Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais, 2015. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2015-10-28T15:13:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaFreitasMontebugnoli.pdf: 1675253 bytes, checksum: 5c09544a130abe30c126ce76bfa047e9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-01-26T20:05:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaFreitasMontebugnoli.pdf: 1675253 bytes, checksum: 5c09544a130abe30c126ce76bfa047e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T20:05:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_MarianaFreitasMontebugnoli.pdf: 1675253 bytes, checksum: 5c09544a130abe30c126ce76bfa047e9 (MD5) / Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo do ativismo transnacional e, mais especificadamente, das redes de advocacy formadas em torno dos projetos de desenvolvimento regional em Rondônia, o POLONOROESTE (1981-1989) e o PLANAFLORO (1992-2002). Com a importância crescente atribuída aos atores da sociedade civil no cenário internacional, as redes de advocacy têm tido uma participação cada vez mais ativa nesse espaço, inclusive, operando nos processos de definição das normas internacionais. Devido à complexidade de suas problemáticas, as questões ambientais têm recebido especial atenção desses atores. As campanhas socioambientais que iremos abordar ao longo desse trabalho se inserem no contexto mais abrangente de mobilização global iniciada por organizações não governamentais (ONGs) ambientalistas junto aos Bancos Multilaterais de Desenvolvimentos (BMDs), na década de 1980, com o objetivo primário de promover reformas de cunho social e ambiental nessas instituições. O objetivo central dessa pesquisa consiste em descrever e analisar as dinâmicas e interações das redes de advocacy formadas em torno desses dois projetos, ressaltando como a dimensão transnacional interferiu nessas relações. A principal contribuição desse trabalho consiste em evidenciar, através da análise desses casos, alguns dos processos inerentes a essa via de participação da sociedade civil na governança internacional, apontando os desafios e as possibilidades que envolvem a formação de coalizões transnacionais. Utilizamos a abordagem das Redes Transnacionais como marco analítico e procuramos responder as problemáticas de pesquisa através do processo de inferência descritiva. / This research aims the study of transnational activism, and in particular the advocacy networks formed around the two regional development projects in Rondonia – POLONOROESTE (1981-1989) and PLANAFLORO (1992-2002). Through the increasing importance of civil society actors on the international arena, the advocacy networks participation have become progressively active in this space, including their activities in setting international norms. Because of their complexity, environmental issues have received special attention of these actors. The social-environmental campaigns that we will address in this work are inserted in a broader context of global mobilization, started in the 1980s by environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) against the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), with the primary purpose to promote social and environmental reforms in these institutions. The central purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the dynamics and interactions of advocacy networks formed around the two projects mentioned above, highlighting the influence of the transnational dimension on these relations. Through the analysis of these cases, the present study emphasizes some of the process involved in civil society participation in international governance, pointing out the inherent challenges and possibilities in the formation of transnational coalitions. We used the Transnational Network approach as analytical framework and tried to answer the research questions by the process of descriptive inference.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, 2012. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-03-27T12:10:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_ArturCarlosdeMorais.pdf: 1883816 bytes, checksum: 2ec365689b1b4c9ea2359dbbe2cd4ab8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-03-27T13:23:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_ArturCarlosdeMorais.pdf: 1883816 bytes, checksum: 2ec365689b1b4c9ea2359dbbe2cd4ab8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-27T13:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_ArturCarlosdeMorais.pdf: 1883816 bytes, checksum: 2ec365689b1b4c9ea2359dbbe2cd4ab8 (MD5) / As políticas públicas de transportes surgem por serem de extrema importância em praticamente todos os aspectos da vida de uma comunidade e um grande componente da economia. Porém, a sua viabilidade não está condicionada apenas a aspectos técnicos afetos aos problemas de engenharia ou de viabilidade econômica, pois existem outros componentes que contribuem para a decisão do agente público em agir ou não agir. O fracasso na implantação de projetos de transportes viáveis, técnica e economicamente, comumente pode ser creditado ao desconhecimento desses componentes externos ao ambiente da engenharia. Um deles ocorre na arena de disputas e negociações entre atores. Assim, este trabalho se propõe a contribuir para dotar a área de engenharia de arcabouço teórico/metodológico para a viabilização política de projetos de transportes em complemento à fundamentação técnica e econômica. O método proposta que possibilita direcionar a ação de atores no intuito de influenciar na ação do decisor em agir, possui base teórica no modelo do Ciclo de Política Pública, onde são definidos os momentos de tomada da decisão; na Análise dos Stakeholders, que possibilita identificar quais atores devem ser considerados no processo e, por fim, a Advocacy, ações e recursos que possibilitam o convencimento do tomador de decisão. O produto, resultado da aplicação do método proposta, foi comparado com um projeto de transporte já implantado e demonstrou possuir, nesse estudo de caso, boa previsibilidade para ser utilizado. Ele previu 100% das dificuldades encontradas, 100% das ações a serem desenvolvidas para vencer tais dificuldades e 80% dos recursos empregados nessas ações. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The public transport policies appear to be extremely important in almost all aspects of a community life and a large component of the economy. However, its viability is not conditioned only in technical aspects of engineering problems or economic viability, as there are other components that contribute to the decision of the public official to act or not. The failure to implement viable transportation projects, technically and economically, commonly can be credited to the ignorance of these external components to engineering environment. One of them occurs in the arena of disputes and negotiations among actors. Thus, this paper aims to help engineering equip of theoretical/methodological framework for enabling transport projects policy, in addition to technical and economic grounding. The proposed method that enables to direct action of actors in order to influence the action of the decision maker to act, has a theoretical basis in the Public Policy Cycle, where define moments of making decision; on Stakeholder Analysis, where enables identify which actors should be considered in the process and, finally, the Advocacy, actions and resources that sould convince the decision maker. The product, result of the proposed method, was compared with a implemented transportation project and has demonstrated in this case study good predictability for use. It predicted 100% of difficulty found, 100% of the actions to be developed to overcome these difficulties and 80% of the resources used in these actions.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:49:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1618_1.pdf: 1286881 bytes, checksum: 77796b339d73c09ca77b874981e311db (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Um dos paradoxos da democracia é o fato da igualdade política, alcançada com o sufrágio universal, não ter conduzido a profundas transformações sociais. Esse dilema democrático é sinal de um déficit de representatividade existente nas democracias. Vemos que as condições para alcançar a representatividade não podem ser reduzidas à esfera eleitoral, já que esta possui limites próprios (Manin, 1999). Neste trabalho buscamos empreender uma análise das teorias e instituições de representação política, de sociedade civil e de modelos de democracia. Partindo da tipologia de representação política sistematizada por Pitkin (1967), buscamos evidenciar o vínculo teórico entre as concepções de representação política e suas estruturas institucionais, analisadas a partir da classificação de Lijphart (2003) entre democracias majoritaristas e consociativistas. Na maioria das análises a sociedade civil é pensada sob o prisma da participação política, porém existe um número crescente de teóricos refletindo sobre o papel da representação política exercida pela sociedade civil. Nesse sentido, identificamos no conceito de representação como advocacy a base teórica mais propícia para a estruturação de instituições de representação política que buscam acolher a sociedade civil como um ator legítimo de representação política. Dessa forma, entender a sociedade civil como um ator de representação política pode ser uma condição necessária para se atingir maior representatividade nas democracias contemporâneas

This thesis attempts to ascertain the implications for human rights when rebels become the only advocates of a population targeted by mass violence. The specific focus is placed on the case of Kurdish rebel organisations from Iraq and Turkey. Lacking an ability to organise freely within either state, these groups established a presence in the more open political environment of the West where they undertook efforts aimed at winning global support. After setting a theoretical basis in chapters one and two, the case studies that follow begin with an overview of the causes of the violence experienced by the Iraqi and Turkish Kurds, before proceeding to assess how this violence was represented on the global stage by the rebel organisations and their representatives. The time period assessed runs from the immediate aftermath of World War One through to the present day. Whereas previous studies of advocacy in International Relations have looked closely at the actions of more benign actors such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, this study is more concerned with what happens when important human rights abuses go unnoticed. In such a context, rebels often become a people's only representatives. The result is that the message presented to the global community is one that conforms to the interests of the rebel organisation. This raises major questions and problems for millions whose perspectives might not match with rebel aims. In short, what is not said is more important than what is said. This focus on rebel-directed activism also casts serious doubts on the value of advocacy by exploring its role in reproducing rebel power at the expense of those that are most in need of support. It was only when Kurdish activists were able to establish an independent perspective that some of these limitations were addressed. In this, the act ivities carried out by the London-based Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP) are especially notable. By helping bring cases to the attention of the European Court of Human Rights, the KHRP has helped give voice and obtain tangible results for ordinary Kurds who never figured prominently in the agendas of any Kurdish rebel faction.

Current research suggests that gifted students possess a unique set of characteristics that require unique skills and knowledge to address properly. School counselors are in a position to address the unique needs of gifted students provided they have the knowledge required for effective interaction. School counselors are called to provide multiple services for all students in the school setting; among those services are to advocate for student needs as well as to maintain a level of knowledge that will facilitate effective advocacy. Although the current literature suggests that school counselors possess the unique skills to address the needs of gifted students, literature is limited in the area of school counselor advocacy for gifted students, and no studies have addressed school counselor self-efficacy for advocacy of gifted students. The purpose of this study was to investigate how self-efficacy, knowledge of gifted issues, and understanding of professional advocacy competencies relate to school counselors' advocacy activities with gifted students. Quantitative methodology was used to answer the research questions. Professional school counselors completed a series of four instruments that comprised the survey for this study. Participants completed the survey either online or on paper between the months of January and June 2011. SPSS Version 19.0 for Windows was used to complete the statistical analyses for this study, which included descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and regression.The results of this study indicated that knowledge of giftedness, self-efficacy, and building level, significantly predicted school counselors' advocacy competency and activity with gifted students. However, training program and years of experience were not significant predictors of school counselors' advocacy activity with gifted students. Implications for school counselors are increased knowledge of gifted needs and increased advocacy activity for gifted students. In order for school counselors to provide appropriate services to gifted students, it is important to increase their knowledge of the population. This increased knowledge will help school counselors to be more inclusive of gifted students and their needs when developing comprehensive school counseling programs. In addition, this increased knowledge may assist school counselors with becoming active participants in services for gifted students within the school environment. Future research should further explore the level of advocacy activity of school counselors with gifted students and the importance of self-efficacy for school counselors.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Health advocacy is a social phenomenon in which individuals and collectives attempt to raise awareness and change opinions and policies about health-related causes. Mental health advocacy is health advocacy to advance treatment, rights, and recognition of people living with a mental health condition. The Internet is reshaping how mental health advocacy is performed on a global scale, by facilitating and broadening the reach of advocacy activities, but also giving more room for opposing mental health advocacy. Another factor contributing to mental health advocacy lies in the cultural underpinnings of mental health in different societies; East Asian countries like South Korea have higher stigma attached to mental health compared to Western countries like the US. This study examines interactions about schizophrenia, a specific mental health diagnosis, on public social media (Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) in two different languages, English and Korean, to determine how mental health advocacy and its opposition are expressed on social media. After delineation of a set of keywords for retrieval of content about schizophrenia, three months’ worth of social media posts were collected; a subset of these posts was then analyzed qualitatively using constant comparing with a proposed model describing online mental heath advocacy based on existing literature. Various expressions of light mental health advocacy, such as sharing facts about schizophrenia, and strong advocacy, showcasing offline engagement, were found in English posts; many of these expressions were however absent from the analyzed Korean posts that heavily featured jokes, insults, and criticisms. These findings were used to train machine learning classifiers to detect advocacy and counter-advocacy. The classifiers confirmed the predominance of counter-advocacy in Korean posts compared to important advocacy prevalence in English posts. These findings informed culturally sensitive recommendations for social media uses by mental health advocates and implications for international social media studies in human-computer interaction.

Brand advocacy occurs when consumers who feel very passionately about a brand seek to promote it to others and defend it against its naysayers. These consumers are valuable to brands as information between consumers is more easily and rapidly shared than ever before, and as consumer distrust of brand-sponsored messages is high. As a result, brands are dependent upon their brand advocates to leverage the perceived reliability of peer recommendations to recruit new customers. However, thus far in the marketing literature, an adequate conceptualization of brand advocacy has failed to emerge. Instead, when discussed, brand advocacy is often measured using a proxy variable such as positive word-of-mouth. It is the supposition of the author that these two constructs are not synonymous and using one as a proxy for the other severely limits researchers’ understanding of the brand advocacy and its impact. The goal of this research is to define brand advocacy and develop a valid scale to measure it. Following Churchill’s (1979) paradigm for scale development, a series of four studies were undertaken to validate the new scale. The first two studies are qualitative in nature and help identify the domains of brand advocacy. Based on the results of the first study, a series of depth interviews, and the second study, an open-ended questionnaire, the following definition of brand advocacy is put forth: Brand advocacy is a combination of customer-motivated behaviors, including proactively recommending the brand and defending the brand against detractors, intended to maintain the customer’s relationship with the brand and promote it to others. The construct was determined to be a higher-order construct comprising two distinct sets of behaviors that address advocates’ need to not only defend the brand to naysayers but also to proactively spread positive brand communications to others. The third and fourth studies use quantitative data to complete the scale development process by proposing and validating a nine-item scale to measure the multi-dimensional construct of brand advocacy as well as provide evidence that it is a distinct construct from PWOM. The results of this research provide a definition and valid scale of brand advocacy.

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No description available.

Transnational advocacy networks (TANs) are a rapidly proliferating phenomenon in international contentious politics. Widely known for waging headline-grabbing wars of words, TANs remain under-theorised on important levels of analysis. Unsurprisingly, they have been termed ‘elusive’ in the political literature. Typically portrayed as vital service-providing agencies that by-pass official controls to relay civil society concerns to the world’s media and international policy-makers, TANs are commonly assumed to be the vociferous, Internet-enabled, offspring of traditional NGOs and, thus, heirs to the reputational capital of NGOs. However, despite this respected provenance, it is evident that TANs frequently fail to achieve their goals. Knowledge of why some TAN strategies succeed while others fail is contested and inconclusive. This empirical thesis attempts to build on the international political literature by showing why the emerging NGO typology of TANs cannot be explained without paying attention to the systemic complexity of their environment and the essentially communicative functioning of these globe-spanning advocacy cooperatives. It seeks to demonstrate also the analytical value of applying complex realism in IR praxis. Hence, the thesis explicates a real-world conundrum: What is the place and function of transnational advocacy networks in the contemporary international system and how effective are they in achieving their aims? To identify macro-structural conditions and indicators of relationship quality — primarily involving state and non-state elements in the context of the United Nations — the thesis study reclaimed macro-sociological perspective as a first stage, ‘top-down’ approach to this complex, multi-dimensional problem space. The resultant data and patterns were then tested by way of a second-stage, micro-sociological, ‘bottom-up’, case study exploration of the UN’s interface with three iconic TANs — Greenpeace, Oxfam and Human Rights Watch. By conceptualising these relationships as intersections between systemic elements constituted on different social levels and scales of complexity, the scalable methodology enabled the study to transcend the micro-macro problems inherent in the primary research question. The results indicate that TANs are a distinctive typology of NGO that the international system is struggling to evaluate and accommodate within existing arrangements for NGO engagement. Unexpectedly, the study found plausible indications that the barriers many TANs encounter are endogenously produced. The results challenge prevailing assumptions about the place and function of grassroots diplomacy in the international arena; the ability of communications strategies to remedy global problems; and the reality and limitations of ‘people power’. By highlighting under-exposed features of the contemporary international relational landscape, the thesis argues, we might better determine whether many contemporary TANs are, in fact, evolving as the best-suited champions for the urgent, political quests they adopt.