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Ukunika ingxelo kwimeko yamava obomi esixhoseniLugalo, Noxolo Veronica 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / The aim of this study is to explore and encourage the use of accounts in the sense
that events occur in our societies that compel those who are victims of those
circumstances to give account of their experiences.
The theme of this study is based on statements about events such as abuse,
cheating, death and being HIV positive and on answers to such events. In respect of
the theory of image restoration, Benoit (1995) discusses why people should give
account of their wrongdoings and narrate such events. He states that language and
communication practitioners as well as the great philosophers in communities have
an interest in how image restoration works in our communities. This research focuses
on the Benoit theory.
People give account in everyday life of their wrongdoings or of accusations of
wrongdoing, since this helps to restore their reputations. The focus of this study is on
the use of accounts in Xhosa culture as a strategy in the narration of life stories.
According to Benoit (1995), accounts are excuses and justifications that are
responses to offence or failure events such as requests for an account of the
violation of a norm, of the rebuke of another person and of the expression of surprise
or disgust at certain behaviours.
This study illustrates how to give account of your own experience. In this regard,
Gergen (1994) states that the term “self-narrative” refers to an individual’s account of
the relationship of self-relevant events across time, while White and Epston (1990)
state that people give meaning to their lives and relationships by narrating stories
about their experience of life.
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The speech act of apology in Xitsonga : educational contextsSombhane, Mihloti Penelope 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The study explores how Grade 10 learners use the speech act of apology in an
educational environment. Apologies are viewed in this study as a kind of remedial
work; action taken to change what may be regarded as an offensive act into an
acceptable one. Eight different strategies for complaining and twenty-one for
apologising are presented with examples to illustrate each. Data was gathered using
questionnaires in order to gain insight in the total number of complaint and apology
strategies used. Analysis of the answered questionnaires showed that while there
are strategies which are commonly used by both male and female learners, some
strategies are used mostly by male learners and some mostly by female learners.
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Persuasive messages of some married men in XhosaTiti, Nonzolo 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Issues relating to persuasive-message production motivated this study to investigate
the extent to which married Xhosa men use persuasive messages in their
conversations. The study also explored the influence goals that married Xhosa men
wish to attain when they engage in persuasive interactions. The study furthermore
aimed to determine the persuasive strategies used by married Xhosa men in their
persuasive messages.
Dillard and Marshall (2003) defined persuasion as an occurrence that comprises
longer, naturally impromptu messages concentrating mainly on a large body of
discussion with preferred topics of social, political and commercial importance.
Goals have been given much attention, since they play a major role in persuasive
messages. Dillard and Marshall (2003) distinguished between two types of goals:
primary goals and secondary goals. Primary goals are also referred to as influence
goals and are defined as the state of affairs that people wish to bring about (Dillard &
Marshall, 2003). The two authors mentioned also identified different types of primary
goals, referring to them as motivations behind the source’s influence attempt.
Different types of primary goals have been found in various works, including the
works of Dillard (2003), Wilson and Sabee (2003), Wilson (2002), Cody et al. (1994),
Dillard et al. (1989), Wilson and Kunkel (2000) and Schrader and Dillard (1998).
This study examined the approaches, such as directness or indirectness, that
married Xhosa men use when conveying their messages. It endeavoured to discover
the persuasive problems encountered by these men and other issues related to the
production of a persuasive message. In this study, the goal of giving advice appeared
to be the one used most by the men. The study revealed that the main reason for the
men giving advice was to help people in their society to lead healthy lifestyles. It also
showed that the common use of the advisory goal is valued in Xhosa culture and that
it is, to a certain extent, appreciated by those who are being advised. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kwessies wat verband hou met die skep van oorredende boodskappe was die
dryfveer agter hierdie studie wat ondersoek ingestel het na die mate waartoe
getroude Xhosamans oorredende boodskappe in hulle gesprekke gebruik. Die studie
het ook die invloed van doelstellings wat getroude Xhosamans graag wil bereik
wanneer hulle by oorredende interaksies betrokke raak, verken. Die studie het verder
ten doel gehad om die oorredende strategieë wat deur getroude Xhosamans in hulle
oorredende boodskappe gebruik word, te bepaal.
Dillard en Marshall (2003) het oorreding gedefinieer as gebeurtenis wat langer
boodskappe, wat van nature impromptu is, behels en wat hoofsaaklik op groot
massa bespreking met verkose onderwerpe van sosiale, politieke en kommersiële
belang konsentreer.
Heelwat aandag is aan doelstellings gegee aangesien dit belangrike rol in
oorredende boodskappe speel. Dillard en Marshall (2003) onderskei twee soorte
doelstellings: primêre doelstellings en sekondêre doelstellings. Primêre doelstellings
word ook invloeddoelstellings genoem en dit word gedefinieer as die toedrag van
sake wat mense teweeg wil bring (Dillard & Marshall, 2003). Genoemde twee outeurs
noem ook geïdentifiseerde verskillende soorte primêre doelstellings, en beskryf
hierdie soort as motiverings agter die bron se poging tot invloed. Verskillende soorte
primêre doelstellings is in verskeie werke aangetref, met inbegrip van die werk van
Dillard (2003), Wilson en Sabee (2003), Wilson (2002), Cody et al. (1994), Dillard et
al. (1989), Wilson en Kunkel (2000) en Schrader en Dillard (1998).
Hierdie studie het die benaderings, soos direktheid of indirektheid, ondersoek wat
getroude Xhosamans gebruik wanneer hulle boodskappe oordra. Daar is probeer om
die oorredende probleme wat deur hierdie mans teëgekom word en ander kwessies
wat met die produksie van oorredende boodskap verband hou, vas te stel. In
hierdie studie lyk dit asof die doel om raad te gee dié is wat die meeste deur die
mans gebruik word. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat die hoofrede waarom die
mans raad gee, is om mense in hulle gemeenskap te help om gesonde lewenstyle te
handhaaf. Dit het ook getoon dat daar aan die gewone gebruik van die raadgewende
doel in die Xhosakultuur waarde geheg word en dat dit, tot sekere mate, deur
diegene wat raad gegee word, gewaardeer word. / ISISHWANKATHELO: Imicimbi enxulumene nokuveliswa kwemiyalezo yotshintsho lwengqondo iye
yaphembelela ukuba kuphandwe ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwemiyalezo
etshintsha ingqondo kwincoko ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo. Esi sifundo
sikwaphonononga ezona njongo zoxinzelelo la madoda athi abe nomnqweno
wokuzifezekisa xa ezibandakanya kwiinkqubo zotshintsho lwengqondo. Ngaphezu
koko, esi sifundo sikwajolise ekufumaniseni amaqhinga okutshintsha ingqondo athi
asetyenziswe ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo kwimiyalezo yawo yokutshintsha
ingqondo.
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu Dillard no Marshall (2003), utshintsho lwengqondo
sisenzeko esiquka imiyalezo emide, engalungiselelwanga kwangendalo, egxila
ngakumbi kwiingxoxo ezinemiba eliqela enemixholo engentlalo, ezopolitiko
nezingokubaluleka korhwebo.
Iinjongo abantu abathi bafune ukuzifezekisa zinikwe ingqwalasela enkulu nanje
ngoko zidlala indima ephambili kwimiyalezo etshintsha ingqondo. UDillard no
Marshall bangowama-(2003) bohlula phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zeenjongo
abantu abanazo nabathi banqwenele ukuzifezekisa; iinjongo ezisisiseko (Primary
goals) kunye neenjongo zenqanaba lesibini (Secondary goals). Iinjongo ezisisiseko
zikwabizwa ngokuba ziinjongo ezinoxinixelelo (influence goals) kwaye zichazwa
ngokuba ziinjongo abathi abantu banqwenele ukuzifezekisa ngu Dillard no Marshall
bangowama-(2003). Bakwalatha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenjongo ezisisiseko
abakwazibiza ngokuba ziimpembelelo ezithi ziphembelele umzamo wokutshintsha
ingqondo womvelisi womyalezo lowo. Ezi ntlobo zahlukeneyo zeenjongo ezisisiseko
zifunyaniswe kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, misebenzi leyo equka umsebenzi ka-
Dillard no Marshall bangowama-(2003), ka-Wilson no Sabee bangowama-(2003), ka-
Wilson wangowama-(2002), ka-Cody et al. bangowama-(1994), ka-Dillard et al.
bangowama-(1989), ka-Wilson no Kunkel bangowama-(2000), kwakunye noka
Schrader no Dillard bangowama-(1998). Esi sifundo sikwaphonononga nendlela athi amadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo
ayisebenzise xa egqithisa imiyalezo yawo, umzekelo ukuthi ngqo (Directness)
okanye ukungathi ngqo (Indirectness) kwimiyalezo yawo. Esi sifundo sikwazama
ukufumanisa iingxaki zotshintsho lwengqondo ezithi zifunyanwe ngala madoda
kuquka neminye imiba enxulumene nokuveliswa kwemiyalezo yotshintsho ingqondo.
Kwesi sifundo injongo yokunika icebiso ibonakala iyeyona isetywenziswa kakhulu
ngamadoda amaXhosa atshatileyo. Esi sifundo sivelisa ukuba iyonke injongo
yokucebisa kula madoda kukunceda abantu ekuhlaleni ukuba babenobomi
obusempilweni. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwenjoko yokucebisa kwesi sifundo
kukwabonakalisa ukuba injonjo yokucebisa ixatyiswe kakhulu kwinkcubeko
yamaXhosa kwaye ngokwezinga elithile ikwathakazelelwa ngabo banikwa icebiso
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Persuasive messages of women in XhosaSijadu, Zameka Paula 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to explore interpersonal persuasive messages of Xhosaspeaking
women. The findings suggest that the majority of attempts at interpersonal
persuasion take place in close and often personal relationships. The findings further
show that the majority of Xhosa-speaking women tend to persuade those they are
familiar with, such as husbands, children, siblings and friends. Specific cultural aspects
also influence the persuasive messages of these women, such as collectivism,
indirectness, politeness and ubuntu (caring).
Research conducted by Cody et al. (1994), Dillard (1989) and Rule et al. (1985)
suggests that individuals seek to persuade others for a variety of reasons. They
discovered that the most sought-after influence goals are the following: give advice, gain
assistance, share activity, change orientation, change relationship, obtain permission
and enforce rights and obligations. These seven influence goals cover a large portion of
the persuasive landscape, and were dealt with considerably in this research.
The data for this research were collected from Xhosa-speaking women situated in the
Eastern Cape, specifically in the region of East London. A total of 20 women in the age
range of 30 to 45 participated by writing self-reports in which they attempted to influence
their friends, colleagues or family members. Participants also had to relate persuasive
incidents that recently took place. In addition, they were asked to mention whether the
process of gaining compliance was successful or not.
The research data were analysed and evaluated against the following:
1. Different types of influence goals
2. Message dimensions (explicitness, dominance and argument)
3. Evidence in a persuasive message
4. Emotional appeals (threat and guilt appeals)
5. Cultural and conversational constraints
The data analysis revealed that the findings of this study among Xhosa-speaking women
are on par with the findings of the study by S.R. Wilson (2002) on culture and conversational constraints, as well as with other research conducted by Dillard (1998) in
the field of message production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om interpersoonlike oorredingsboodskappe van ’n
aantal Xhosasprekende vroue te ondersoek. Die bevindinge doen aan die hand dat die
meerderheid pogings tot interpersoonlike oorreding in nabye en dikwels persoonlike
verhoudings plaasvind. Die bevindinge van die navorsing toon ook dat die meerderheid
Xhosasprekende vroue daartoe geneig is om diegene waarmee hulle vertroud is, te
oorreed. Dit sluit gades, kinders, broers en susters en vriende in. Sekere kulturele
aspekte beïnvloed ook die oorredingsboodskappe van hierdie vroue, soos kollektivisme,
indirektheid, beleefdheid en ubuntu (omgee).
Navorsing uitgevoer deur Cody et al. (1994), Dillard (1989) en Rule et al. (1985) voer
aan dat individue ander mense om verskeie redes probeer oorreed. Hulle het uitgevind
dat die algemeenste doelwitte van beïnvloeding die volgende is: gee advies, verkry
bystand, deel aktiwiteit, verander oriëntasie, verander verhouding, verkry toestemming,
dwing regte af en verpligtinge. Hierdie sewe doelwitte van beïnvloeding dek ’n groot
gedeelte van die gebied van oorreding, en word omvattend in hierdie studie behandel.
Die data vir die navorsing is ingesamel van Xhosasprekende vroue in die Oos-Kaap,
spesifiek in die Oos-Londen-gebied. Twintig vroue tussen die ouderdom van 30 en 45
het deelgeneem deur verslae te skryf waarin hulle gepoog het om hul vriende, kollegas
of familielede te beïnvloed. Die deelnemers moes ook verslag doen van
oorredingsinsidente wat onlangs plaasgevind het. Hulle is gevra om te meld of die
proses om toegewing te verkry suksesvol was al dan nie.
Die navorsingsdata is ontleed en teen die volgende geëvalueer:
6. Verskillende soorte doelwitte van beïnvloeding
7. Boodskapdimensies (uitdruklikheid, dominansie en argument)
8. Bewyse in ’n oorredingsboodskap
9. Emosionele beroepe (dreigemente en beroepe om skuldgevoelens)
10. Kulturele en gespreksbeperkings
Die data-ontleding het aangetoon dat die bevindinge van hierdie studie onder
Xhosasprekende vroue ooreenstem met dié van ’n studie deur S.R. Wilson (2002) oor kulturele en gespreksbeperkings, asook met navorsing deur Dillard (1998) op die gebied
van boodskapproduksie.
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Focus on form in a framework for task-based Xhosa instruction in a specific purposes multimedia curriculumSteenkamp, Andries Willem 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study explores how focus on form can be included by means of computer within a task-based approach to the teaching of as specific purposes isiXhosa course for student teachers ...
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The expression of aspect in SesothoMotsei, Anastacia Sara 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The expression of aspect in Sesotho within the framework of the principles,
properties and mechanisms of three different components of grammar, i.e. the
syntactic, morphological and semantic components, has been established in a
broader context. The application of the terms aspect and tense in the existing
grammatical descriptions of the Sesotho verbs, however, has proved to be
problematic. This is largely owing to the fact that these categories are established in
Sesotho on the basis of notional distinctions. This study aims to examine
comprehensively, firstly, the morphosyntactic system of Sesotho, in order to
determine the range of categories that express grammatical aspect, which includes
the Perfective and Imperfective aspects in Sesotho. The perfective-imperfective
opposition is a particular area of focus in this study, and comprises the different
tenses which are involved in the meaning of the situation types (activities,
achievements, accomplishments and states). In this regard, questions relating to the
distinctive properties of tense and aspect in Sesotho, namely: (i) the aspect
categories that occur in the full range of tenses in Sesotho, (ii) the aspect categories
that occur in deficient verb constructions, and (iii) the theoretical treatment of the
relationship between aspect and the aspectual classes of verbs (activities,
achievements, accomplishments and states) in Sesotho, undergo detailed
examination and investigation in this study.
Secondly, the study both defines and explores the theoretical frameworks pertaining
to the analysis of: (i) the correlation between the Sesotho aspect system and the
relationship between situation types and grammatical aspects in Sesotho, (ii) the
distribution of aspectual classes of verbs with respect to grammatical aspect and
temporal adjunct (for- adverbial and in- adverbial) categories in Sesotho, and (iii), the
effect on telicity of certain complement categories on the inner temporal structure of
aspectual verb classes. The study establishes the premise that the syntactic
evidence for telic events in Sesotho usually turns on the feature of completion which
involves the interaction of duration and a change of state. Therefore, this study aims
to demonstrate that the existence and application of the durative adverbial provides
syntactic evidence for atelic events. The argument for the causes and dynamics of
the telic/atelic dichotomy, as approached in this study, is based on crucial shifts
which are triggered by either completive or durative adverbials when appearing with
situation types. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wyse waarop aspek in Sesotho tot uitdrukking kom binne die raamwerk van die
beginsels, eienskappe en meganismes van drie verskillende komponente van die
grammatika, naamlik die sintaktiese, morfologiese en semantiese komponente, is
binne ‘n breër konteks vasgestel. Die toepassing van die terme aspek en
tempus/tydsaanduiding in die bestaande grammatikabeskrywings van die Sesotho
werkwoorde, blyk egter problematies te wees. Dit moet grootliks toegeskryf word
aan die feit dat hierdie kategorieë in Sesotho op grond van begripsonderskeidinge
gevestig geraak het. Die doel van hierdie studie is eerstens om ‘n omvattende
ondersoek van die morfosintaktiese sisteem van Sesotho te doen ten einde vas te
stel wat die omvang van die kategorieë is wat grammatiese aspek uitdruk. Dit sluit
die Perfektiewe en Imperfektiewe aspekte van Sesotho in. Die perfektum –
imperfektumopposisie is ‘n besondere fokus area in hierdie studie en dit behels die
verskillende tye van die werkwoord wat betrokke is die betekenis van die
situasietipes (aktiwiteite, verrigtinge, afhandeling en toestande). In hierdie verband
word vrae wat betrekking het op die distinktiewe eienskappe van tempus en aspek in
Sesotho, naamlik (i) die aspekkategorieë wat in die volle reeks tye in Sesotho
voorkom, (ii) die aspekkategorieë wat in gebrekkige/ontoereikende
werkwoordkonstruksies en (iii) die teoretiese hantering van die verhouding tussen
aspek en die aspektiese klasse werkwoorde (aktiwiteite, verrigtinge, afhandeling en
toestande) in Sesotho in hierdie studie in besonderhede ondersoek en nagevors.
Tweedens omlyn en verken die studie die teoretiese raamwerke wat betrekking het
op (i) die korrelasie tussen die Sesotho aspeksisteem en die verband tussen
situasietipes en grammatikale aspekte in Sesotho, (ii) die distribusie van aspektiese
werkwoordklasse ten opsigte van grammatiee aspek en temporele adjunkkategorieë
(vir – adverbiale en in – adverbiale) in Sesotho, en (iii) die effek op “telicity” telisiteit
van sekere komplementkategorieë op die binneste temporele struktuur van die
aspektiese werkwoordklasse. Die verhandeling poneer die premis dat die sintaktiese
bewys vir “telic” telies gebeure in Sesotho gewoonlik die kenmerk van voltooidheid
aktiveer wat die interaksie van tydsduur en ‘n verandering van toestand betrek. In
teenstelling hiermee beoog hierdie tesis om te demonstreer dat die bestaan en
toepassing van die duratiewe adverbiale aspek sintaktiese bewys verskaf vir “atelic” gebeure. Die argument vir die oorsake en dinamika van die “telic/atelic” digotomie,
soos in hierdie studie benader, is gebaseer op deurslaggewende verskuiwings wat
teweeggebring word deur òf voltooide òf duratiewe adverbiale aspekte wanneer hulle
saam met situasionele tipes voorkom. / KGUTSUFATSO: Tshebediso ya aspekte Sesothong e sibollotswe ka moelelo o pharalletseng ho
sebedisitswe moralo wa molawana o bontshang dikarolwana tse tharo tse fapaneng
tsa kwahollopuo e leng: kahopolelo/sintheks, kahontswe/mofoloji, moelelo/
semanthiks. Tshebediso ya aspekte le lekgathe ke bothata bo teng ditlhalosong tsa
kwahollopuo ya dihlopha tsa maetsi Sesothong. Bothata bona bo amana le dikarolo
tse latelang: Lebaka ke hobane aspekte le lekgathe di thehilwe ho latela phapano ya
tsona mekgahlelong ya Sesotho. Tabeng ya pele, boithuto bona bo hlahloba ka
botlalo tshebediso ya kamano ya mantswe le dipolelo (morphosyntactic system) ho
hlalosa lethathama la mekgahlelo e bontshang aspekte kwahollopuong, ho
kenyelleditswe diaspkete tse bontshang phethahalo (Perfective) le tse sa bontsheng
phethahalo (Imperfective). Phapano pakeng moelelo o bontshang phethahalo
(Perfective) le tsa moelelo o sa bontsheng phethahalo (Imperfective) ke e nngwe e
toboketswang ka hara boithuto bona e bile e na le mefuta e fapaneng ya lekgathe
mmoho le dihlopha tsa maetsi a bontshang (ketso (activity), phihlello e bontshang
nako e telele (accomplishment), phihlello e etsahalang ka potlako (achievement) le
boemo (state)). Ka tsela ena dipotso tse tobaneng le ditshobotsi tsa lekgathe le
aspekte Sesothong, e leng (i) mekgahlelo ya aspekte e fumanwang lethathamong la
lekgathe Sesothong, (ii) mekgahlelong ya aspekte e fumanwang dipolelong tsa
mahaelli/mathusi, le (iii) mohopolo wa tshebediso ya kamano e teng pakeng tsa
aspekte le dihlopha tsa maetsi a yona a bontshang (ketso (activity), phihlello e
bontshang nako e telele (accomplishment), phihlello e etsahalang ka potlako
(achievement) le boemo (state)) Sesothong.
Tabeng ya bobedi, boithuto bona bo hlalosa ka bophara moralo wa mohopolo o
amanang le manollo ya: (i) kamano e teng pakeng tsa tshebetso ya aspekte
Sesothong le dihlopha tsa maetsi le kwahollopuo ya aspekte Sesothong, (ii) kabo ya
dihlopha tsa maetsi ho latela aspekte ya teng kwahollopuong le ho mahlalosi a
bontshang nako (hora ekasitana le ka hora) mekgahlelong ya Sesotho, hammoho le
(iii) sekgahla sa mekgahlelo ya dipolelwana tsa tlatsetso tse itseng tse bontshang
ketso e tswellang pele kapa e phethahatsang ho latela sebopeho se ka hare sa nako
sa dihlopha tsa maetsi. Boithuto bona bo fumane bopaki ba dipolelo Sesothong hore diketso tse totobatsang phethahatso ya ditshobotsi tsa moelelo wa ketso e hlalosang
phetelo/qetelo Sesothong di kenyelleditse le tshebedisano pakeng tsa botswelli le
phetoho ya boemo. Le ha ho le jwalo boithuto bona bo rerile ho senola boteng le
tshebediso ya mahlalosi a nako (hora le ka hora) a bontshang botswelli mme a
nehelana ka bopaki bo netefatsang ketso e sa phethahalang mme e ka ikemela ka
boyona e se na pheletso kapa diphetoho moelelong. Boithutong bona, bo bontshitse
mabaka a phapanyetsano tshebedisong a thehilweng hodima ho phethahala le ho se
phethahale le ho ritsa ha moelelo ho bakwang ke mahlalosi a bontshang
phethahatso le botswelli ha a hlahella hammoho le dipolelo tsa dihlopha tsa maetsi.
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África Banta na região diamantina: uma proposta de análise etimológica / Bantu Africa in the diamond-mining region: a proposal for etymological studySimões, Everton Machado 10 March 2014 (has links)
Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa sobre o léxico de origem africana presente em falares da região diamantina de Minas Gerais. Estão aqui reunidos os léxicos de diferentes pesquisas sobre a região, além dos resultados recentes de nossa investigação, realizada em quatro comunidades remanescentes de quilombo: Ausente e Baú, no distrito de Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, no município de Gouveia; e, Quartel do Indaiá, no distrito de São João da Chapada, Diamantina. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar uma investigação etimológica dos itens lexicais coletados, procurando fazer um estudo histórico e linguístico da realidade observada. A partir de orientações para o trabalho etimológico de Viaro (2011), procuramos consultar as fontes de registro mais antigas de línguas africanas que pudessem estar relacionadas ao léxico da região. Esses registros são constituídos, principalmente, de dicionários de línguas africanas e alguns estudos históricos e linguísticos sobre as comunidades mineiras investigadas. O estudo realizado permite afirmar que o sistema de escravidão na região diamantina, o tráfico mais recente partindo do porto de Benguela e a proximidade lexical das línguas do grupo banto preservaram por um período uma língua africana de características bantas. Não se pode identificar com certeza qual seria essa língua, apesar da presença de um grande número de itens lexicais do umbundo. É mais prudente propor que se trate de um caso de convergência de um falar veicular do grupo R com as línguas do grupo H, presentes na região. / This is a study of lexical items from African speeches (falares africanos) in the diamond-mining region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We collected the lexical items from different researches in the area, complementing them with results from our investigative research in four maroon-descendent communities: Ausente and Baú, district of Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, Gouveia; and, Quartel do Indaiá, district of São João da Chapada, Diamantina. Our main objective is to present an etymological investigation of the items collected, based on a historical and linguistic study. Based on Viaro (2011), we consulted the oldest registers of African languages that could be related to the lexical items found in the region. These registers are constituted mostly by African languages dictionaries, besides some historical and linguistic studies of the African-Brazilian communities from Minas Gerais. Our study indicates that the slavery system of the diamond region, the late traffic departing from Benguela seaport and the lexical proximity of Bantu languages, favored the preservation during a certain period of time of an African language of Bantu characteristics. It is not possible to identify precisely which language it was, but we could identify a great lexical contribution from umbundo (R10). It is reasonable to propose that there was a case of linguistic convergence of a vehicular language from the R group with languages from the H group, both present in the region.
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Experiences and Perceptions of Pregnant Unmarried Adolescent Girls in NigeriaAsonye, Priscilla N. 01 January 2011 (has links)
Sexual activity among unmarried adolescents is a major public health problem in Nigeria, because unmarried pregnant girls are more likely to have multiple sex partners and are less likely to use contraceptives, putting them at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STD), unplanned pregnancy, abortion, social isolation, and poverty. Teen pregnancy and STD rates are on the rise in Nigeria, yet few data exist on the experience of the adolescents themselves. This phenomenological study was designed to explore the in-depth experiences of 10 pregnant, unmarried adolescent girls aged 16-19, including the factors contributing to their sexual activity. An ecological model served as the conceptual framework to permit individual experiences to be understood in their social and ecological context. Semistructured interviews and Hycner's method of analysis were used to collect and analyze the data. Results showed that the decision to initiate sexual activity among these girls was influenced by many factors, including: the need for financial support and a socially condoned system of "sugar daddies" who support girls in return for sex; peer pressure to have a sex partner; a romantic knowledge of sexual behavior based primarily on the mass media; and inadequate sex education. As a result of their pregnancy, the girls experienced negative reactions from their families and community, and serious psychological and financial concerns about their prospects for future marriage and their child's identity. A comprehensive community-based reproductive health program is called for, with reliable sex education, cooperation from the mass media, and support from family and community members. The social change implication of this study is to potentially lead to a decrease in unplanned pregnancy, STDs, social isolation, and poverty among adolescent girls in Nigeria.
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A Case Study of Primary Healthcare Services in Isu, NigeriaChimezie, Raymond Ogu. 01 January 2011 (has links)
Access to primary medical care and prevention services in Nigeria is limited, especially in rural areas, despite national and international efforts to improve health service delivery. Using a conceptual framework developed by Penchansky and Thomas, this case study explored the perceptions of community residents and healthcare providers regarding residents' access to primary healthcare services in the rural area of Isu. Using a community-based research approach, semistructured interviews and focus groups were conducted with 27 participants, including government healthcare administrators, nurses and midwives, traditional healers, and residents. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's 7-step method for qualitative data analysis. Key findings included that (a) healthcare is focused on children and pregnant women; (b) healthcare is largely ineffective because of insufficient funding, misguided leadership, poor system infrastructure, and facility neglect; (c) residents lack knowledge of and confidence in available primary healthcare services; (d) residents regularly use traditional healers even though these healers are not recognized by local government administrators; and (e) residents can be valuable participants in community-based research. The potential for positive social change includes improved communication between local government, residents, and traditional healers, and improved access to healthcare for residents.
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África Banta na região diamantina: uma proposta de análise etimológica / Bantu Africa in the diamond-mining region: a proposal for etymological studyEverton Machado Simões 10 March 2014 (has links)
Este trabalho constitui uma pesquisa sobre o léxico de origem africana presente em falares da região diamantina de Minas Gerais. Estão aqui reunidos os léxicos de diferentes pesquisas sobre a região, além dos resultados recentes de nossa investigação, realizada em quatro comunidades remanescentes de quilombo: Ausente e Baú, no distrito de Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, no município de Gouveia; e, Quartel do Indaiá, no distrito de São João da Chapada, Diamantina. O objetivo principal deste estudo é apresentar uma investigação etimológica dos itens lexicais coletados, procurando fazer um estudo histórico e linguístico da realidade observada. A partir de orientações para o trabalho etimológico de Viaro (2011), procuramos consultar as fontes de registro mais antigas de línguas africanas que pudessem estar relacionadas ao léxico da região. Esses registros são constituídos, principalmente, de dicionários de línguas africanas e alguns estudos históricos e linguísticos sobre as comunidades mineiras investigadas. O estudo realizado permite afirmar que o sistema de escravidão na região diamantina, o tráfico mais recente partindo do porto de Benguela e a proximidade lexical das línguas do grupo banto preservaram por um período uma língua africana de características bantas. Não se pode identificar com certeza qual seria essa língua, apesar da presença de um grande número de itens lexicais do umbundo. É mais prudente propor que se trate de um caso de convergência de um falar veicular do grupo R com as línguas do grupo H, presentes na região. / This is a study of lexical items from African speeches (falares africanos) in the diamond-mining region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. We collected the lexical items from different researches in the area, complementing them with results from our investigative research in four maroon-descendent communities: Ausente and Baú, district of Milho Verde, Serro; Espinho, Gouveia; and, Quartel do Indaiá, district of São João da Chapada, Diamantina. Our main objective is to present an etymological investigation of the items collected, based on a historical and linguistic study. Based on Viaro (2011), we consulted the oldest registers of African languages that could be related to the lexical items found in the region. These registers are constituted mostly by African languages dictionaries, besides some historical and linguistic studies of the African-Brazilian communities from Minas Gerais. Our study indicates that the slavery system of the diamond region, the late traffic departing from Benguela seaport and the lexical proximity of Bantu languages, favored the preservation during a certain period of time of an African language of Bantu characteristics. It is not possible to identify precisely which language it was, but we could identify a great lexical contribution from umbundo (R10). It is reasonable to propose that there was a case of linguistic convergence of a vehicular language from the R group with languages from the H group, both present in the region.
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