A Bacia do Camaquã (BC) é uma unidade geológica fundamental no esclarecimento da evolução geotectônica do Rio Grande do Sul. Ela agrupa e preserva, em parte, diferentes associações vulcano-sedimentares representativas do estágio de transição da Plataforma Sul-Americana. Depositada sobre os terrenos ígneos e metamórficos do Escudo Sul-riograndense, sua evolução estratigráfica e geocronológica tem sido pesquisada por diversos autores. Por outro lado, a geofísica tem contribuído pouco nestes estudos, apesar de seu grande potencial como ferramenta exploratória. Por esse motivo, e mediante o avanço das técnicas de processamento de dados, uma nova abordagem foi aplicada ao levantamento aeromagnético realizado em 1972 pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil, com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento geológico e tectônico da área. O reprocessamento destas variáveis permitiu a reinterpretação da BC e a geração de uma proposta de modelo para o seu arcabouço estrutural. Foram gerados mapas temáticos da BC e realizada a modelagem 2,5D de dados aeromagnéticos de um perfil NW-SE, com 40Km de extensão, localizado ao sul da área. Os mapas temáticos aeromagnéticos, além de delimitar os principais corpos e estruturas da região, permitiram dividir a área de estudo em três grandes domínios geofísicos: Oeste, Central e Leste, separados pela Anomalia Magnética de Caçapava do Sul e pela Zona de Cisalhamento Dorsal de Canguçu, respectivamente. A modelagem aeromagnética 2,5D ilustrou anomalias entre -40 e -110nT associadas às rochas vulcânicas e metamórficas aflorantes e à ocorrência do embasamento cristalino em subsuperfície, modelado a uma profundidade máxima de 7000m na parte NW do perfil. Em termos geotectônicos, o modelo obtido para o perfil evidenciou falhas extensionais, sugerindo uma configuração que se assemelha a um arranjo composto por horsts e grábens, característico de um sistema de riftes, atribuindo um regime distensivo para evolução da BC. O modelo também ilustrou dois altos do embasamento nas bordas do perfil, relacionados aos altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas. Esse soerguimento do embasamento nos flancos do perfil e o comportamento flexural que o mesmo assume na porção central, podem ser indicativos de um regime compressivo ocorrido anteriormente ao processo de rifteamento e à deposição da BC. A baixa susceptibilidade dos sedimentos que preenchem a bacia é um indicativo de que as áreas fonte podem ser os altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas, compostos por rochas graníticas e gnáissicas de baixa susceptibilidade magnética. O reprocessamento das variáveis geofísicas, os filtros aplicados no perfil estudado e a modelagem geofísica, mostraram-se técnicas eficientes para mapeamento geológico e delimitação do arcabouço estrutural, gerando um modelo geológico representante de uma porção da BC e permitindo assim, um avanço no entendimento de sua arquitetura e evolução geotectônica. / The Camaquã Basin (CB) is an important geologic unit and the knowledge of these rocks helps to clarify the geotectonic evolution of Rio Grande do Sul State. It has partially preserved different volcano-sedimentary associations representing the transition stage of South American Platform. The rocks of the basin overlays the igneous and metamorphic terrains of the Sul-riograndense Shield and its stratigraphic and geochronologic evolution have been widely studied by several authors. On the other hand, the geophysics has a small contribution to these studies, in despite of its great potential as an exploratory tool. Therefore, with the improvement of the data processing techniques, a new approach was applied in the aeromagnetic survey, acquired in 1972 by Brazilian Geological Survey. In this context, this research aims to contributes to the geologic and tectonic knowledge of the basin. The reprocessing of these variables led to the reinterpretation of the CB and to the production of a suggested model for its structural framework. Thematic maps and a 2,5D model of the CB were made from aeromagnetic data of a NW-SE section, with 40 km long, located in the south of the basin. These thematic aeromagnetic maps set out the main bodies and structures inside the basin and also provide a division of the study area into three main geophysics domains: West, Central and East, separated by the Magnetic Anomaly of Caçapava do Sul and the Dorsal de Canguçu Shear Zone, respectively. The 2,5D aeromagnetic modeling shows anomalies between -40 e -110nT, associated with volcanic and metamorphic outcropping rocks and the crystalline basement in subsurface, modeled at a maximum deep of 7000m in the NW portion of the section. In terms of geotectonic, the model obtained for this section revealed extensional faults, suggesting a sketch that resembles a horst and graben structure. This structure is typical for a rift system, assigning a distensive strain event in the evolution of the CB. The model also displayed two basement uplifts on the section borders, related with Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas uplifts. This uplift of the basement on section borders and its flexural behavior in the central portion can be an evidence of a compressive regime that occurred before the rift process and the sedimentation of the Camaquã Basin. The low susceptibility of the sediments that fill the basin is an indicative that the source areas can be the highs of Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas, composed mainly by low susceptibility granitic and gneissic rocks. The reprocessing of the geophysical variables, together with the frequency filters applied and the geophysical modeling, proved to be an efficient technique to the geologic mapping and to define the structural framework of the area. Based on this, a geologic model was created, which represents a specific portion of the basin and introduced an important knowledge of the structural framework and geotectonic evolution of the Camaquã Basin.

A Bacia do Camaquã (BC) é uma unidade geológica fundamental no esclarecimento da evolução geotectônica do Rio Grande do Sul. Ela agrupa e preserva, em parte, diferentes associações vulcano-sedimentares representativas do estágio de transição da Plataforma Sul-Americana. Depositada sobre os terrenos ígneos e metamórficos do Escudo Sul-riograndense, sua evolução estratigráfica e geocronológica tem sido pesquisada por diversos autores. Por outro lado, a geofísica tem contribuído pouco nestes estudos, apesar de seu grande potencial como ferramenta exploratória. Por esse motivo, e mediante o avanço das técnicas de processamento de dados, uma nova abordagem foi aplicada ao levantamento aeromagnético realizado em 1972 pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil, com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento geológico e tectônico da área. O reprocessamento destas variáveis permitiu a reinterpretação da BC e a geração de uma proposta de modelo para o seu arcabouço estrutural. Foram gerados mapas temáticos da BC e realizada a modelagem 2,5D de dados aeromagnéticos de um perfil NW-SE, com 40Km de extensão, localizado ao sul da área. Os mapas temáticos aeromagnéticos, além de delimitar os principais corpos e estruturas da região, permitiram dividir a área de estudo em três grandes domínios geofísicos: Oeste, Central e Leste, separados pela Anomalia Magnética de Caçapava do Sul e pela Zona de Cisalhamento Dorsal de Canguçu, respectivamente. A modelagem aeromagnética 2,5D ilustrou anomalias entre -40 e -110nT associadas às rochas vulcânicas e metamórficas aflorantes e à ocorrência do embasamento cristalino em subsuperfície, modelado a uma profundidade máxima de 7000m na parte NW do perfil. Em termos geotectônicos, o modelo obtido para o perfil evidenciou falhas extensionais, sugerindo uma configuração que se assemelha a um arranjo composto por horsts e grábens, característico de um sistema de riftes, atribuindo um regime distensivo para evolução da BC. O modelo também ilustrou dois altos do embasamento nas bordas do perfil, relacionados aos altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas. Esse soerguimento do embasamento nos flancos do perfil e o comportamento flexural que o mesmo assume na porção central, podem ser indicativos de um regime compressivo ocorrido anteriormente ao processo de rifteamento e à deposição da BC. A baixa susceptibilidade dos sedimentos que preenchem a bacia é um indicativo de que as áreas fonte podem ser os altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas, compostos por rochas graníticas e gnáissicas de baixa susceptibilidade magnética. O reprocessamento das variáveis geofísicas, os filtros aplicados no perfil estudado e a modelagem geofísica, mostraram-se técnicas eficientes para mapeamento geológico e delimitação do arcabouço estrutural, gerando um modelo geológico representante de uma porção da BC e permitindo assim, um avanço no entendimento de sua arquitetura e evolução geotectônica. / The Camaquã Basin (CB) is an important geologic unit and the knowledge of these rocks helps to clarify the geotectonic evolution of Rio Grande do Sul State. It has partially preserved different volcano-sedimentary associations representing the transition stage of South American Platform. The rocks of the basin overlays the igneous and metamorphic terrains of the Sul-riograndense Shield and its stratigraphic and geochronologic evolution have been widely studied by several authors. On the other hand, the geophysics has a small contribution to these studies, in despite of its great potential as an exploratory tool. Therefore, with the improvement of the data processing techniques, a new approach was applied in the aeromagnetic survey, acquired in 1972 by Brazilian Geological Survey. In this context, this research aims to contributes to the geologic and tectonic knowledge of the basin. The reprocessing of these variables led to the reinterpretation of the CB and to the production of a suggested model for its structural framework. Thematic maps and a 2,5D model of the CB were made from aeromagnetic data of a NW-SE section, with 40 km long, located in the south of the basin. These thematic aeromagnetic maps set out the main bodies and structures inside the basin and also provide a division of the study area into three main geophysics domains: West, Central and East, separated by the Magnetic Anomaly of Caçapava do Sul and the Dorsal de Canguçu Shear Zone, respectively. The 2,5D aeromagnetic modeling shows anomalies between -40 e -110nT, associated with volcanic and metamorphic outcropping rocks and the crystalline basement in subsurface, modeled at a maximum deep of 7000m in the NW portion of the section. In terms of geotectonic, the model obtained for this section revealed extensional faults, suggesting a sketch that resembles a horst and graben structure. This structure is typical for a rift system, assigning a distensive strain event in the evolution of the CB. The model also displayed two basement uplifts on the section borders, related with Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas uplifts. This uplift of the basement on section borders and its flexural behavior in the central portion can be an evidence of a compressive regime that occurred before the rift process and the sedimentation of the Camaquã Basin. The low susceptibility of the sediments that fill the basin is an indicative that the source areas can be the highs of Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas, composed mainly by low susceptibility granitic and gneissic rocks. The reprocessing of the geophysical variables, together with the frequency filters applied and the geophysical modeling, proved to be an efficient technique to the geologic mapping and to define the structural framework of the area. Based on this, a geologic model was created, which represents a specific portion of the basin and introduced an important knowledge of the structural framework and geotectonic evolution of the Camaquã Basin.

A Bacia do Camaquã (BC) é uma unidade geológica fundamental no esclarecimento da evolução geotectônica do Rio Grande do Sul. Ela agrupa e preserva, em parte, diferentes associações vulcano-sedimentares representativas do estágio de transição da Plataforma Sul-Americana. Depositada sobre os terrenos ígneos e metamórficos do Escudo Sul-riograndense, sua evolução estratigráfica e geocronológica tem sido pesquisada por diversos autores. Por outro lado, a geofísica tem contribuído pouco nestes estudos, apesar de seu grande potencial como ferramenta exploratória. Por esse motivo, e mediante o avanço das técnicas de processamento de dados, uma nova abordagem foi aplicada ao levantamento aeromagnético realizado em 1972 pelo Serviço Geológico do Brasil, com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento geológico e tectônico da área. O reprocessamento destas variáveis permitiu a reinterpretação da BC e a geração de uma proposta de modelo para o seu arcabouço estrutural. Foram gerados mapas temáticos da BC e realizada a modelagem 2,5D de dados aeromagnéticos de um perfil NW-SE, com 40Km de extensão, localizado ao sul da área. Os mapas temáticos aeromagnéticos, além de delimitar os principais corpos e estruturas da região, permitiram dividir a área de estudo em três grandes domínios geofísicos: Oeste, Central e Leste, separados pela Anomalia Magnética de Caçapava do Sul e pela Zona de Cisalhamento Dorsal de Canguçu, respectivamente. A modelagem aeromagnética 2,5D ilustrou anomalias entre -40 e -110nT associadas às rochas vulcânicas e metamórficas aflorantes e à ocorrência do embasamento cristalino em subsuperfície, modelado a uma profundidade máxima de 7000m na parte NW do perfil. Em termos geotectônicos, o modelo obtido para o perfil evidenciou falhas extensionais, sugerindo uma configuração que se assemelha a um arranjo composto por horsts e grábens, característico de um sistema de riftes, atribuindo um regime distensivo para evolução da BC. O modelo também ilustrou dois altos do embasamento nas bordas do perfil, relacionados aos altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas. Esse soerguimento do embasamento nos flancos do perfil e o comportamento flexural que o mesmo assume na porção central, podem ser indicativos de um regime compressivo ocorrido anteriormente ao processo de rifteamento e à deposição da BC. A baixa susceptibilidade dos sedimentos que preenchem a bacia é um indicativo de que as áreas fonte podem ser os altos de Caçapava do Sul e da Serra das Encantadas, compostos por rochas graníticas e gnáissicas de baixa susceptibilidade magnética. O reprocessamento das variáveis geofísicas, os filtros aplicados no perfil estudado e a modelagem geofísica, mostraram-se técnicas eficientes para mapeamento geológico e delimitação do arcabouço estrutural, gerando um modelo geológico representante de uma porção da BC e permitindo assim, um avanço no entendimento de sua arquitetura e evolução geotectônica. / The Camaquã Basin (CB) is an important geologic unit and the knowledge of these rocks helps to clarify the geotectonic evolution of Rio Grande do Sul State. It has partially preserved different volcano-sedimentary associations representing the transition stage of South American Platform. The rocks of the basin overlays the igneous and metamorphic terrains of the Sul-riograndense Shield and its stratigraphic and geochronologic evolution have been widely studied by several authors. On the other hand, the geophysics has a small contribution to these studies, in despite of its great potential as an exploratory tool. Therefore, with the improvement of the data processing techniques, a new approach was applied in the aeromagnetic survey, acquired in 1972 by Brazilian Geological Survey. In this context, this research aims to contributes to the geologic and tectonic knowledge of the basin. The reprocessing of these variables led to the reinterpretation of the CB and to the production of a suggested model for its structural framework. Thematic maps and a 2,5D model of the CB were made from aeromagnetic data of a NW-SE section, with 40 km long, located in the south of the basin. These thematic aeromagnetic maps set out the main bodies and structures inside the basin and also provide a division of the study area into three main geophysics domains: West, Central and East, separated by the Magnetic Anomaly of Caçapava do Sul and the Dorsal de Canguçu Shear Zone, respectively. The 2,5D aeromagnetic modeling shows anomalies between -40 e -110nT, associated with volcanic and metamorphic outcropping rocks and the crystalline basement in subsurface, modeled at a maximum deep of 7000m in the NW portion of the section. In terms of geotectonic, the model obtained for this section revealed extensional faults, suggesting a sketch that resembles a horst and graben structure. This structure is typical for a rift system, assigning a distensive strain event in the evolution of the CB. The model also displayed two basement uplifts on the section borders, related with Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas uplifts. This uplift of the basement on section borders and its flexural behavior in the central portion can be an evidence of a compressive regime that occurred before the rift process and the sedimentation of the Camaquã Basin. The low susceptibility of the sediments that fill the basin is an indicative that the source areas can be the highs of Caçapava do Sul and Serra das Encantadas, composed mainly by low susceptibility granitic and gneissic rocks. The reprocessing of the geophysical variables, together with the frequency filters applied and the geophysical modeling, proved to be an efficient technique to the geologic mapping and to define the structural framework of the area. Based on this, a geologic model was created, which represents a specific portion of the basin and introduced an important knowledge of the structural framework and geotectonic evolution of the Camaquã Basin.

This thesis investigates the potential of fractal dimension (FD) as a tool for enhancing airborne magnetic data. More specifically, this thesis investigates the potential of FD-based texture transform images as tools for aiding in the interpretation of airborne magnetic data. A series of different methods of estimating FD are investigated, specifically: • geometric methods (1D and 2D variation methods and 1D line divider method); • stochastic methods (1D and 2D Hurst methods and 1D and 2D semi-variogram methods), and; • spectral methods (1D and 2D wavelet methods and 1D and 2D Gabor methods). All of these methods are able to differentiate between varying theoretical FD in synthetic profiles. Moreover, these methods are able to differentiate between theoretical FDs when applied to entire profiles or in a moving window along the profile. Generally, the accuracy of the estimated FD improves when window size is increased. Similarly, the standard deviation of estimated FD decreases as window size increases. This result implied that the use of moving window FD estimates will require a trade off between the quality of the FD estimates and the need to use small windows to allow better spatial resolution. Application of the FD estimation methods to synthetic datasets containing simple ramps, ridges and point anomalies demonstrates that all of the 2D methods and most of the 1D methods are able to detect and enhance these features in the presence of up to 20% Gaussian noise. In contrast, the 1D Hurst and line divider methods can not clearly detect these features in as little as 10% Gaussian noise. Consequently, it is concluded that the 1D Hurst and line divider methods are inappropriate for enhancing airborne magnetic data. The application of these methods to simple synthetic airborne magnetic datasets highlights the methods’ sensitivity to very small variations in the data. All of the methods responded strongly to field lines some distance from the causative magnetic bodies. This effect was eliminated through the use of a variety of tolerances that essentially required a minimum level of difference between data points in order for FD to be calculated. Whilst this use of tolerances was required for synthetic datasets, its use was not required for noise corrupted versions of the synthetic magnetic data. The results from applying the FD estimation techniques to the synthetic airborne magnetic data suggested that these methods are more effective when applied to data from the pole. Whilst all of the methods were able to enhance the magnetic anomalies both at the pole and in the Southern hemisphere, the responses of the FD estimation techniques were notably simpler for the polar data. With the exception of the 1D Hurst and line divider methods, all of the methods were also able to enhance the synthetic magnetic data in the presence of 10% Gaussian noise. Application of the FD estimation methods to an airborne magnetic dataset from the Merlinleigh Sub-basin in Western Australia demonstrated their ability to enhance subtle structural features in relatively smooth airborne magnetic data. Moreover, the FD-based enhancements were able to enhance some features of this dataset better than any of the conventional enhancements considered (i.e. an analytic signal, vertical and total horizontal derivatives, and automatic gain control). Most of the FD estimation techniques enhanced similar features to each other. However, the 2D methods generally produced clearer results than their associated 1D methods. In contrast to this result, application of the FD-based enhancements to more variable airborne magnetic data from the Tanami region in the Northern Territory demonstrated that these methods are not as well suited to this style of data. The main conclusion from this work is that FD-based enhancement of relatively smooth airborne magnetic data can provide valuable input into an interpretation process. This suggests that these methods are particularly useful for aiding in the interpretation of airborne magnetic data from regions such as sedimentary basins where the distribution of magnetic sources is relatively smooth and simple. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339560 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2008

Processed. / Bibliography: leaves 115-128. / xi, 128 leaves : ill., maps (some col.), 1 folded ; 30 cm. + 2 microfiche, 5 maps (folded), appendix and errata in pocket inside back cover. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, University of Adelaide, 1989

Este trabalho apresenta um método de inversão de perfis de dados magnetométricos em enxames de diques, utilizando os módulos de um programa desenvolvido no contexto do Mestrado. Os enxames de diques produzem padrões complexos de anomalia, dependendo da densidade de diques ao longo do perfil avaliado, das propriedades magnéticas de cada unidade e da existência de fontes mais rasas e profundas. Poucas técnicas se mostram eficazes em inverter dados em tal cenário, seja para recuperar parâmetros confiáveis para cada dique ou valores médios em casos mais complexos. O método inclui uma abordagem de inversão por etapas para modelos compostos por múltiplos prismas finos, identificados interativamente de acordo com a qualidade do ajuste aos dados. Na abordagem proposta, a intensidade do campo vetorial anômalo é inicialmente invertida para fornecer parâmetros geométricos (posição ao longo do perfil e profundidade do topo) e o produto da intensidade de magnetização pela espessura para as unidades do modelo. O modelo obtido é usado para inverter os dados de anomalia de campo total para se obter a inclinação de magnetização para cada prisma do modelo. Para perfis com poucos prismas (diques), essa abordagem revela-se eficaz na recuperação dos parâmetros verdadeiros para cada unidades do modelo. Para perfis com maior densidade de prismas, apenas valores médios de diferentes populações de diques podem ser recuperados. Isso é obtido aplicando uma abordagem por análise de grupo usando o algoritmo k-means, para soluções alternativas obtidas na inversão de dados. O método é testado com dados sintéticos gerados por configurações simples e complexas de prismas e interferências. Uma vez testado com simulações numéricas, o método é aplicado a um perfil do Enxame de Diques do Arco de Ponta Grossa. A análise de cluster de soluções alternativas identificou pelo menos três gerações para os diques neste perfil, de acordo com os parâmetros médios dos grupos. Os valores obtidos com a análise de grupos também foram utilizados para calcular a expansão crustal ao longo do perfil, chegando a valores entre 12 e 23%. Além disso, resultados de inversão foram analisados com poços da base de dados do Sistema de Informação de Águas Subterrâneas (SIAGAS) para avaliar a produtividade de poços com respeito à sua proximidade a unidades específicas de diques. Este estudo mostra que poços mais produtivos estão situados próximos de uma classe de diques mais rasos, conforme identificado pela análise k-means. Para poços perfurados em zona de influência dessa classe de diques em rochas cristalinas de alto grau metamórfico (tufos, meta-tufos), a produtividade é cerca de 14,5 vezes maior do que aqueles perfurados nas encaixantes. Para poços em zona de influência dessa classe de diques em rochas cristalinas de baixo grau metamórfico, a produtividade é cerca de 4,3 maior do que nas encaixantes. Um modelo conceitual para exploração de águas subterrâneas é apresentado levando-se em consideração a distribuição de diques mais rasos na região estudada. / This work presents a method of inversion of magnetometric data profiles in dyke swarms, using the modules of a program developed in the context of the Master. Dyke swarms produce complex patterns of anomalies, depending on the density of dikes along the evaluated profile, the magnetic properties of each unit and the existence of shallower and deeper sources. Few techniques prove effective in inverting data in such a scenario, either to retrieve reliable parameters for each dyke or average values in more complex cases. The method includes a stepwise inversion approach for multi-prism models that are interactively identified according to the quality of fit to the data. In the proposed approach, the intensity of the anomalous vector field is initially inverted to provide geometric parameters (position along the profile and depth of the top) and the product of the magnetization intensity by the thickness for the model units. The obtained model is used to invert the total field anomaly data to obtain the magnetization inclination for each prism of the model. For profiles with few prisms (dykes), this approach proves to be effective in recovering the true parameters for each model unit. For profiles with a higher density of prisms, only mean values of different dyke populations can be recovered. This is achieved by applying a group analysis approach using the k-means algorithm, for alternative solutions obtained in the inversion of data. The method is tested with synthetic data generated by simple and complex configurations of prisms and interferences. Once tested with numerical simulations, the method is applied to a profile of the Dike Swarm of the Ponta Grossa Arch. The cluster analysis of alternative solutions identified at least three generations for the dikes in this profile, according to the average parameters of the groups. The mean values obtained with the cluster analysis were also used to calculate the crustal expansion along the profile, reaching values between 12 and 23%. In addition, inversion results were analyzed with wells from the Groundwater Information System (SIAGAS) database to evaluate the productivity of wells with respect to their proximity to specific dyke units. This study shows that more productive wells are located near a class of shallower dikes, as identified by the k-means analysis. For wells drilled in a zone of influence of this class of dykes in crystalline rocks of high metamorphic degree (tufts, meta-tufts), the productivity is about 14.5 times greater than those drilled in the hosting rocks. For wells in the zone of influence of this class of dykes in crystalline rocks of low metamorphic degree, the productivity is about 4.3 higher than the ones in the hosting rocks. A conceptual model for groundwater exploration is presented considering the distribution of shallow dikes in the studied region.

Microfiche and maps (numbered 1-7) in pocket / Includes bibliography (6 unnumbered leaves) / 109, [84] leaves (some folded) : ill., maps (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Economic Geology, 1984

The use of magnetometers combined with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is an emerging market for commercial and military applications. This study presents the methodology used to magnetically characterize a novel fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAV. The most challenging aspect of integrating magnetometers on manned or unmanned aircraft is minimizing the amount of magnetic noise generated by the aircraft’s onboard components. As magnetometer technology has improved in recent years magnetometer payloads have decreased in size. As a result, there has been an increase in opportunities to employ small to medium UAV with magnetometer applications. However, in comparison to manned aviation, small UAVs have smaller distance scales between sources of interference and sensors. Therefore, more robust magnetic characterization techniques are required specifically for UAVs. This characterization determined the most suitable position for the magnetometer payload by evaluating the aircraft’s static-field magnetic signature. For each aircraft component, the permanent and induced magnetic dipole moment characteristics were determined experimentally. These dipole characteristics were used to build three dimensional magnetic models of the aircraft. By assembling the dipoles in 3D space, analytical and numerical static-field solutions were obtained using MATLAB computational and COMSOL finite element analysis frameworks. Finally, Tolles and Lawson aeromagnetic compensation coefficients were computed and compared to evaluate the maneuver noise for various payload locations. The magnetic models were used to study the sensitivity of the aircraft configuration and to simultaneously predict the effects at potential sensor locations. The study concluded by predicting that a wingtip location was the area of lowest magnetic interference. / Graduate

L’objectif de ce travail est d’améliorer la caractérisation des sources à l’origine d’anomalies magnétiques, par le biais de développements théoriques et expérimentaux. Pour des structures invariantes dans une direction horizontale (structures à 2D), l’idée de Nabighian (1972) a été généralisée, ce qui implique une nouvelle façon d’étudier les méthodes potentielles à 2D. Ces développements ont permis de proposer une nouvelle approche théorique et de nouvelles représentations dans le plan complexe des fonctions magnétiques. La deuxième approche de ce travail est expérimentale. Une étude y est faite par le biais de données et de cas synthétiques, afin d’estimer l’apport d’acquisitions magnétiques à différentes altitudes pour caractériser une source. Dans un troisième temps, les développements théoriques et expérimentaux sont mis en œuvre pour deux exemples : des anomalies magnétiques en domaine océanique de type Vine et Mathews et une cartographie pour l’archéologie. / Magnetic anomalies recorded outside bodies provide high quality information relative to buried structures. By using theoretical and experimental developments, this thesis aims to improve the characterization of the source inducing the magnetic anomaly. Firstly, some properties of three dimensional magnetic functions are presented, for example the presence of several maxima of the analytic signal operator (3D) is demonstrated. The Nabighian (1972) equation is generalized, which imply a new process to study potential method in two dimensions. These developments enable a new visualization of the anomaly in the complex field. The second approach is experimental. Synthetic cases are used to estimate the contribution of different configurations of magnetic data acquisitions at different altitudes to characterize the magnetic source. Theoretical and experimental developments are finally applied to two field examples: oceanic magnetic anomalies and archaeological magnetic prospection

In this thesis, I constrain rupture scenarios of active crustal faults in the southern Strait of Georgia and Boundary Bay in order to assess their tsunamigenic potential. The NW-SE-trending Drayton Harbor, Birch Bay, and Sandy Point faults had been previously identified on the southern side of Boundary Bay from aeromagnetic, LiDAR, and paleoseismic data; all show evidence of abrupt vertical Holocene displacements. South of Boundary Bay, the E-W-trending Skipjack Island fault zone was recently mapped on the basis of multibeam sonar imagery and seismic reflection data, with evidence for Holocene offsets of the seafloor and subsurface sediments. In addition, the Fraser River Delta fault had been hypothesized on the basis of a line of pockmarks and fluid seeps. Since these faults have only been recently mapped and identified as active, there is little information available on their structure, rupture style, and past large earthquakes. This makes it difficult to constrain rupture models to predict how fault slip could displace the seafloor during a large earthquake, for input to tsunami models. I analyzed relocated earthquake hypocentres, earthquake mechanisms, bathymetry, topography, and aeromagnetic, seismic reflection, and magnetotelluric data, to constrain the location, strike, dip, and rupture width of each fault. Correlations between datasets enabled mapping of northwestward extensions of the Sandy Point and Birch Bay faults, as well as delineating the previously unmapped Fraser River Delta fault. These offshore faults appear to be associated with infilled basement valleys in the subsurface, perhaps due to differential glacial erosion of weakened fault zone material. The Drayton Harbor fault could not be definitively mapped across Boundary Bay, so was excluded from the rupture modelling. Rupture styles were constrained using a combination of earthquake mechanisms, stress orientations, other evidence of regional compression, and vertical paleoseismic offsets. Where possible, paleoseismic displacements in past earthquakes were used to constrain the amount of fault slip for scenario earthquakes; empirical relations between fault slip and fault length or area were used to estimate displacements for the Skipjack Island and Fraser River Delta faults. The Birch Bay, Sandy Point, Skipjack Island, and Fraser River Delta faults all pose a significant tsunami risk to communities surrounding the southern Strait of Georgia and Boundary Bay. Considering both the originally mapped and extended lengths, the Birch Bay and Sandy Point faults could rupture in reverse-faulting earthquakes up to Mw 6.7-7.4 and 6.8-7.5, respectively, with seafloor uplift up to 2-2.5 m triggering damaging tsunami waves (up to at least 2.5 m) that could arrive onshore with little to no warning after the shaking begins. Similarly, the Fraser River Delta fault could host reverse or dextral-reverse slip earthquakes up to Mw 7.0-7.6, with seafloor uplift of 0.6-3.5 m. Ruptures on the Skipjack Island fault would likely have a larger strike-slip component; earthquakes of Mw 6.9-7.3 produce modelled seafloor uplift of 0.5-1.9 m. These results suggest that large tsunamigenic earthquakes on crustal faults in the southern Strait of Georgia should be included in future seismic and tsunami hazard assessments on both sides of the international border. / Graduate