Lucie Ducháčková Bipyridine N,N'-dioxides are organocatalysts, which are used as a chiral Lewis bases in enantioselective catalysis. The aim of this diploma thesis was systematic investigation of the proton affinities of bipyridine N,N'-dioxide derivatives. Further, the complexation properties and chiral recognition in the gas phase of bipyridine N,N'-dioxide derivatives were examined. Mass spectrometry complemented with infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy and quantum-chemistry calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) were used as the main experimental methods. Bipyridine N,N'-dioxides are a new class of oxygen superbases with proton affinities larger than 1030 kJ/mol. Complexation properties and reactivities of their metal complexes are comparable to 2,2'-bipyridine.

Unfractionated heparin, which is a widely used anticoagulant, is frequently replaced with low-molecular-mass species. They are used due to their more predictable anticoagulant effect with less bleeding complications and also they have prolonged anticoagulant effect. For monitoring of low-molecular-mass heparin levels, anti-factor Xa assay is used, which has some significant drawbacks. This work is dedicated to determination of low-molecular-mass heparin, namely Fraxiparine, using affinity capillary electrophoresis. Heparin is a polysaccharide which does not exhibit a significant UV absorption; therefore, its indirect detection method was used. Fraxiparine forms a stable complex with protamine. Protamine is an arginine-rich, positively charged peptide which is used to suppress heparin anticoagulant effect. Because protamine has a complex, not precisely defined structure, it was replaced by well-defined tetraarginine. The method uses phosphoric acid of 9 mmol L-1 concentration with addition of 0.1% (w/v) hydroxyethylcellulose as the background electrolyte. The samples are injected hydrodynamically into the capillary by a pressure of 5 kPa. First, the zone of Fraxiparine was injected, followed by the zone of tetraarginine (5 s). After that, 30 kV voltage was applied for 30 s. During this time the...

A Gonadotrofina Coriônica Eqüina (eCG) é produzida pela égua prenhe e tem ação folículo estimulante e luteinizante em animais domésticos não eqüídeos. Um pool formado por plasma de 4 éguas prenhes, com média de 69 dias de gestação, foi purificado em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade Blue Sepharose FF (BS). As frações que adsorveram à resina BS foram purificadas em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade Concanavalina A 4B (ConA). As frações que não adsorveram à resina BS também foram purificadas em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade ConA. O mesmo pool de palsma foi diafiltrado, em cartucho de hemodiálise. O diafiltrado foi aplicado em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade ConA. Atividade biológica (UI/mL) do plasma, do diafiltrado e das frações purificadas foram quantificadas por ensaio biológico com ratas impúbres. As atividades biológicas encontradas no plasma e no plasma diafiltrado foram de 3,63 e 5,14UI/mL, respectivamente. A atividade biológica encontrada nas frações que adsorveram à BS foi de 3,50UI/mL. Não foi encontrarda atividade biológica nas frações que não adsorveram à BS. A atividade biológica contida nas frações que adsorveram à BS e que também adsorveram a ConA foi de 3,65UI/mL. O rendimento do processo cromatográfico onde o plasma foi adsorvido pela BS e pela ConA, foi de 69,52%. Não foi encontrada atividade biológica nas frações obtidas da aplicação do plasma diafiltrado em coluna de ConA. O processo cromatográfico com uso de BS seguido de ConA mostou-se eficaz em purificar a eCG do plasma de éguas prenhes. / The equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG) is produced by the pregnant mare and has follicle-stimulant and luteinizing actions on non-equine domestic animals. A pool formed by the plasma of 4 pregnant mares (with mean gestation of 69 days) was purified in chromatographic column with Blue-Sepharose FF affinity resin (BS resin). Fractions adsorbed by BS resin were then purified in chromatographic column with Concavalin A 4B affinity resin (ConA resin). The fractions not adsorbed by the BS resin were also purified in chromatographic column with ConA resin. The same plasma pool was dialyzed in hemodialysis cartridge. The dialyzed was applied in chromatographic column with ConA resin. Biological activities (in IU/mL) of the plasma, of the dialyzed and of the purified fractions were quantified in a biological assay with female rats that did not reach puberty. The biological activities found in the plasma and dialyzed were of 3.63 and 5.14 IU/mL, respectively. Fractions that were adsorbed by BS had a biological activity of 3.50 IU/mL. No biological activity was found in fractions that were not adsorbed by BS. Biological activity found in fractions adsorbed by both BS and ConA was of 3.65 IU/mL. When plasma was both adsorbed by BS and ConA, the chromatographic process yield had results of 69.52%. No biological activity was found in the fractions obtained from the administration of dialyzed plasma in ConA column. The BS - followed by ConA -chromatographic process showed efficacy in purifying the eCG from the plasma of pregnant mares.

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoose altamente prevalente que atinge pelo menos um bilhão de indivíduos no mundo. A infecção causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é benigna e assintomática, mas pode causar perdas visuais ou morte em fetos e pacientes imunossuprimidos. Isto pode ser controlado com diagnóstico e instituição de tratamento, mas depende da determinação de infecção ativa ou recente. O diagnóstico parasitológico é complexo, demorado e só executado em poucos centros, sendo a sorologia específica essencial no diagnóstico da doença. A avidez de anticorpos IgG tem sido utilizada para determinação da infecção recente, porém os testes convencionais de avidez só permitem uma estimativa indireta destes anticorpos a partir dos anticorpos totais e os de alta avidez. A quantificação destes anticorpos de baixa avidez seria interessante devido aos altos títulos na fase aguda da infecção ou como marcadores da atividade da doença. Padronizamos um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando o pH como agente caotrópico, para permitir a determinação e quantificação dos anticorpos de baixa avidez. Na padronização utilizamos amostras de soro de coelhos experimentalmente infectados ou amostras do banco de material biológico do Laboratório de Protozoologia do IMTSP. Nossos resultados mostraram que pH 3,5 apresentou poder caotrópico semelhante a uréia 6M (r2= 0,9909), e que nos soros experimentais, os anticorpos de alta avidez foram resistentes aos dois caotrópicos associados. Os anticorpos recuperados na eluição com pH 3.5 ou Uréia eram semelhantes quanto a especificidade antigênica por imunomarcação ou Western Blot. A neutralização do anticorpo eluído por pH permitiu seu reensaio por ELISA após 1 hora de renaturação, com a quantificação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez.. A reprodutibilidade intra e inter teste foi superior a 95%, embora com resultados piores para o pH 3,5. Uma vez padronizada a reação, foram analisadas 150 amostras de soros humanos com sorologia e avidez conhecidas, composta por grande maioria de soros de alta avidez. As medidas de avidez por porcentagem mostraram um resultado errático, atribuído ao uso de grande maioria de anticorpos de alta avidez, embora a medida dos anticorpos recuperados mantivesse correlação com estimativa a partir da medida indireta (r2= 0.48). Esta abordagem permite a determinação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez, que são os anticorpos inicialmente produzidos em um desafio antigênico. Nosso ensaio é semelhante ao imunológico, já que a apresentação de antígenos por exossomos ácidos de células dendríticas foliculares no centro germinativo parece ser o sistema de seleção de clones produtores de anticorpos de alta avidez. As perspectivas futuras de uso da medida dos anticorpos de baixa avidez na toxoplasmose são imensas, desde a relação com a gravidade da doença, pela sua quantidade, ou da presença de infecção recente, principalmente em infecção congênita ou e em imunossuprimidos, ou a reatividade da doença crônica, como na toxoplasmose ocular. / Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent protozoosis, affecting at least one billion people worldwide. The infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic and benign but it can cause visual losses in addition to death in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. The agent can be controlled by early diagnosis and treatment, but this therapy depends on the determination of active or recent infection. The parasitological diagnosis is complex, time consuming and only performed in few centers, so specific serology is essential for diagnosis. The IgG avidity tests has been used to determine recent infection, but avidity conventional tests only provide an indirect estimate of low avidity antibodies from the total and high avidity antibodies. The quantification of low avidity antibodies would be interesting due to high titers in the acute phase of infection or as markers of disease activity. Using reversible chaotrope such as pH, we standardized an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) to allow the determination and quantification of low avidity antibodies. For standardization we used serum samples from experimentally infected rabbits or samples of biological material bank of the Laboratory of Protozoology, IMTSP. Our results showed that pH 3.5 is a chaotrope similar to 6M urea (r2 = 0.9909) in avidity ELISA, and high avidity antibodies had similar resistance to two associated chaotrope in experimental sera. The antibodies recovered on elution with pH 3.5 or urea had similar antigen specificity by immunostaining or Western blot. The neutralizing antibody eluted by pH allowed retest by ELISA after 1 hour of refolding, with direct quantification of antibodies of low avidity. The reproducibility inter and intra test were above 95%, but with worse results for pH 3.5. After standardization, we analyzed 150 samples of human sera with known serology and avidity, composed by a large majority of high avidity samples. Avidity as percent of high avidity antibodies showed erratic results in chaotrope comparison, attributed to the majority of high avidity samples, although the direct measure of low avidity IgG kept correlation with the indirect estimate (r2 = 0.48). This approach allows the direct determination of low avidity antibodies that are early produced in an antigen challenge. Our test is similar to the biology of antibody selection, since antigen presentation by acid exosomes of follicular dendritic cells in germinal center seems to be the system of selection of clones that produce high avidity antibodies. The prospective use of the quantification of low avidity antibodies in toxoplasmosis are attractive, either by the quantitative relationship with the severity of the disease; or the increased presence in recent infections, especially in congenital infection and in immunosuppressed patients, or their relative increase in reactivated chronic disease, such as ocular toxoplasmosis.

Está estabelecido que o processo de glicosilação é essencial para a conformação estrutural e função efetora dos anticorpos. Entretanto, não está completamente claro como diferenças nos carboidratos ligados aos anticorpos podem interferir na sua atividade biológica. Foi previamente descrito que anticorpos IgG1 murinos podem ser divididos em anafiláticos ou não-anafiláticos, de acordo com a sua capacidade de induzir in vivo reação de anafilaxia. Somado a isso, foi verificado que a cadeia de oligossacarídeos N-ligada à molécula de IgG1 é fundamental para a manutenção da sua função efetora. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estudar diferenças estruturais entre os subtipos de IgG murinos que poderiam determinar a sua atividade biológica. O seqüenciamento dos nucleotídeos que codificam os domínios CH2 e CH3 dos dois subtipos de IgG1 permitiu constatar homologia de 100% dessas regiões nas duas moléculas estudadas. Entretanto, ao analisar o padrão de carboidratos N-ligados aos anticorpos IgG1 foi observado maior conteúdo de ácido siálico e fucose na cadeia N-ligada ao anticorpo anafilático em relação à do não-anafilático. Contudo, a remoção de resíduos de ácido siálico por tratamento enzimático do anticorpo IgG1 anafilático resultou na perda da capacidade desta molécula de induzir desgranulação celular in vitro e reação anafilática in vivo, semelhante ao anticorpo IgG1 deglicosilado. Em contraste, a remoção de fucose não afetou a sua função anafilática. A análise por PCR em tempo real da expressão dos genes das enzimas envolvidas no processo de glicosilação das proteínas revelou menor expressão gênica de algumas glicosidases, principalmente as sialiltransferases, no hibridoma e linfócitos B secretores do subtipo IgG1 não-anafilático em relação ao obtido no hibridoma e linfócitos B que secretam a IgG1 anafilática. Além disto, foi observada menor atividade enzimática das sialiltransferases obtidas do hibridoma produtor da IgG1 não-anafilática em relação à do hibridoma que produz a IgG1 anafilática. Em conjunto, estes resultados comprovam que a capacidade de anticorpos IgG1 murinos de induzir anafilaxia é diretamente dependente do conteúdo de ácido siálico presente na cadeia de oligossacarídeos ligada à região Fc do anticorpo, além disso sugerem fortemente que essa maior sialilação observada no tipo anafilático seja resultante da maior expressão gênica destas enzimas e assim da sua atividade enzimática no momento da síntese dos anticorpos. / It is well established that the glycosylation process is essential for the structural conformation and effector function of the antibodies. However, it is quite clear how differences in the carbohydrates attached to the antibodies may interfere with their biological activities. It was previously reported that murine IgG1 antibodies can be divided into anaphylactic or nonanaphylactic according to their ability to induce anaphylaxis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the oligosaccharide chain N-linked to the IgG1 is essential for its conformation and biological activity. The objective of this work is to study structural differences between these subtypes of murine IgG1 that could determine their biological activity. The sequencing of the nucleotides encoding the CH2 and CH3 domains of these two subtypes of IgG1 showed 100% of homology in the Fc regions of these molecules. In contrast, the analysis of the carbohydrates N-linked to the IgG1 antibodies demonstrated higher sialic acid and fucose contents in the chain attached to the anaphylactic antibody than in the nonanaphylactic IgG1. However, the removal of sialic acid residues by enzymatic treatment of anaphylactic IgG1 antibody resulted in the abrogation of its ability to induce mast cells degranulation in vitro and anaphylactic reaction in vivo as observed to deglycosylated IgG1 antibody. On the other hand, the removal of fucose did not change the anaphylactic activity. The analysis by real time PCR of the gene expression of enzymes that are involved in the protein glycosylation showed lower gene expression of some glycosyltransferases, mainly sialyltransferases, in the hybridoma and B lymphocytes that produce the non-anaphylactic IgG1 compared to those verified in the hybridoma and B cells producer of the anaphylactic IgG1. Furthermore, it was verified lower enzymatic activity of sialyltransferases purified from the hybridoma producer of the non-anaphylactic IgG1 in relation to the hybridoma producer of the anaphylactic antibody. Together, these results prove that the ability of murine IgG1 to induce anaphylaxis is directly dependent of the sialic acid content in the carbohydrate core attached to the antibody Fc region. It is also strongly suggested that this higher sialylation observed in the anaphylactic IgG1 may be resultant of the higher gene expression and enzymatic activity of some sialyltransferases during the antibody synthesis.

The work in this thesis is divided into two parts; the first is the synthesis of a ‘switch-on’ fluorophore to measure cell viability, and the second is the development of a fluorescent detection method for protein−peptide affinity assays applied in the identification of protein-protein inhibitors. Tetrazolium salts are often used in cytotoxicity assays as indicators of cell viability as they are reduced to deeply coloured formazans exclusively in healthy cells. However, measuring the absorbance of the formazan is prone to bias from other coloured species in the cell media, requires solubilisation and can be difficult to quantify. A preferable method of detection is direct fluorescence as it is easily quantified, more sensitive and would ideally remove the need to solubilise the insoluble dye. The aim of this project was to synthesise a tetrazolium salt that could be reduced to a soluble fluorescent formazan in healthy cells as an indicator of cell viability. A number of fluorescent formazans were synthesised by incorporation of a fluorophore. The corresponding tetrazolium salts were non-fluorescent and could be reduced to the formazan in vitro. Several formazans were synthesised to attempt to increase the emission wavelength and intensity to overcome cellular autofluorescence. Protein-protein interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases but until recently were considered undruggable. However, peptides have emerged as ideal compounds for targeting the large and relatively featureless protein interfaces. Work focussed on the discovery of peptide inhibitors for the E3 ubiquitin ligase stationary-phase kinase associated protein (Skp2). Potential peptide inhibitors were identified using CelluSpot synthesis and array technology to screen peptide libraries. Qualitative analysis of the protein affinity assay results by enhanced chemiluminescent detection was found to be misleading, and so a quantifiable and more sensitive fluorescent detection method was developed.

Les plates-formes multi-coeurs avec un accès mémoire non uniforme (NUMA) sont devenu des ressources usuelles de calcul haute performance. Dans ces plates-formes, la mémoire partagée est constituée de plusieurs bancs de mémoires physiques organisés hiérarchiquement. Cette hiérarchie est également constituée de plusieurs niveaux de mémoires caches et peut être assez complexe. En raison de cette complexité, les coûts d'accès mémoire peuvent varier en fonction de la distance entre le processeur et le banc mémoire accédé. Aussi, le nombre de coeurs est très élevé dans telles machines entraînant des accès mémoire concurrents. Ces accès concurrents conduisent à des ponts chauds sur des bancs mémoire, générant des problèmes d'équilibrage de charge, de contention mémoire et d'accès distants. Par conséquent, le principal défi sur les plates-formes NUMA est de réduire la latence des accès mémoire et de maximiser la bande passante. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'assurer une portabilité des performances évolutives sur des machines NUMA multi-coeurs en contrôlant l'affinité mémoire. Le premier aspect consiste à étudier les caractéristiques des plates-formes NUMA que sont à considérer pour contrôler efficacement les affinités mémoire, et de proposer des mécanismes pour tirer partie de telles affinités. Nous basons notre étude sur des benchmarks et des applications de calcul scientifique ayant des accès mémoire réguliers et irréguliers. L'étude de l'affinité mémoire nous a conduit à proposer un environnement pour gérer le placement des données pour les différents processus des applications. Cet environnement s'appuie sur des informations de compilation et sur l'architecture matérielle pour fournir des mécanismes à grains fins pour contrôler le placement. Ensuite, nous cherchons à fournir des solutions de portabilité des performances. Nous entendons par portabilité des performances la capacité de l'environnement à apporter des améliorations similaires sur des plates-formes NUMA différentes. Pour ce faire, nous proposons des mécanismes qui sont indépendants de l'architecture machine et du compilateur. La portabilité de l'environnement est évaluée sur différentes plates-formes à partir de plusieurs benchmarks et des applications numériques réelles. Enfin, nous concevons des mécanismes d'affinité mémoire qui peuvent être facilement adaptés et utilisés dans différents systèmes parallèles. Notre approche prend en compte les différentes structures de données utilisées dans les différentes applications afin de proposer des solutions qui peuvent être utilisées dans différents contextes. Toutes les propositions développées dans ce travail de recherche sont mises en œuvre dans une framework nommée Minas (Memory Affinity Management Software). Nous avons évalué l'adaptabilité de ces mécanismes suivant trois modèles de programmation parallèle à savoir OpenMP, Charm++ et mémoire transactionnelle. En outre, nous avons évalué ses performances en utilisant plusieurs benchmarks et deux applications réelles de géophysique. / Multi-core platforms with non-uniform memory access (NUMA) design are now a common resource in High Performance Computing. In such platforms, the shared memory is organized in an hierarchical memory subsystem in which the main memory is physically distributed into several memory banks. Additionally, the hierarchical memory subsystem of these platforms feature several levels of cache memories. Because of such hierarchy, memory access costs may vary depending on the distance between tasks and data. Furthermore, since the number of cores is considerably high in such machines, concurrent accesses to the same distributed shared memory are performed. These accesses produce more stress on the memory banks, generating load-balancing issues, memory contention and remote accesses. Therefore, the main challenge on a NUMA platform is to reduce memory access latency and memory contention. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to attain scalable performances on multi-core NUMA machines by controlling memory affinity. The first goal of this thesis is to investigate which characteristics of the NUMA platform and the application have an important impact on the memory affinity control and propose mechanisms to deal with them on multi-core machines with NUMA design. We focus on High Performance Scientific Numerical workloads with regular and irregular memory access characteristics. The study of memory affinity aims at the proposal of an environment to manage memory affinity on Multi-core Platforms with NUMA design. This environment provides fine grained mechanisms to manage data placement for an application by using compilation time and architecture information. The second goal is to provide solutions that show performance portability. By performance portability, we mean solutions that are capable of providing similar performances improvements on different NUMA platforms. In order to do so, we propose mechanisms that are independent of machine architecture and compiler. The portability of the proposed environment is evaluated through the performance analysis of several benchmarks and applications over different platforms. Last, the third goal of this thesis is to design memory affinity mechanisms that can be easily adapted and used in different parallel systems. Our approach takes into account the different data structures used in High Performance Scientific Numerical workloads, in order to propose solutions that can be used in different contexts. We evaluate the adaptability of such mechanisms in two parallel programming systems. All the ideas developed in this research work are implemented in a Framework named Minas (Memory affInity maNAgement Software). Several OpenMP benchmarks and two real world applications from geophysics are used to evaluate its performance. Additionally, Minas integration on Charm++ (Parallel Programming System) and OpenSkel (Skeleton Pattern System for Software Transactional Memory) is also evaluated.

O papel dos sentimentos e das emoções é extremamente relevante para o entendimento do comportamento do consumidor. Por isso, o presente trabalho busca verificar quais são os reflexos do sentimento de afinidade com um país estrangeiro na relação do consumidor com produtos e serviços do referido país. Optou-se pela realização de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, por meio da utilização de métodos qualitativos: aliadas às 24 entrevistas em profundidade com indivíduos que possuem ligação afetiva com um país estrangeiro, foram utilizadas as técnicas de videografia e de elicitação por fotos e objetos. A análise dos dados ocorreu essencialmente com base no método de análise qualitativa de conteúdo, com o auxílio do software QSR NVIVO 8. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o sentimento de afinidade com o país estrangeiro geralmente ocorre em função do contato direto do indivíduo com o local, sua cultura, seu cenário e sua economia. Além disso, o país pode assumir diferentes significados para os entrevistados. O sentimento de afinidade atua na geração de atitudes majoritariamente positivas em relação a produtos e serviços ligados ao país querido. Os consumidores, quando defrontados com ofertas oriundas de diferentes origens manifestam um interesse especial por aquelas que fazem referência ao local querido. Ainda, é possível verificar que esses sujeitos buscam manter-se ligados ao país estrangeiro através do consumo de produtos e serviços que lembram o país, o que acaba interferindo na própria construção de suas identidades. / The role of feelings and emotions is highly relevant for the comprehension of consumer behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study is to verify the reflections of the affinity feeling for a foreign country in the relationship between the consumer and its products and services. It was chosen to conduct an exploratory research, through the use of qualitative methods: combined with 24 in-depth interviews with individuals who have an emotional connection with a foreign country, there have also been used two techniques: videography, and elicitation by pictures and objects. Data analysis was mainly based on the qualitative analysis methodology, with the assistance of the QSR NVIVO 8 software. The results indicate that the affinity feeling usually occurs due to the individual's direct contact with the foreign country, its culture, its landscape and its economy. Moreover, the country can assume different meanings to the respondents. The affinity feeling actuates in the generation of mostly positive attitudes toward products and services related to the beloved country. When consumers confront themselves with offers from different origins, they declare special interest for those linked to the beloved place. Further, it is possible to notice that these individuals try to remain connected to the foreign country through the consumption of products and services related to it, what ends up interfering in the construction of their own identities.

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoose altamente prevalente que atinge pelo menos um bilhão de indivíduos no mundo. A infecção causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é benigna e assintomática, mas pode causar perdas visuais ou morte em fetos e pacientes imunossuprimidos. Isto pode ser controlado com diagnóstico e instituição de tratamento, mas depende da determinação de infecção ativa ou recente. O diagnóstico parasitológico é complexo, demorado e só executado em poucos centros, sendo a sorologia específica essencial no diagnóstico da doença. A avidez de anticorpos IgG tem sido utilizada para determinação da infecção recente, porém os testes convencionais de avidez só permitem uma estimativa indireta destes anticorpos a partir dos anticorpos totais e os de alta avidez. A quantificação destes anticorpos de baixa avidez seria interessante devido aos altos títulos na fase aguda da infecção ou como marcadores da atividade da doença. Padronizamos um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando o pH como agente caotrópico, para permitir a determinação e quantificação dos anticorpos de baixa avidez. Na padronização utilizamos amostras de soro de coelhos experimentalmente infectados ou amostras do banco de material biológico do Laboratório de Protozoologia do IMTSP. Nossos resultados mostraram que pH 3,5 apresentou poder caotrópico semelhante a uréia 6M (r2= 0,9909), e que nos soros experimentais, os anticorpos de alta avidez foram resistentes aos dois caotrópicos associados. Os anticorpos recuperados na eluição com pH 3.5 ou Uréia eram semelhantes quanto a especificidade antigênica por imunomarcação ou Western Blot. A neutralização do anticorpo eluído por pH permitiu seu reensaio por ELISA após 1 hora de renaturação, com a quantificação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez.. A reprodutibilidade intra e inter teste foi superior a 95%, embora com resultados piores para o pH 3,5. Uma vez padronizada a reação, foram analisadas 150 amostras de soros humanos com sorologia e avidez conhecidas, composta por grande maioria de soros de alta avidez. As medidas de avidez por porcentagem mostraram um resultado errático, atribuído ao uso de grande maioria de anticorpos de alta avidez, embora a medida dos anticorpos recuperados mantivesse correlação com estimativa a partir da medida indireta (r2= 0.48). Esta abordagem permite a determinação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez, que são os anticorpos inicialmente produzidos em um desafio antigênico. Nosso ensaio é semelhante ao imunológico, já que a apresentação de antígenos por exossomos ácidos de células dendríticas foliculares no centro germinativo parece ser o sistema de seleção de clones produtores de anticorpos de alta avidez. As perspectivas futuras de uso da medida dos anticorpos de baixa avidez na toxoplasmose são imensas, desde a relação com a gravidade da doença, pela sua quantidade, ou da presença de infecção recente, principalmente em infecção congênita ou e em imunossuprimidos, ou a reatividade da doença crônica, como na toxoplasmose ocular. / Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent protozoosis, affecting at least one billion people worldwide. The infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic and benign but it can cause visual losses in addition to death in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. The agent can be controlled by early diagnosis and treatment, but this therapy depends on the determination of active or recent infection. The parasitological diagnosis is complex, time consuming and only performed in few centers, so specific serology is essential for diagnosis. The IgG avidity tests has been used to determine recent infection, but avidity conventional tests only provide an indirect estimate of low avidity antibodies from the total and high avidity antibodies. The quantification of low avidity antibodies would be interesting due to high titers in the acute phase of infection or as markers of disease activity. Using reversible chaotrope such as pH, we standardized an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) to allow the determination and quantification of low avidity antibodies. For standardization we used serum samples from experimentally infected rabbits or samples of biological material bank of the Laboratory of Protozoology, IMTSP. Our results showed that pH 3.5 is a chaotrope similar to 6M urea (r2 = 0.9909) in avidity ELISA, and high avidity antibodies had similar resistance to two associated chaotrope in experimental sera. The antibodies recovered on elution with pH 3.5 or urea had similar antigen specificity by immunostaining or Western blot. The neutralizing antibody eluted by pH allowed retest by ELISA after 1 hour of refolding, with direct quantification of antibodies of low avidity. The reproducibility inter and intra test were above 95%, but with worse results for pH 3.5. After standardization, we analyzed 150 samples of human sera with known serology and avidity, composed by a large majority of high avidity samples. Avidity as percent of high avidity antibodies showed erratic results in chaotrope comparison, attributed to the majority of high avidity samples, although the direct measure of low avidity IgG kept correlation with the indirect estimate (r2 = 0.48). This approach allows the direct determination of low avidity antibodies that are early produced in an antigen challenge. Our test is similar to the biology of antibody selection, since antigen presentation by acid exosomes of follicular dendritic cells in germinal center seems to be the system of selection of clones that produce high avidity antibodies. The prospective use of the quantification of low avidity antibodies in toxoplasmosis are attractive, either by the quantitative relationship with the severity of the disease; or the increased presence in recent infections, especially in congenital infection and in immunosuppressed patients, or their relative increase in reactivated chronic disease, such as ocular toxoplasmosis.

A Gonadotrofina Coriônica Eqüina (eCG) é produzida pela égua prenhe e tem ação folículo estimulante e luteinizante em animais domésticos não eqüídeos. Um pool formado por plasma de 4 éguas prenhes, com média de 69 dias de gestação, foi purificado em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade Blue Sepharose FF (BS). As frações que adsorveram à resina BS foram purificadas em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade Concanavalina A 4B (ConA). As frações que não adsorveram à resina BS também foram purificadas em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade ConA. O mesmo pool de palsma foi diafiltrado, em cartucho de hemodiálise. O diafiltrado foi aplicado em coluna cromatográfica com resina de afinidade ConA. Atividade biológica (UI/mL) do plasma, do diafiltrado e das frações purificadas foram quantificadas por ensaio biológico com ratas impúbres. As atividades biológicas encontradas no plasma e no plasma diafiltrado foram de 3,63 e 5,14UI/mL, respectivamente. A atividade biológica encontrada nas frações que adsorveram à BS foi de 3,50UI/mL. Não foi encontrarda atividade biológica nas frações que não adsorveram à BS. A atividade biológica contida nas frações que adsorveram à BS e que também adsorveram a ConA foi de 3,65UI/mL. O rendimento do processo cromatográfico onde o plasma foi adsorvido pela BS e pela ConA, foi de 69,52%. Não foi encontrada atividade biológica nas frações obtidas da aplicação do plasma diafiltrado em coluna de ConA. O processo cromatográfico com uso de BS seguido de ConA mostou-se eficaz em purificar a eCG do plasma de éguas prenhes. / The equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin (eCG) is produced by the pregnant mare and has follicle-stimulant and luteinizing actions on non-equine domestic animals. A pool formed by the plasma of 4 pregnant mares (with mean gestation of 69 days) was purified in chromatographic column with Blue-Sepharose FF affinity resin (BS resin). Fractions adsorbed by BS resin were then purified in chromatographic column with Concavalin A 4B affinity resin (ConA resin). The fractions not adsorbed by the BS resin were also purified in chromatographic column with ConA resin. The same plasma pool was dialyzed in hemodialysis cartridge. The dialyzed was applied in chromatographic column with ConA resin. Biological activities (in IU/mL) of the plasma, of the dialyzed and of the purified fractions were quantified in a biological assay with female rats that did not reach puberty. The biological activities found in the plasma and dialyzed were of 3.63 and 5.14 IU/mL, respectively. Fractions that were adsorbed by BS had a biological activity of 3.50 IU/mL. No biological activity was found in fractions that were not adsorbed by BS. Biological activity found in fractions adsorbed by both BS and ConA was of 3.65 IU/mL. When plasma was both adsorbed by BS and ConA, the chromatographic process yield had results of 69.52%. No biological activity was found in the fractions obtained from the administration of dialyzed plasma in ConA column. The BS - followed by ConA -chromatographic process showed efficacy in purifying the eCG from the plasma of pregnant mares.