This work is focused on cipher algorithm AES, his selection method and description of cipher blocks, possibilities of .NET framework and current implementation of AES algorithm in C#. The book also contain complete application for teaching and explanation of AES cipher.

The presented text deals with designing of a multilingual application and its following implementation in the C++ language. The application encrypts disk volumes with Microsoft Windows system using symmetric cryptography and password authentication, where the password security strength is verified. Securing the sensitive data is one of the important security goals in area of information technology. The symmetric cryptography uses the same key for both the encryption and the decryption and due to its speed it is suitable for the data storage encryption. For the higher security it is possible to encrypt a whole disk volume with sensitive data.

During the last decade, the use of Next-Generation Sequencing(NGS) technologies has sky-rocketed. The vast amount of data produced by these platforms require processing and analysis. This is usually performed at locations remote from the sequencing facilities thereby introducing the need for data-transportation to the place of analysis. The use of internet transfer would greatly facilitate the process, however since NGS data is considered to be personal sensitive information the handling of the data is highly regulated by the General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR). During this project, a web-based application was developed for the privacy-protecting transfer of personal sensitive data, implementing an in-motion encryption scheme which ensures data integrity and authenticity. The application consists of three scripts: the HTML web page with JavaScript functionality, a PHP script responsible for connection establishment and integrity verification, and a Python script executing the majority of the server-side operations. The resulting application uses the symmetric encryption algorithm AES in GCM mode, using a key size of 128 bits and transfers 60 Kibibytes of the file at a time. The key is established by using the asymmetric RSA encryption scheme with a 4096 bit key pair. SHA-256 is used for verifying the integrity of the transferred files. The JavaScript encryption speed is 584 MB/s and the Python decryption speed 251 MB/s. While the focus of the project was to optimize the application for NGS data, it is not limited to this type of file and can transfer different formats, enabling the use in multiple different fields.

Metals are essential nutrients for plant health, but not all metals are necessary and can sometimes be harmful towards plants depending on factors such as species, elemental composition in the soil and concentration of a metal. Iron (Fe), which is one of the most abundant metals in the earth’s crust is also one the most important nutrients for plant growth, as it is responsible for metabolism. Lead (Pb) has been widely outspoken to be a harmful pollutant to plants and has been shown in studies to have an impact on a plant’s physiology and morphology. The aim of this study is to analyze whether Pb and Fe influence the metal content of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum). A solution of Pb with the following concentrations; 2.4 g/L, 1.2 g/L, 0.48 g/L, 0.24 g/L, 0.12 g/L, 0.048 g/L and 0.024 g/L were used. Another solution of Fe with the following concentrations; 0.56 g/L, 0.28 g/L, 0.11 g/L, 0.056 g/L, 0.028 g/L, 0.011 g/L and 0.0056 g/L were also used. Then a combined solution of both Pb- and Fe solution were mixed with a volume ratio of 1:1 corresponding to the following concentrations of lead and iron, respectively; 0.024/0.0056 g/L, 0.048/0.0112 g/L, 0.12/0.028 g/L, 0.24/0.056 g/L, 0.48/0.112 g/L, 1.2/0.28 g/L were used. A total of 29 different metal contents were analyzed, which include; Aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), Barium (Ba), Beryllium (Be), Bismuth (Bi), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), Fe, gallium (Ga), potassium (K), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo), sodium (Na), nickel (Ni), Pb, rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), tellurium (Te), thallium (Tl), uranium (U), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn). Before initial analysis, microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) was applied with a test sample to evaluate if the acidified digestion method used with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was successful enough to be used for the original experiment. It was successful, so the cress samples underwent the same digestion method and were analyzed with inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that Pb overall decreased most metal contents, while Fe seemed to generally maintain a constant metal content of most metals. Fe fed cress seemed to grow the healthiest in appearance compared to Pb fed cress which grew the worst. Mixed solution Pb and Fe cress fed grew worse than Fe fed cress, but better than Pb fed cress. The growth quality was the worst with Pb fed and the best for controlled water fed cress. For mixed Pb and Fe solution fed cress the plants seemed to share similar qualities of both Pb- and Fe solution fed cress, with better growth capabilities than Pb fed cress, but worse than Fe fed cress. The high dilution factor during the sample preparation led to the fact that some trace and ultra-trace elements could not be determined, since their contents were below LOD or LOQ. Adapting the sample preparation procedure to these low concentrations would be a further improvement.

The excellent corrosion resistance of stainless steels arises from the presence of a passive film on its surface. Above 10.5wt% Cr a chromium oxide of 1-3 nm is formed on the surface of the metal that in case of damage will reform and hinder further dissolution of the metal. However, the passivity of the stainless steel can be altered by material factors and external factors; such as the composition of the underlying phases, external loads or thermal treatments. In this work the local electrochemical techniques Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) and Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) and the local characterization techniques X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) have been used to investigate corrosion phenomena of stainless alloys based on measurements of corrosion current density, work function, thickness and composition of the oxide. The effect on work function of the thickness of the passive film and composition of the underlying phases was investigated for 301LN austenitic stainless steel (Paper I) and a heat treated superduplex 25Cr7Ni type stainless steel (Paper II). It was shown that the work function can be an indicator of corrosion resistance of the phases in the microstructure, and that the composition of the underlying phases had a greater effect on the work function than the thickness of the passive film. External factors such mechanical deformation (Paper I) and welding (Paper III) altered the passivity of the steel and work function. It was found that plastic deformation decreased irreversibly the work function, whereas elastic deformation did not have any permanent effect. Thermal oxides affected the passivity of stainless steels welded joints and were detrimental for its corrosion resistance. Anodic activity, observed with SVET, and pitting corrosion were detected at the heat tint and attributed to the interaction between the composition and the thickness of the oxide. Brushing combined with pickling was recommended for recovering the passivity of stainless steels. / <p>QC 20160516</p>

Käppalaverket är ett avloppsreningsverk som är beläget på Lidingö. Avloppsreningsverket renar idag avloppsvatten från över en halv miljon människor. Varje år produceras det omkring 30 000 ton slam på Käppalaverket. Det näringsrika slammet används sedan som gödsel som sprids på åkermarken. Från 2007 fram till 2012 har kopparhalten stigit i det producerade slammet på Käppalaverket. Det har resulterat i att mängden koppar har överstigit det uppsatta gränsvärdet för att få sprida slam på åkermark (300 g koppar/ha och år). Därmed får endast en begränsad mängd av det producerade slammet spridas på åkermarken. Gränsvärdet är satt för att skyddamark- och vattenlevande organismer. Den tvåvärda kopparjonen har nämligen en toxisk effekt på organismerna. Även Bromma och Henriksdals avloppsreningsverk har haft en liknande ökning i kopparhalt hos slammet, men inte lika kraftig som Käppalaverket. Den största delen av den koppar som hamnar i slammet förutspås komma från kopparrör i hushållen. Därför har flera olika parametrar undersökts för att se hur mycket påverkan de har på korrosionen av kopparrören. pH, alkalinitet och naturligt organiskt material (NOM) är de parametrar som mest påverkar mängden koppar som löses ut genom korrosion i dricksvattnet. En sänkning av pH leder till högre halt koppar i dricksvattnet, men en sänkning av alkalinitet och NOM-halt bidrar istället till en lägre halt koppar i dricksvattnet. Även temperatur och stilleståndstid har betydelse för hur snabbt korrosionen av koppar sker. Majoriteten av Käppalas medlemskommuner får sitt dricksvatten från Görvälnverket. Lovö och Norsborgs vattenverklevererar dricksvatten till övriga kommuner inom Käppalas upptagningsområde. Hos Görvälnverket har alkaliniteten stigit svagt från år 2000 fram till idag. Denna stigning borde endast påverka i ytterst liten grad på den höga kopparhalten i Käppalaverkets slam. På övriga parametrar som anses ha påverkan på kopparhalten i slammet har det inte setts någon tydlig tendens. Ökningen av kopparhalter i slammet tyder istället på andra orsaker. I februari 2009 bytte Käppalaverket tillsammans med Bromma och Henriksdals reningsverk analyslaboratorium. Bytet av laboratorium tyckts påverka analysresultaten så att analysresultaten från det nya laboratoriet uppvisar en högre halt koppar i slammet. Dessutom har standardavvikelsen varit större för de analysresult som erhållits efter laboratoriebytet jämfört med analysresultaten före laboratoriebytet. Analysosäkerheten har emellertid varierat mellan åren då kopparhalten islammet steg. På Stockholm Vattens laboratorium dit proverna skickades innan laboratoriebytet var analysosäkerheten väldigt ospecifikt angivet. Enligt analysrapporten hade provresultatet en analysosäkerhet mellan 15-40 %. Proverna skickades efter laboratoriebytet till Eurofinslaboratorium i Lidköping. Där har analysosäkerheten på slamproverna minskat med tiden. Första tiden efter bytet var analysosäkerheten på proverna 30 % därefter har osäkerheten minskat till 15 %. Anledningen till att Käppalaverket haft en kraftigare stigning än Bromma och Henriksdalsreningsverk är oviss. En förklaring skulle kunna vara att slamkonditioneringsprocessen Kemicond påverkade analysresultatet eftersom en viss koncentrationsförändring skulle skett då processen var i drift. Men kopparhalten har inte sjunkit så kraftigt som förväntat efter att Kemicond avvecklades. Emellertid har den totala mängden koppar in till Käppalaverket ökat under tidsperioden då kopparhalten i slammet varit högre. Det tyder på att det är någon annan bakomliggande orsak till ökningen av koppar i slammet. / Käppala wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is located in Lidingö and currently treats water from over half a million people. Every year the Käppala plant produces about 30 000 t sludge. The nutritious sludge is then used as fertilizer on farmland. From 2007 until 2012 the copper content has increased in the produced sludge. Eventually the amount of copper has exceeded the allowed limit for spreading sludge on farmland (300 g copper/ha and year). So only a limited amount of sludge can be spread on the farmland. The limit is set to protect the soil and aquatic organisms since the divalent copper ion has toxic effects on the organisms. Even Bromma and Henriksdal WWTP have had the same increase in copper content in the sludge, but not as highas the Käppala plant. The largest part of the copper that ends up in the sludge is predicted to originates from copper pipes in households. That is the reason why a number of different parameters has been investigated in order to see how much each parameter affects the amount of copper that is dissolved in the drinking water. The parameters that affect the most are; pH, alkalinity andnatural organic matter (NOM). When pH is decreasing, more copper will dissolve to the drinking water, but when the alkalinity and the NOM content is increasing, more copper will dissolve to the drinking water. Even the temperature and the stagnation time is important for how fast corrosion of copper pipes will occurs. The Görväln plant purifies and supplies drinking water to the majority of the member municipalities of the Käppala plant. Lovö’s and Norsborg’swaterworks supply drinking water to the other municipalities within the catchment area of Käppala. The alkalinity has slightly increased in the Görväln plant from 2000 to present. This increase should only affect in a very small degree on the increase in copper content in the sludge of Käppala plant. There is no clear trend on the other parameters that is considered to have an influence on the copper content in the sludge. The sharp increase in copper content has probably other causes. In February 2009, the Käppala plant, together with Bromma and Henriksdal WWTP, changed analysis laboratory. The change of laboratory seemed to affect the results of the analysis giving higher values of copper contentin the sludge. The standard deviation is also greater in the analysis results of the samples after the change of laboratory compared to with the analysis results before the change of laboratory. However, the uncertainty of the analysis has varied over the years when the rising in the copper content in the sludge occurred. At Stockholm Vatten’s laboratory where samples were sent before the laboratory change was the uncertainty of the analysis very unspecific given. According to the analysis report, the result of the sample had an uncertainty of the analysis between 15-40 %. The samples were after the laboratory change sent to Eurofins laboratory in Lidköping. Here the uncertainty of the analysis has been diminished with the time. After the first years after the change the uncertainty of the analysis was 30 %. But after that the uncertainty of the analysis has declined to 15 %. The reason why the Käppala plant had a stronger increase of copper content in the sludge than in Bromma and Henriksdal WWTP is unknown. One explanation could be that the sludge conditioning process Kemicond affected the analysis result since a certain change in concentration could have occurred when the process was in operation. However, the copper content has not decreased as much as expected after Kemicond was liquidated. But the total amount of copper in to the Käppala plant has increased during the period when the copper content in the sludge was higher. This indicates that there are other underlying reasons for the increase of copper in the sludge.

Micro-architectural analysis (MA) is a fast evolving area of side-channel cryptanalysis. This new area focuses on the effects of common processor components and their functionalities on the security of software cryptosystems. The main characteristic of micro-architectural attacks, which sets them aside from classical side-channel attacks, is the simple fact that they exploit the micro-architectural behavior of modern computer systems. Attackers could get running information through malicious software, then get some sensitive information through off-line analysis. This kind of attack has the following features: 1.) side channel information are acquired through software measurement on target machine with no need to use sophisticated devices. 2.) non-privilege process could get the running information of the privilege process. 3.) people can mount both a remote attack and local attack. This thesis mainly focuses one kinds of these attacks, data cache based timing attacks(CBTA). First, the main principle of CBTA is introduced, and several kinds of CBTA technique are discussed. Moreover, theoretical model is given under some attacks. Second, various countermeasures are described and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. Based on these discussions, the author proposes two anti-attack measures using hardware modification. Aiming at access-driven attacks, a XOR address remapping technique is proposed, which could obfuscate the mapping relationship between cache line and memory block. Aiming at timing-driven attacks, the IPMG mechanism is proposed innovatively. This mechanism could generate cache miss dynamically through observing the historic miss rate. These two mechanisms are realized on the MIPS processor and their effectiveness is verified on the FPGA board. At last, performance penalty and hardware cost are evaluated. The result shows that the proposed solution is effective with very low performance penalty and area cost

With increasing awareness of potential security threats there is a growing interest in communication security for spacecraft control and data. Traditionally commercial and scientific missions have relied on their uniqueness to prevent security breaches. During time the market has changed with open systems for mission control and data distribution, increased connectivity and the use of existing and shared infrastructure. Therefore security layers are being introduced to protect spacecraft communication. In order to mitigate the perceived threats, the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) has proposed the addition of communication security in the various layers of the communication model. This thesis describes and discuss their proposal and look into how this application should be implemented into the data link layer of the communication protocol to protect from timing attacks. An implementation of AES-CTR+GMAC is constructed in software to compare different key lengths and another implementation is constructed in synthesized VHDL for use on hardware to investigate the impact on area consumption on the FPGA as well as if it is possible to secure it from cache-timing attacks.

This thesis deals with design and implementation of AES and DES encryption architectures for embedded systems. Architectures are implemented in VHDL language and design for FPGA technology. The proposed implementations are mapped on the Xilinx Spartan 3 technology. Both architectures are applied in simple ECB (Electronic Codebook) scheme with cache memories. A maximum throughput of design DES architecture 370 Mbps is achived with clock frequency of 104 MHz. The throughput of AES architecture at the maximum clock frequency of 118 MHz is 228 Mbps. Compared to software implementations for embedded systems, we achieve significantly higher throughput for both architectures.

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