.05) in the phPAs independent of MPA. Furthermore, cells that were MPA resistant were also refractory to guanosine suggesting greater plasticity of guanine metabolism in phPAs from those subjects. A major difference between the cell types was that phPAs differentiated with high efficiency in the absence of MCE. Collectively, these data indicate that MCE is required for efficient differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells but not phPAs, even when differentiated under similar conditions, and suggest that the involvement of MCE underpins the differences in sensitivity to MPA between cell types. The differential effects of guanosine suggest there are additional differences with respect to the effects of manipulation of guanine nucleotides between cell types. In summary, the work presented in this thesis demonstrated inhibition of IMPDH blocked adipogenesis of murine 3T3-L1 cells and reduced differentiation of phPAs in some subjects. These observations provided novel insights into differences between differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and phPAs, including their relative sensitivities to alterations in guanine nucleotides, and have implications for adipose tissue biology especially those factors involved in guanine metabolism. Ultimately this knowledge may form the basis for development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reduction of obesity and associated complications such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Chez les mammifères, on distingue principalement deux types de tissu adipeux (TA) : le TA blanc permet le stockage de l’énergie alors que le TA brun est spécialisé dans la thermogénèse induisant une dépense énergétique. Aujourd’hui, un troisième type d’adipocyte, nommé beige/ brite, est également reconnu. Ces cellules recrutées au sein du TA blanc, possèdent le même potentiel que les adipocytes bruns. L’identification des voies de signalisation permettant de réguler le développement des adipocytes blancs, beiges et bruns reste encore aujourd’hui à être déterminée. La génération des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (hiPS) a permis d’établir un nouveau modèle d’étude des étapes précoces de l’adipogénèse humaine. Nous avons démontré que la génération des progéniteurs adipeux (PA) blancs et bruns est régulée par la voie de l’acide rétinoïque pendant la différenciation in-vitro des cellules hiPS. La caractérisation moléculaire de ces deux types de PA a révélé l’implication du facteur Pax3 dans l’acquisition du phénotype brun. Au cours de cette étude, nous avons constaté que les PA dérivés de cellules hiPS (hiPSC-PA) présentaient un faible potentiel adipocytaire. Nous avons identifiés les facteurs permettant de différencier avec une forte efficacité les hiPSC-PA comprenant l’EGF, l’acide ascorbique, l’hydrocortisone et l’inhibiteur de la voie du TGFβ, le SB 431542. Lors d’expériences préliminaires, nous avons analysé l’effet de la surexpression du facteur HOXC8 sur la différenciation des PA. L’expression ectopique de ce facteur conduit à des réponses distinctes sur le phénotype et la différenciation des hiPSC-PA et ceux provenant de tissus adultes. / In mammals, two types of adipose tissue coexist: the white (WAT) wich is involved in energy storage and the brown (BAT) which is specialized in energy expenditure. Beige adipocytes have recently been described as brown –like adipocytes and represent a third type of adipocytes that are recruited in WAT. The molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of these different types of adipocytes remains unknow in humans, mainly because of the lack of appropriate in vitro cellular models. The human induced Pluripotent Stem (hips) cells are a good model to study the earliest steps of human adipogenesis. We have shown that the generation of white and brown adipocytes progenitors (AP) is regulated by acid retinoic signaling pathway during hips cells differentiation. Functional experiments indicated that the transcription factor Pax3 is a molecular mediator of the brown phenotype. During this study, we could see that AP derived from hips cells display a low adipogenic capacity as compared to progenitors derived from adult adipose tissue. We show in this work that treatment with TGFβ pathway inhibitor SB431542 together with ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone and EGF promoted differentiation of non- genetically modified hiPSCs-BAPs at a high rate. During preliminary results, we have analyzed the role of the transcription factor Hoxc8 on PA differentiation. The surexpression of this factor lead to distinct answers on the phenotype and differentiation between hiPSCs-AP and adult-derived AP.

Le développement d'une résistance à l'action de l'insuline est fréquemment observée au cours de l'obésité et est à l'origine du diabète de type 2. L'amélioration du signal insulinique au sein de la cellule adipeuse (i.e adipocyte) est une stratégie thérapeutique intéressante en vue d'améliorer la sensibilité à l'insuline systémique de patients pré-diabétiques et diabétiques. Dans cette optique, l'inhibition de la lipase hormono-sensible (LHS) adipocytaire (enzyme responsable de la libération d'acides gras par le tissu adipeux) protège de l'insulino-résistance. Les mécanismes impliqués dans l'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline n'étaient cependant pas encore connus. Mon travail de thèse a donc été axé sur l'identification des mécanismes liant l'inhibition de la LHS et l'amélioration de la sensibilité à l'insuline. Dans des adipocytes humains, l'invalidation de la LHS augmente le transport du glucose, la voie de la lipogenèse de novo (synthèse d'acides gras à partir du glucose) et le signal insulinique. Parmi les enzymes lipogéniques, l'élongase des acides gras à longue chaîne ELOVL6 voit son expression très fortement induite in vitro et in vivo lors d'une déficience pour la LHS, conduisant à un enrichissement en oléate des phospholopides et des triglycérides. L'invalidation d'ELOVL6 dans des adipocytes humains a permis de démontrer le rôle clé de l'élongase dans la médiation des effets bénéfiques de l'invalidation de la LHS. In vivo, une déficience pour ELOVL6 conduit également à une détérioration du signal insulinique dans le tissu adipeux. Dans des études cliniques, l'expression d'ELOVL6 s'effondre au cours de l'insulino-résistance et est restaurée après une chirurgie bariatrique. L'enrichissement en oléate dans les phospholipides par ELOVL6 est responsable des effets protecteurs de l'inhibition de la LHS sur le signal insulinique. Des adipocytes surexprimant ELOVL6 présentent d'ailleurs une augmentation de la fluidité membranaire associée à une amélioration du signal insulinique. Dans le foie, ELOVL6 est une cible du facteur de transcription ChREBP. ChREBP adipocytaire, notamment l'isoforme ChREBPß, a récemment été mis en évidence pour son rôle déterminant sur la sensibilité à l'insuline systémique. Chez l'Homme, nous avons observé in vitro et in vivo d'étroites corrélations positives entre les expressions adipocytaires de ChREBPß et d'ELOVL6. L'inhibition simultanée de la LHS et ChREBP réduit fortement l'expression d'ELOVL6 et annule l'enrichissement en oléate des phospholipides ainsi que l'amélioration du signal insulinique. De manière particulièrement intéressante, nous avons mis en évidence qu'une interaction physique entre la LHS et ChREBP inhibe la translocation nucléaire du facteur et son activité transcriptionnelle. L'activité catalytique de la LHS n'est pas requise pour assurer l'interaction. Nous avons aussi montré que cette interaction est spécifique de la LHS et est restreinte à l'adipocyte. En conclusion, notre travail a mis au jour une nouvelle voie déterminante pour la sensibilité à l'insuline adipocytaire, liant la LHS au facteur de transcription ChREBP et à sa cible, l'élongase des acides gras ELOVL6. L'enrichissement consécutif en oléate des phospholipides conduit à une augmentation de la fluidité membranaire et à une amélioration du signal insulinique. L'inhibition de l'interaction entre la LHS et ChREBP dans le tissu adipeux pourrait donc être bénéfique dans la prise en charge de l'insulino-résistance associée à l'obésité. / Insulin resistance is a feature frequently associated to obesity and an early defect in the development of type 2 diabetes. Improvement of fat cell insulin signaling may favor recovery of whole body systemic insulin sensitivity in pre-diabetic and diabetic states. In this context, inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipocytes (an enzyme responsible for fatty acid release by adipose tissue) was demonstrated to be protective against insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms remained unclear. Consequently, my PhD work aimed at understanding the mechanisms linking HSL inhibition and improvement of insulin sensitivity. In human adipocytes, HSL gene silencing increased glucose transport, de novo lipogenesis and insulin signaling. Among de novo lipogenesis enzymes, ELOVL6 was preferentially induced in vitro and in vivo during HSL partial deficiency, resulting in enrichment of phospholipids and triglycerides in oleic acid. ELOVL6 gene silencing in human adipocytes provided the direct demonstration of the role of the enzyme in the beneficial effect of HSL inhibition. Fat cell insulin signaling was also impaired in adipose tissue of Elovl6 null mice. In clinical studies, ELOVL6 expression was blunted in insulin resistant states and restored after bariatric surgery. ELOVL6-mediated oleic acid enrichment of phospholipids was responsible for the positive effect of HSL inhibition on insulin signaling. FRAP studies revealed an increase in plasma membrane fluidity and insulin signaling in adipocytes overexpressing ELOVL6. In the liver, ELOVL6 is a target of ChREBP. Adipose ChREBP, notably the constitutively active isoform ChREBPß, recently emerged as a major determinant of systemic insulin action on glucose metabolism. In humans, we observed in several in vitro models and in vivo studies a strong positive association between adipose ChREBPß and ELOVL6. Dual HSL-ChREBP inhibition blunted adipose ELOVL6 expression in vivo and in vitro and mirrored ELOVL6 gene silencing on fatty acid profile and insulin signaling. Importantly, we found that physical interaction between HSL and ChREBP impairs ChREBP translocation into the nucleus and its transcriptional activity. A naturally short form of HSL devoid of catalytic activity retained the capacity to bind ChREBP. We also demonstrated that ChREBP-HSL interaction was specific of the lipase and restricted to adipocyte. To conclude, our work identifies a novel pathway critical for optimal insulin signaling in fat cells which links the neutral lipase HSL to the glucose-responsive transcription factor ChREBP and its target gene, the fatty acid elongase, ELOVL6. ELOVL6-mediated oleate enrichment in phospholipids increases membrane fluidity and improves insulin signaling. Inhibition of HSL/ChREBP interaction in adipose tissue may be beneficial in the treatment of obesity-associated insulin resistance.

Adipose tissue is an organ that plays an important role in energy storage, nutritional balance and thermogenesis. White and brown adipose tissues have distinct cell morphology and metabolic functions. White adipose tissue (WAT) with unilocular lipid droplets serves as a major site of energy storage, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) with multilocular lipid droplets plays an important role in thermogenesis via a mitochondrial protein, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). These cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Newly discovered beige adipocytes are derived from the same MSC precursors as WAT but resemble BAT due to expression of UCP1. Due to side effects of drugs for treating obesity, activation of UCP1 positive beige adipocytes in WAT has become a new therapeutic target. The interaction of extracellular matrix (ECM) with integrin was found to regulate cell specification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via intracellular signaling. However, the role of individual ECM proteins in beige adipogenesis in WAT remains unknown. Therefore, we established a system for culturing stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells from inguinal WAT on ECM protein coated plates and differentiating the cells into either white or beige adipocytes. We found that cells cultured on type I collagen had more round cell morphology and higher mRNA expression of thermogenic genes, UCP1 and type II iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO2),which was further enhanced in myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA) knockout SVF cells. MRTFA has been reported to regulate beige adipogenesis in BMP-ROCK signaling pathway. Based on our data, we found that type I collagen-integrin signaling regulates beige adipogenesis by controlling the activity of MRTFA in MSCs. Our study has provided an insight into developing therapeutic drugs to enhance beige adipocytes formation in WAT for reducing obesity in the future.

Les mégacaryocytes sont des cellules de la moelle osseuse qui par un processus complexe et encore mal caractérisé, mégacaryopoïèse/thrombopoïèse, donnent naissance, in fine, aux plaquettes sanguines. La différenciation mégacaryocytaire nécessite un intense remodelage nucléaire et cytoplasmique, guidé à la fois par des facteurs intrinsèques mais aussi par des facteurs extrinsèques tel que le microenvironnement médullaire. Les plaquettes sanguines sont des acteurs essentiels du maintien de l'intégrité vasculaire. Elles sont les premiers éléments cellulaires à intervenir dans l'arrêt du saignement lors d'une blessure vasculaire par la formation d'un thrombus via des mécanismes d'adhésion, de sécrétion et d'agrégation, trois étapes majeures de l'hémostase physiologique. Dans un premier temps, mes travaux de thèse visent à déterminer le rôle inconnu de l'isoforme alpha des PI3Ks de classe II (PI3KC2a), de la PI3K de classe III (Vps34) et de leur produit, le phosphatidylinositol 3 monophosphate (PI3P), dans la production et les fonctions plaquettaires. Grâce à un modèle murin présentant une inactivation partielle de la PI3KC2a, j'ai mis en évidence son rôle clé dans la génération d'un pool basal de PI3P dans les plaquettes. L'inactivation de la PI3KC2a affecte la composition du cortex sous-membranaire plaquettaire induisant une morphologie plaquettaire anormale, une accumulation de plaquettes à deux corps appelées " barbell-shaped proplatelets ", un défaut de formation du thrombus ex vivo et un retard d'occlusion de la carotide après lésion in vivo. Ainsi, la PI3KC2a joue un rôle majeur dans le maintien de l'intégrité du squelette membranaire contrôlant la structure et la dynamique membranaire, processus critique à la production de plaquettes fonctionnelles. D'autre part, la délétion de Vps34 spécifiquement dans la lignée mégacaryocyte/plaquette se traduit par une microthrombopénie modérée associée à une migration anormale des mégacaryocytes liées à un défaut de trafic vésiculaire et une diminution du taux de PI3P. De façon intéressante, Vps34 joue aussi un rôle dans l'activation plaquettaire en régulant la production de PI3P sous stimulation, la croissance du thrombus ex vivo et les capacités thrombotiques in vivo. Le rôle de Vps34 dans la plaquette indépendamment de son rôle dans le mégacaryocyte a été confirmé via l'utilisation de nouveaux inhibiteurs spécifiques de Vps34, SAR405 et INH1, ex vivo. Vps34 est donc critique dans la régulation de la production plaquettaire par les mégacaryocytes ainsi que dans l'activation plaquettaire. Dans un deuxième temps, je me suis intéressé à l'impact du microenvironnement médullaire sur la mégacaryopoïèse, et plus spécifiquement sur la communication entre adipocytes médullaires et progéniteurs hématopoïétiques lors de leur différenciation en mégacaryocytes. Grace à un système de coculture in vitro, j'ai montré que les adipocytes améliorent la différenciation mégacaryocytaire via un transfert direct de lipides, dans un but non-énergétique. Dans un contexte d'obésité, nous observons, in vivo, associée à une adiposité médullaire augmentée une maturation mégacaryocytaire exacerbée, une production et une demi-vie plaquettaire défectueuses ayant pour conséquence une macrothrombopénie. Ainsi, le microenvironnement médullaire et plus particulièrement l'adipocyte impacte directement sur la mégacaryopoïèse et la production plaquettaire. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse contribuent à caractériser les mécanismes de production et de fonction plaquettaire régulés par des facteurs intrinsèques tels que le PI3KC2a et Vps34, ainsi que par des facteurs extrinsèques tels que l'adipocyte médullaire. / Megakaryopoiesis is a highly specialised and complex process occurring in the bone marrow, by which megakaryocytes give rise to de novo circulating blood platelets. Megakaryocyte differentiation implies cytoplasmic and nuclear rearrangements regulated by intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors such as bone marrow microenvironment. Platelets play a critical role in preventing blood loss after vascular injury by orchestrating clot formation through mechanisms of adhesion, secretion and aggregation. These mechanisms are the three major steps of physiological haemostasis leading to the maintenance of vascular integrity. Firstly, my thesis work focused on characterizing the role of class II PI3K alpha isoform (PI3KC2a), class III PI3K (Vps34) and their common product the phosphatidylinositol 3 monophosphate (PI3P) in platelet production and function. Using a unique mouse model partially inactivated for PI3KC2a, I highlighted its key role in the production of a basal PI3P housekeeping pool in platelets. PI3KC2a partial inactivation affects platelet membrane skeleton composition leading to an abnormal platelet morphology, an enrichment of platelet with two cell bodies recently called "barbell-shaped proplatelets", an ex vivo defective thrombus formation and an in vivo delayed carotid occlusion following injury. Thus, PI3KC2a plays a major role in membrane structure and dynamics by maintaining membrane skeleton integrity, which is crucial for functional platelet production. On the other hand, Vps34 specific deletion in megakaryocyte/platelet lineage induced mild microthombopenia correlated to an abnormal megakaryocyte migration linked to an affected PI3P production as well as vesicular trafficking in megakaryocytes. In platelets, Vps34 plays a role in their activation by regulating PI3P production under stimulation, ex vivo thrombus growth and in vivo thrombotic capacity. Vps34 role in platelet independently from its role in megakaryocyte was confirmed using two recently developed inhibitors, SAR405 and INH1, which reproduced ex vivo thrombus growth defects. Therefore, Vps34 is critical for platelet production by megakaryocyte as well as platelet activation. Secondly, I studied the impact of bone marrow microenvironment on megakaryopoiesis and more specifically the crosstalk between medullar adipocytes and hematopoietic progenitors differentiating towards the megakaryocyte lineage. Using an in vitro coculture assay, I demonstrated that adipocytes enhanced megakaryocyte differentiation through a direct lipid transfer, in a non-energetic aim. In the context of obesity, increased marrow adipocity is associated to enhanced megakaryocyte differentiation and defective platelet production and lifespan leading to macrothrombopenia. Thus, bone marrow microenvironment through adipocytes impact directly on megakaryopoiesis and platelet production. Altogether my thesis work contributes to better understand platelet production and function, mechanisms regulated by intrinsic factors such as PI3KC2a and Vps34 as well as extrinsic factors like medullar adipocytes.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21810号 / 農博第2323号 / 新制||農||1066(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5182(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 入江 一浩, 教授 橋本 渉, 准教授 後藤 剛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22319号 / 医博第4560号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 稲垣 暢也, 教授 清水 章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Obesity and the metabolic complications associated with it are increasing globally. Sedentary lifestyles, poor diet and genetic predisposition contribute to obesity. In addition, environmental chemicals such as Bisphenol A (BPA) may play a significant role. Exposure to BPA has been correlated with an array of adverse health effects on the endocrine system and whole-body homeostasis. This has resulted in manufacturers replacing it with structural analogues such as Tetra Methyl Bisphenol F (TMBPF), Bisphenol F (BPF), Bisphenol AP (BPAP), and fluorine-9-bisphenol (BHPF). BPA is a suspected obesogen as it can induce adipogenesis in human and murine preadipocytes. The effects of the BPA analogues listed above on adipogenesis have yet to be evaluated. The aim of this project is to investigate their adipogenic effects. For this purpose, we used 3T3-L1 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This cell model can be differentiated into mature adipocytes with appropriate inducers including 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), insulin and dexamethasone, a synthetic steroid. To assess the effects of BPA analogues, the cells were treated with varying concentrations of TMBPF, BPF, BHPF, BPA, or BPAP in place of dexamethasone. The expression levels of mature adipocyte markers were assessed at mRNA and protein levels to determine the adipogenic potential of the analogues. Lipid accumulation was evaluated by Nile Red staining. A time course was performed to assess the expression levels of known transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis. The results indicate that TMBPF, BPF and BPA increase 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. BHPF and BPAP did not affect adipogenesis in this model. BPF appears to be at least as good as BPA at inducing adipogenesis. TMBPF, on the other hand, can induce adipogenesis to a greater extent than the other chemicals, including BPA, as evidenced by increased expression of adipogenic markers and lipid accumulation. Finally, key transcription factors C/ebpδ and C/ebpα, part of the adipogenic transcriptional cascade, were up-regulated at III two and six hours post-treatment by TMBPF. BPA also up-regulated C/ebpδ at two hours post-treatment. Though the adipogenic effects have become apparent for some of these analogues, the mechanism by which they elicit their effects remains to be discovered. More research is required to deduce the mechanism of action and to provide consensus on what the effects of these replacement bisphenols actually are.

No description available.

Adipocytes are specialized cells found in vertebrates to ensure survival in terms of adaption to food deficit and abundance. However, their dysfunction accounts for the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases such as T2DM. Preliminary data generated by Mona Löffler suggested that PKD1 is involved in adipocyte function. Here, I show that PKD1 expression and activity is linked to lipid metabolism of murine adipocytes. PKD1 gene expression and activity was reduced in murine white adipose tissue upon fasting, a physiological condition which induces lipolysis. Isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis in adipose tissue and 3T3-L1 adipocytes reduced PKD1 gene expression. Silencing ATGL in adipocytes inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, however, the β-adrenergic stimulation of ATGL-silenced adipocytes lowered PKD1 expression levels as well. Adipose tissue of obese mice exhibited high PKD1 RNA levels but paradoxically lower protein levels of phosphorylated PKD1-Ser916. However, HFD generated a second PKD1 protein product of low molecular weight in mouse adipose tissue. Furthermore, constitutively active PKD1 predominantly displayed nuclear localization in 3T3-L1 adipocytes containing many fat vacuoles. However, adipocytes overexpressing non-functional PKD1 contained fewer lipid droplets and PKD1-KD was distributed in cytoplasm. Most importantly, deficiency of PKD1 in mouse adipose tissue caused expression of genes involved in adaptive thermogenesis such as UCP-1 and thus generated brown-like phenotype adipocytes. Thus, PKD1 is implicated in adipose tissue function and presents an interesting target for therapeutic approaches in the prevention of obesity and associated diseases. / Adipozyten sind spezialisierte Zellen der Wirbeltiere, die das Überleben durch Anpassung an Nahrungsmangel und Nahrungsüberfluss gewährleisten. Eine Dysfunktion von Adipozyten bedingt jedoch die Pathophysiologie von Stoffwechselerkrankungen wie dem T2DM. Vorläufige Ergebnisse von Mona Löfflers Versuchen zeigten, dass PKD1 in der Funktion von Adipozyten involviert ist. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Expression und Aktivität von PKD1 in murinen Adipozyten an den Lipidmetabolismus gekoppelt ist. Beim Hungern von murinem weißen Fettgewebe, einem physiologischen Zustand, der Lipolyse induziert, war die Genexpression von PKD1 reduziert. Isoproterenol-stimulierte Lipolyse führte ebenfalls zu verminderter Expression von PKD1 in murinen weißen Fettgewebe und 3T3-L1 Adipozyten. In ATGL-silenced Adipozyten war die Isoproterenol-stimulierte Lipolyse zwar inhibiert, allerdings wurde die Genexpression von PKD1 durch die β-adrenerge Stimulation ebenfalls vermindert. Fettgewebe von adipösen Mäusen hingegen wiesen hohe PKD1 RNA Level sowie einen niedrigen Proteingehalt der phosphorylierten Form PKD1-Ser916 auf. Fettreiche Ernährung von Mäusen generierte in Fettgewebe jedoch ein weiteres Produkt von PKD1 mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht im Western Blot. Des Weiteren wurde dargestellt, dass konstitutiv aktives PKD1 in 3T3-L1 Adipozyten vorwiegend nuklear lokalisiert war und diese Adipozyten einen hohen Gehalt von Fettvakuolen aufwiesen. Adipozyten, die funktionsloses PKD1 exprimierten, enthielten wenige Lipidtropfen und PKD1-KD war im Cytoplasma verteilt. Vor allem zeigte diese Arbeit, dass die Deletion von PKD1 spezifisch in murinem Fettgewebe die Expression von Genen wie UCP-1 verursachte, die eine Rolle in adaptiver Thermogenese spielen, und dadurch einen brown-like Phänotypen generierte. Zusammenfassend ist PKD1 in die Funktionen von Adipozyten verwickelt und stellt ein attraktives Ziel für therapeutische Ansätze in der Prävention von Übergewicht und damit assoziierten Erkrankungen dar.