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Die potensiaal van tolking in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe (US) : die departement Maatskaplike Werk as gevallestudieClausen, Marna 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As can be seen from the very different language backgrounds of their students, tertiary institutions in
South Africa have become increasingly diverse in the past few years. Consequently, their campuses are
now multilingual in character and there is increasing pressure on these institutions to use more than one
language of instruction. As part of the solution to this issue, the North-West University (NWU) has
introduced classroom interpreting. At present, it is the only South African university that uses full-scale
classroom interpreting. Other universities who use classroom interpreting (among them the University
of the Free State) are currently doing so only in pilot projects.
This study investigates the possibility of using interpreting at Stellenbosch University, and more
specifically in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. It focuses on the receptiveness to and the
potential of such a practice as well as on its logistic implications. In addition, the study explores the
successes in using interpreting during lectures as well as the hindrances in doing so. It also explores the
links between the language policy of the University and classroom interpreting and whether this
practice is at all attainable in the faculty in question.
The empirical part of the study involved an experiment in the first half of the first semester in 2010 in
the Department of Social Work in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences to determine whether it
would be feasible to use interpreting during lectures. An interpreting service was used to interpret
lectures on various occasions in a second year as well as a third year class. The type of interpreting
used was whisper interpreting with Sennheiser equipment.
The study found that it would indeed be possible to have an interpreting service during lectures.
Although a few problems were highlighted, they were shown to be surmountable. The majority of
students who took part in the trial expressed a need for an interpreting service, even though they were
happy with the University’s language policy. One of the conclusions reached is that close cooperation
between the interpreter and the lecturer is of cardinal importance because it creates a relationship of
trust, which in turn helps to ensure that the interpreting service is successfully implemented. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tersiêre instellings in Suid-Afrika het die afgelope paar jaar toenemend meer divers geraak soos blyk
uit studente se uiteenlopende taalagtergronde. Dit het daartoe gelei dat kampusse tans gekenmerk word
deur meertaligheid en dat daar toenemende druk op hierdie instellings is om onderrig in meer as een
taal aan te bied. As deel van die oplossing vir hierdie kwessie het die Noordwes-Universiteit (NWU)
klaskamertolking geïmplementeer. Gevolglik is die NWU tans die enigste Suid-Afrikaanse universiteit
wat volskaals van klaskamertolking gebruik maak. Ander universiteite (waaronder die Universiteit van
die Vrystaat) gebruik ook klaskamertolking, maar tans slegs as ’n loodsprojek.
Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die moontlikheid van tolking aan die Universiteit Stellenbosch, en
meer spesifiek in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe. Die studie fokus op die ontvanklikheid
vir en potensiaal van sodanige praktyk sowel as die logistiese implikasies daarvan. Buiten
laasgenoemde fokus die studie ook daarop om die suksesse van asook struikelblokke in die toepassing
van tolking tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar word gekyk na hoe die taalbeleid van die Universiteit met
klaskamertolking skakel en of sodanige praktyk hoegenaamd haalbaar is in die betrokke fakulteit.
Die empiriese gedeelte van die studie behels dat daar gedurende die eerste helfte van die eerste
semester van 2010 ’n proef gedoen is in die Departement Maatskaplike Werk in die Fakulteit Lettere en
Sosiale Wetenskappe ten einde die haalbaarheid van tolkpraktyk tydens lesings vas te stel. Daar is van
’n tolkdiens gebruik gemaak en daar is tydens verskillende geleenthede oor ’n bepaalde tydperk in ’n
tweedejaars- sowel as ’n derdejaarsklas getolk. Die tipe tolking wat plaasgevind het, was fluistertolking
met behulp van Sennheisertolktoerusting.
Die studie bevind dat ’n tolkdiens tydens lesings wel moontlik is. Enkele oorkombare probleme is ook
uitgelig. Die meerderheid studente wat aan die proef deelgeneem het, het ’n behoefte aan ’n tolkdiens,
selfs al is hulle tevrede met die Universiteit se taalbeleid. Een van die gevolgtrekkings waartoe gekom
word, is dat noue samewerking tussen die tolk en die dosent van kardinale belang is aangesien dit ’n
vertrouensverhouding skep wat op sy beurt die suksesvolle toepassing van die tolkdiens help verseker.
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Towards a theoretically motivated model for the lexicographic representation of Kinyarwanda phrasemes in General Kinyarwanda DictionariesNikuze, Emmanuel 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The decision to investigate the lexicographic representation of Kinyarwanda phrasemes has been motivated by two problems. Firstly, the compilers of Kinyarwanda general dictionaries do not take cognisance of the wide-ranging nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes. As a result, the confusion of different types of phrasemes entails inadequate treatment of phraseology in Kinyarwanda dictionaries. Furthermore, some types of phrasemes are mistakenly left out or under-represented in Kinyarwanda dictionaries due to the fact that the multifaceted nature of Kinyarwanda phrasemes is not recognised. Secondly, the representation of phrasemes in current Kinyarwanda dictionaries is unsatisfactory as far as data presentation, distribution and accessibility is concerned. Therefore, not only is the multifaceted nature of phrasemes not reflected in the representation of phrasemes in Kinyarwanda dictionaries but Kinyarwanda dictionaries also fall short as far as the application of adequate metalexicographic principles and tools is concerned. It is anticipatively argued that the use of innovative tools and suggestions offered by the contemporary theoretical lexicography coupled with insights from the linguistic classification of phrasemes will enable a user-friendly presentation of phrasemes in general dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. This thesis attempts to bring solutions to these shortcomings by formulating theoretically motivated proposals for lexicographic representation of phraseological items in Kinyarwanda general dictionaries.
To achieve this goal and in order to formulate a model for lexicographic representation of phrasemes this study uses a positivist approach and utilises two theories of lexicography, namely the functional theory of lexicography mainly developed by Bergenholtz and Tarp and the general theory of lexicography outlined by Wiegand. The theory of lexicographic functions provided this study with decisive heuristics such as the concept of user situation, lexicographic function and user profile that have been employed to devise a function-motivated model of lexicographic representation of different types of phrasemes. Insights from the theory of dictionary structures were used to determine how various dictionary structures could be used to position phrasemes in the dictionary so that easy access is secured. These theories helped formulate policies for inclusion and treatment of different classes of phrasemes taking into account the function that the dictionary is purported to fulfil and the role different structures of the dictionary play in user-friendly distribution of lexicographic data. In addition, this research relied on various sources of data and used a qualitative approach to data analysis and argument construction. In Chapter 3 the concept of phraseme in the framework of Meaning-Text linguistics is defined and various pitfalls in lexicographic representation of phrasemes in existing dictionaries of Kinyarwanda are addressed. In Chapter 4, proposals have been made regarding both straight lemmatisation and sublemmatisation of Kinyarwanda idioms in the central list whereby the proposed models have been evaluated taking into account different lexicographic functions. In addition, suggestions have been made as to how to use both the central list section and the outer texts, especially the back matter and the middle matter to present proverbs in general language dictionaries of Kinyarwanda. Further, a model for lexicographic presentation of collocations has been formulated in Chapter 5, taking into account four lexicographic functions: text production, text translation, text reception and cognitive-oriented dictionary. In this chapter it is shown what the representation of collocations could look like when satisfying each of the above-mentioned lexicographic functions. Finally two models for the lexicographic representation of pragmatemes or pragmatic phrasemes are proposed in Chapter 6. In this chapter, both the internal-article treatment of pragmatemes in the central list and the presentation of pragmatemes in the outer texts are discussed and evaluated. Chapter 7 outlines the summary of major research findings along with related recommendations on the lexicographic treatment of different types of phrasemes and assesses whether the initial research questions have been properly answered, while at the same time paving the way for further research and more comprehensive discussions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die besluit om die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van Kinyarwanda fraseme te ondersoek, word deur twee probleme gemotiveer. Eerstens word die uiteenlopende aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme nie deur die samestellers van algemene woordeboeke vir Kinyarwanda in ag geneem nie. Die verwarring van die verskillende tipes fraseme lei tot onvoldoende hantering van fraseologie in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke. Voorts word sekere tipes fraseme eenvoudig uit Kinyarwanda woordeboeke weggelaat of swak verteenwoordig, juis omdat die veelsydige aard van Kinyarwanda fraseme misgekyk word. Tweedens is die verteenwoordiging van fraseme in die bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke onbevredigend wat betref die aanbod, verspreiding en toeganklikheid van data. Daarom word die veelsydige aard van fraseme nie net swak verteenwoordig in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke nie, maar sodanige woordeboeke skiet ook ver te kort wat die toepassing van voldoende metaleksikografiese beginsels en toepassings betref. Daar word vooruitskouend ‘n saak voor uitgemaak dat die gebruik van innoverende instrumente en voorstelle vanuit die kontemporêre teoretiese leksikografie tesame met insigte oor die linguistiese klassifikasie van fraseme, ‘n gebruikersvriendelike fraseemaanbod in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke sal bewerkstellig. Hierdie tesis probeer om oplossings vir die tekortkominge te bied deur middel van teoreties gemotiveerde voorstelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseologiese items in Kinyarwanda algemene woordeboeke.
Om hierdie doel te verwesenlik en om ‘n model vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme te ontwikkel, word ‘n positivistiese benadering gevolg en word twee leskikografieteorieë, naamlik die funksionele teorie, hoofsaaklik ontwikkel deur Bergenholtz en Tarp, en die algemene leksikografieteorie soos uiteengesit deur Wiegand, toegepas. Die teorie van leksikografiese funksies het hierdie studie van bepalende, deurslaggewende riglyne voorsien, soos die konsep van die gebruiker se situasie, die leksikografiese funksie, en die gebruikersprofiel wat gebruik is om ‘n funksie-gemotiveerde model van leksikografiese verteenwoordiging vir die verskillende tipes fraseme op te stel. Daarbenewens is insigte uit die woordeboekstruktuurteorie aangewend om te bepaal hoe verskillende woordeboekstrukture gebruik kan word om fraseme sodanig in woordeboeke te posisioneer dat vinnige en maklike toegang verseker word.
Hierdie teorieë het bygedra tot beleidsformulering vir die insluiting en hantering van verskillende klasse fraseme met inagname van die veronderstelde woordeboekfunksie en die rol wat verskillende woordeboekstrukture in die gebruikersvriendelike verspreiding van leksikografiese data speel. Die navorsing het ook op verskeie databronne staatgemaak en ‘n kwalitatiewe benadering tot data-analise en argumentkonstruksie is gebruik. In hoofstuk 3 is die konsep fraseem binne die raamwerk van die linguistiese teorie van Meaning-Text (Betekenis-Teks) gedefinieer en verskeie slaggate in die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van fraseme in bestaande Kinyarwanda woordeboeke word ondersoek. In hoofstuk 4 word voorstelle ten opsigte van die gewone lemmatisering en sublemmatisering van Kinyarwanda idiome in die sentrale lys bespreek en die voorgestelde modelle word geёvalueer met inagname van die verskillende leksikografiese funksies. Daarbenewens word voorstelle gemaak oor hoe om sowel die sentrale lys as die buitetekste, veral die agter- en middelteks, te gebruik om spreekwoorde in Kinyarwanda woordeboeke vir algemene taal aan te bied. ‘n Model vir die leksikografiese voorstelling van kollokasies word in hoofstuk 5 geformuleer. Vier leksikografiese funksies word in ag geneem, naamlik teksproduksie, teksvertaling, teksresepsie en kognitief-georiёnteerde woordeboeke. Daar word aangetoon hoe kollokasies verteenwoordig kan word sodat elk van die bogenoemde leksikografiese funksies in ag geneem word. Twee modelle vir die leksikografiese verteenwoordiging van pragmateme of pragmatiese fraseme word in hoofstuk 6 voorgestel. Sowel die interne-artikelhantering van pragmateme as die hantering van pragmateme in die buitetekste word bespreek en evalueer. Ten slotte word die belangrikste navorsingsresultate saam met ander voorstelle ten opsigte van die leksikografiese hantering van verskillende tipes fraseme in hoofstuk 7 uitgelig. Daar word ook gekyk of die navorsingsvrae behoorlik beantwoord is, terwyl die weg gebaan word vir verdere navorsing en meer omvattende bespreking.
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Formaliteit in bedryfstekste met verwysing na bepaalde grammatikale veranderlikesSmith, Wanda 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study about formality in business texts is situated within the field of document
design. For this reason, the definition of formality and the operasionalisation thereof
in business texts are approached from a functional framework, which can lead to the
realisation of useful guidelines to text producers based on the conclusions drawn
from the research. With these guidelines, informed decisions can be made about
formality in texts.
In this study formality is defined and operasionalised in terms of the two notions
context (in)dependency and deixis. Formality and deixis both involve distance.
Greater distance between die text/writer and the reader or interlocutors mutually is
associated with a higher degree of formality. On the other hand, a higher frequency
deictic referential words such as personal pronouns (you, he, we, they), adverbs of
place (here, there), direction (forwards, outside) and time (just now, only just, at
present) implies a shorter social and spatio-temporal distance, and therefore a higher
degree of informality. The reason for this is that deictic referential words (you, here,
outside, now) and the reference to which such words refer should be deduced from
the context immediately in order for the message to be understood unambiguously.
For this reason, deictic referential words are context dependent in this study and
because the context is immediately available and the distance thus shorter, these
words are markers of informality. On the other hand, nondeictic referential words
imply a greater distance and therefore a higher degree of formality.
Grammatical variables that possibly have an effect on the degree of formality in
annual reports and brochures, such as nouns, objective and subjective adjectives,
verbs and pronouns, are divided in terms of their context dependence or context
independence into one of two categories, namely a nondeictic category that is
associated with context independence and formality, or a deictic category that is
associated with context dependence and informality.
Based on the frequencies of the various language variables in the two categories
(context independent, nondeictic category and context dependent, deictic category)
an empirical measure of formality is proposed with which formality (F-index) can be
measured in Afrikaans business texts. Although the proposed measure should be
refined, the study illustrates, among others, that the measure exhibits the capacity to
point out variation based on differences in formality between the text types.
The study further indicates that advice based on intuition should be regarded with
caution. A survey aimed at readers showed that variables such as subject, tone,
style, word choice and language usage play a greater role in the evaluation of the
degree of formality of texts than grammatical variables such as the passive voice.
In conclusion, the study gives clear guidelines as to how the language variables that
were part of this study should be dealt with and in a sense be manipulated to ensure
a suitable degree of formality of a text and thus the effective transfer of
communication.
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Dictionaries as teaching instruments for mother tongue education : the case of Fang in GabonNyangone Assam, Blanche 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation attempts a study in the design of school dictionaries for their use in the
mother tongue or first language education. Pedagogical dictionaries have undergone
changes, which are also due to changes, which had taken, place in the teaching of the
mother tongue and in descriptive linguistics from the 1950s onwards. Features of the
pedagogical model also have been affected by the development in language-teaching
methodology. The teaching of the mother tongue is now less concerned with the
knowledge and critical exploration of texts than with competence in oral and written
expression.
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A theoretical model for an encyclopaedic dictionary for the Gabonese languages with reference to YilumbuSaphou-Bivigat, Gilles 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is an attempt to design a theoretical model for an encyclopaedic
dictionary for Gabonese languages. It makes specific reference to Yilumbu, a developing
language of the Bantu phylum (B44, according to Guthrie’s classification) spoken in
Gabon and in Congo. All existing metalexicographic studies on Gabonese languages
(including Yilumbu) pursue the compilation of comprehensive language dictionaries.
Most of them are bilingual languages.
On the other hand, a number of encyclopaedic dictionaries exist for Gabonese languages.
Most of them were compiled by Catholic and Protestant missionaries and colonial
administrators. However, none of these reference works was compiled on the basis of a
prior metalexicographic orientation.
Ultimately, the present study is the first of its kind to propose an encyclopaedic
dictionary for Gabonese languages on the basis of a comprehensive metalexicographic
analysis.
This dissertation also shows that the planned encyclopaedic dictionary reflects the
language planning needs of Gabon. Developing and documenting the Gabonese
languages on all levels of communication in order to address all the roles and user
characteristics are a great challenge. As far as encyclopaedic dictionary compilation is
concerned, acquaintance with state-of-the-art developments in the theory and practice of
lexicography is necessary.
This dissertation comprises nine chapters. Chapter 1 mainly focuses on the specific aims,
the purpose and the motivation of the study. The research problem is also demarcated in
this chapter. Furthermore, the chapter presents the theoretical model that provides the
framework for this research as well as the methodological approach adopted. The
potential impact of the study, the reasons for and the position of the source and target
languages as well as the sociolinguistic situation of Yilumbu are also introduced in the
first chapter.
Chapter 2 is a review of the dictionary typology with reference to the proposed model. It
aims to present a typological framework for the planned encyclopaedic dictionary. It also introduces various dictionary typologies and contrasts encyclopaedic lexicography and
general lexicography. The chapter concludes with a typological profile of the planned
encyclopaedic dictionary for Yilumbu before outlining specific principles of the proposed
model for an encyclopaedic dictionary.
Chapter 3 is a review of encyclopaedic lexicography in Gabon. It introduces the concept
of encyclopaedic lexicography. Then it provides a literature review of lexicographic
surveys in the Gabonese languages by presenting existing encyclopaedic works in Gabon.
The chapter also outlines recent trends in Gabonese lexicography in order to explain the
situation of encyclopaedic lexicography in Gabonese lexicographic studies. Finally, the
need for research in encyclopaedic lexicography in the Gabonese languages is underlined
and specific advantages of encyclopaedic research for Yilumbu lexicography are
introduced.
Chapter 4 focuses on the target users of the planned encyclopaedic dictionary and its
lexicographic functions. The chapter starts with a broad outline of target users and the
activity of dictionary compilation. It also reviews what is known as target users and
outlines user characteristics. The lexicographic functions of the planned encyclopaedic
dictionary are also outlined in this chapter.
Chapter 5 gives a comprehensive presentation of the frame structure of the planned
encyclopaedic dictionary of Yilumbu. More specifically, the chapter provides a definition
of the concept of frame structure and schematises the frame structure, highlighting its
components. It outlines the accessory texts and the outer texts of the planned dictionary.
This chapter also contains an outline of the front matter and the back matter strategies
used for the Yilumbu encyclopaedic dictionary project. The central word list is also dealt
with in this chapter. Finally, the chapter reports on the proposed frame structure
functions.
Chapter 6 focuses on the macrostructure of the planned dictionary. In this chapter, a
general overview of the concept of macrostructure is first given. Then the chapter
presents the dictionary basis and the selection of the lemma candidate list. Further
macrostructural issues are also described. In Chapter 7, different aspects of the microstructure are discussed, focusing on a number
of contributions. The chapter presents the concept of microstructure according to
Hausmann and Wiegand (1989) and enumerates the different types of article to be
included in the microstructure. Data to be included in the microstructure are also
presented.
Chapter 8 discusses the notion of access structure and its related concepts, namely outer
access structure, inner access structure and search zones. The effectiveness and success of
any dictionary is measured, among other things, by the accessibility and retrievability of
the desired information. The chapter contains an overview of the concept of access
structure and also deals with the outer access structure. Moreover, the chapter presents
the inner access structure and the rapid access structure. The mediostructure is finally
dealt with as a way of gaining access to data.
Chapter 9 provides a comprehensive conclusion of the dissertation. This chapter also
outlines the contribution of the research findings to lexicographic research, to the
emerging Gabonese lexicography and to the fuller promotion of the Yilumbu language. It
provides conclusions and formulates suggestions for further research. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif is 'n poging om 'n teoretiese model te ontwerp vir 'n ensiklopediese
woordeboek vir Gaboenese tale. Spesifieke verwysing word gemaak na Yilumbu, 'n
ontwikkelende taal van die Bantoefilum (B44 volgens Guthrie se klassifikasie) wat in
Gaboen en die Kongo gepraat word.Alle bestaande metaleksikografiese studie oor die
Gaboenese tale (insluitende Yilumbu) is gerig op die samestelling van omvattende
taalwoordeboeke; meestal tweetalige woordeboeke.
Daar bestaan wel 'n aantal ensiklopediese woordeboeke vir Gaboenese tale. Die meeste
daarvan is deur Katolieke en Protestantse sendelinge en koloniale administrateurs
saamgestel. Geeneen van hierdie woordeboeke is op 'n voorafbeplande
metaleksikografiese basis saamgestel nie. Die huidige studie is die eerste van sy soort om
'n ensiklopediese woordeboek vir die Gaboenese tale voor te stel op die basis van 'n
omvattende metaleksikografiese analise.
Hierdie proefskrif wil aantoon dat die voorgestelde ensiklopediese woordeboek die
taalbeplanningsbehoeftes van Gaboen reflekteer. Ontwikkeling en dokumentering van die
Gaboenese tale op alle vlakke van kommunikasie, ten einde aan al die rolle en
gebruikerseienskappe aandag te gee, is ʼn groot uitdaging. So ver dit die samestelling van
’n ensiklopediese woordeboek aangaan, is bekendheid met die allerjongste ontwikkelings
in die teorie en praktyk van leksikografie nodig.
Die proefskrif bevat nege hoofstukke. Hoofstuk 1 bied die besondere oogmerke, die doel
en die motivering van die studie. Die navorsingsprobleem word in hierdie hoofstuk
afgebaken. Die hoofstuk bevat ook ʼn uiteensetting van die teoretiese model wat die
raamwerk vir hierdie navorsing asook die metodologiese benadering wat ingeneem is,
verskaf. Daarbenewens word die potensiële trefkrag van die studie, die redes vir en die
posisie van die bron- en doeltale asook die sosiolinguistiese situasie van Yilumbu
aangebied.
Hoofstuk 2 bied 'n oorsig van woordeboektipologie met verwysing na die voorgestelde
model. Dit beoog om ʼn tipologiese raamwerk vir die beplande ensiklopediese
woordeboek te bied. Dit stel ook verskeie woordeboektipologieë bekend en kontrasteer
ensiklopediese leksikografie en algemene leksikografie. Die hoofstuk skets die tipologiese profiel van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek vir Yilumbu voordat dit
spesifieke beginsels van die voorgestelde model vir ʼn ensiklopediese woordeboek skets.
Hoofstuk 3 bied 'n oorsig oor die ensiklopediese leksikografie in Gaboen. Dit stel die
begrip ensiklopediese leksikografie aan die orde. Daarna verskaf dit ʼn literatuuroorsig
van leksikografiese opnames in die Gaboenese tale deur die aanbieding van bestaande
ensiklopediese werke in Gaboen. Die hoofstuk beskryf ook onlangse tendense in
Gaboenese leksikografie ten einde die situasie van ensiklopediese leksikografie in
Gaboenese leksikografiese studies te verduidelik. Laastens word die behoefte aan
navorsing in ensiklopediese leksikografie in die Gaboenese tale onderstreep en spesifieke
voordele van ensiklopediese navorsing vir Yilumbu leksikografie word bekend gestel.
Hoofstuk 4 fokus op die teikengebruikers van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek
en die leksikografiese funksies daarvan. Die hoofstuk begin met ʼn algemene oorsig van
teikengebruikers en die aktiwiteit van woordeboeksamestelling. Dit kyk ook na wat
bekend is as teikengebruikers en skets eienskappe van gebruikers. Die leksikografiese
funksies van die beplande ensiklopediese woordeboek word ook in hierdie hoofstuk
beskryf.
Hoofstuk 5 verskaf ʼn omvattende aanbieding van die raamstruktuur van die beplande
ensiklopediese woordeboek van Yilumbu. Meer spesifiek, die hoofstuk verskaf ʼn
definisie van die begrip raamstruktuur en bied die raamstruktuur skematies aan, en belig
die komponente daarvan. Dit skets die hulptekste en die buitetekste van die beplande
woordeboek. Hierdie hoofstuk bevat ook ʼn skets van die voor- en die
agtertekstestrategieë wat vir die Yilumbu- ensiklopediese woordeboekprojek gebruik
word. Die sentrale woordelys kom ook in hierdie hoofstuk aan bod. Laastens doen die
hoofstuk verslag oor die voorgestelde raamstruktuurfunksies.
Hoofstuk 6 fokus op die makrostruktuur van die beplande woordeboek. In hierdie
hoofstuk word eerstens ʼn algemene oorsig van die begrip makrostruktuur gegee. Daarna
bied die hoofstuk die woordeboekbasis en die keuse van die lemmakandidaatlys aan.
Verdere makrostrukturele kwessies word ook beskryf.
In Hoofstuk 7 word verskillende aspekte van die mikrostruktuur bespreek, met die fokus
op ʼn aantal bydraes. Die hoofstuk bied die begrip mikrostruktuur aan soos in Hausmann en Wiegand (1989), en noem die verskillende soorte artikels wat in die mikrostruktuur
ingesluit moet word. Data wat by die mikrostruktuur ingesluit moet word, word ook
aangebied.
Hoofstuk 8 bespreek die gedagte van toegangstruktuur en begrippe wat daarmee verband
hou, naamlik eksterne toegangstruktuur, interne toegangstruktuur en soeksones. Die
doeltreffendheid en sukses van enige woordeboek word onder andere gemeet deur die
toeganklikheid en herwinbaarheid van die gewenste inligting. Die hoofstuk bevat ʼn
oorsig van die begrip toegangstruktuur en betrek ook die eksterne toegangstruktuur.
Verder bied die hoofstuk die interne toegangstruktuur en die kitstoegangstruktuur. Die
mediostruktuur kom uiteindelik aan bod as ʼn wyse om toegang tot data te verkry.
Hoofstuk 9 verskaf ʼn omvattende samevatting van die proefskrif. Hierdie hoofstuk skets
ook die bydrae van die navorsingsbevindings tot leksikografiese navorsing, tot die
opkomende Gaboenese leksikografie en tot die groter bevordering van die Yilumbu-taal.
Dit verskaf gevolgtrekkings en formuleer voorstelle vir verdere navorsing.
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Towards the development and application of representative lexicographic corpora for the Gabonese languagesSoami, Leandre Serge 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The compilation of dictionaries is a laborious activity and it takes time, money and
staff to achieve the objectives of any dictionary project. Many dictionaries have been
compiled using the lexicographers’ personal intuition and guessing rather than being
corpus based. That resulted in some dictionaries often being criticised by users
because of the lack of representation of some important lexical items. This can
probably be explained by the fact that most of these dictionaries were compiled in an
era when theoretical lexicography was lacking or not well established. The last
decades have witnessed the emergence of metalexicography as a theory directed also
at dictionary planning in order to enhance the quality of lexicographic practice and the
way in which the management and the compilation of dictionaries are dealt with. The
planning of dictionaries takes into account not only the gathering of language material
to be used but also the way in which this material will be treated and presented on
both the macrostructural and the microstructural level as well as in the front matter
texts and the back matter texts.
In order to enhance the quality of the presentation in dictionaries, this dissertation
pleads in favour of the formulation of a data collection policy that takes into
consideration all the different sources of material, written and spoken, used in the
different phases of the compilation of a dictionary. The three phases that form the
main focus of this study are the material acquisition phase, the material preparation
phase and the material processing phase. The involvement of the speech community
in the compilation of a lexicographic corpus ensures the collection of representative
and balanced data, and the different needs of that community are central to the
dictionary project. The different language materials can be organised into different
corpus types.
The efficiency of a corpus resides in its capacity to provide different data types that
can be included in the comment on semantics and the comment on form of each
article in the central list of each dictionary. Some dictionaries lack a good
representation of data in both these comments in the different articles. However,
languages such as the Gabonese languages are in a privileged situation because they
can still avoid the mistakes of other dictionary compilers by investing in corpus-based
dictionaries at this early stage. Therefore, the establishment of lexicographic units with multifunctional tasks can play an important role. In a multilingual environment
such as Gabon the issue of language status needs to be dealt with carefully because it
is realistic to choose a certain number of languages to function as official languages.
Different alphabets are presented in this study and realistic choices are made.
The way in which the language material is organised will impact on the quality of the
macrostructure and microstructure; this is essential because dictionaries are consulted
most of the time for the spelling of a given lexical item, for a translation equivalent or
for the explanation of the meaning of a lemma sign. The computerisation of a corpus
is a focal point and needs to be done in a satisfactory manner that presents a clean and
helpful corpus in order to provide the lexicographer with useful statistics, frequency
word lists and the different concordance lines that are very important for the wording
of definitions and the extraction of example sentences. This is why a corpus is seen as
an indispensable tool in the improvement of the macro- and the microstructure of any
type of dictionary. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die saamstel van woordeboeke is ’n moeisame aktiwiteit, en dit verg tyd, geld en
personeel om die doelstellings van ’n woordeboekprojek te bereik. Talle woordeboeke
is op grond van die navorsers se persoonlike intuïsie en raaiwerk saamgestel, in stede
daarvan dat dit korpusgebaseerd is. Die gevolg is dat baie woordeboeke dikwels deur
gebruikers gekritiseer word weens die gebrek aan verteenwoordiging van enkele
belangrike leksikale items. Dít kan moontlik verklaar word deur die feit dat die
meeste van hierdie woordeboeke saamgestel is in ’n era waartydens teoretiese
leksikografie gebrekkig en nie goed gevestig was nie. In die afgelope dekades het
metaleksikografie na vore getree as a teorie wat op woordeboekbeplanning gerig is
ten einde die gehalte van die leksikografie-praktyk en die manier waarop die bestuur
en samestelling van woordeboeke hanteer word, te verbeter. By die beplanning van
woordeboeke word nie net die versameling taalmateriaal wat gebruik kan word in
berekening gebring nie, maar ook die manier waarop hierdie materiaal op sowel
makro- as mikrostrukturele vlakke, asook in die voorwerk en die agterwerk, hanteer
en aangebied gaan word.
Ten einde die gehalte van die aanbieding in woordeboeke te verbeter, lewer hierdie
proefskrif ’n pleidooi vir die formulering van ’n dataversamelingsbeleid wat al die
verskillende materiaalbronne, hetsy skriftelik of mondelings, wat in die verskillende
stadia van die samestelling van ’n woordeboek gebruik word, in ag neem. Die drie
stadia wat die hooffokus van hierdie studie is, is die stadia waarin die materiaal
aangeskaf, voorberei en verwerk word. Die spraakgemeenskap se betrokkenheid by
die saamstel van ’n leksikografiese korpus verseker die versameling van
verteenwoordigende en gebalanseerde data, en die verskillende behoeftes van
sodanige gemeenskap is die kern van die woordeboekprojek. Die verskillende
taalmateriale kan in verskillende korpussoorte georden word.
Die doeltreffendheid van ’n korpus berus op die vermoë daarvan om verskillende
datasoorte te verskaf wat in die kommentaar op semantiek en die kommentaar op
vorm van elke item in die sentrale lys van elke woordeboek ingesluit kan word.
Sommige woordeboeke toon ’n gebrek aan goeie verteenwoordiging van data in albei
hierdie soorte kommentaar in die verskillende items. Tale soos die Gaboenese tale is
egter in ’n bevoorregte posisie, aangesien hulle nog die foute van ander woordeboeksamestellers kan vermy deur op hierdie vroeë stadium in
korpusgebaseerde woordeboeke te belê. Die stigting van leksikografiese eenhede met
multifunksionele take kan dus ’n belangrike rol speel. In ’n veeltalige omgewing soos
Gaboen moet die kwessie van taalstatus versigtig hanteer word, aangesien dit
realisties is om ’n sekere hoeveelheid tale as amptelike tale te kies. Verskillende
alfabette word in hierdie studie aangebied en realistiese keuses word gemaak.
Die manier waarop die taalmateriaal georden is, sal ’n uitwerking op die makro- en
mikrostruktuur hê; dit is van belang omdat woordeboeke meestal vir die spelling van
’n gegewe leksikale item, vir ’n vertaalekwivalent of vir die verklaring van die
betekenis van ’n lemmateken geraadpleeg word. Die rekenarisering van ’n korpus is
’n belangrike aspek en moet op ’n bevredigende wyse uitgevoer word wat ’n skoon en
nuttige korpus lewer ten einde die leksikograaf van goeie statistieke,
frekwensiewoordlyste en die verskillende konkordansielyne te voorsien, wat baie
belangrik is vir die skryf van definisies en die onttrekking van voorbeeldsinne. Om
hierdie rede word ’n korpus as ’n onmisbare instrument in die verbetering van die
makro- en mikrostruktuur van enige soort woordeboek beskou.
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Two English translations of the Chinese epic novel Sanguo yanyi : a descriptive and functionalist studyFeng, Lei 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This comparative study investigates the English translations of China’s first novel, Sanguo
yanyi. The focus is firstly on describing the factors that affect the production of each of the
translations and secondly on identifying and determining the approaches and strategies used
by the two translators. The primary objective of the study is to gain a better understanding of
literary translation between two distinctly different languages by objectively describing and
analyzing the factors relevant to the production of the two translations. The secondary
objective is to evaluate the two translations by using the functionalist approach to translation.
To this end, the study determines which of the two translations better serves the purpose of
providing South African students of Chinese with insight into and appreciation of some
aspects of Chinese culture which would enhance their Chinese studies.
The key theories and models that are introduced and applied are Descriptive Translation
Studies (DTS), which was mainly established by Gideon Toury in the 1980s and the
Functionalist Approach, which was established by Vermeer and Reiss also in the 1980s and
further developed by Nord. DTS focuses on pragmatic aspects, such as social, cultural and
communicative practices instead of only on linguistic units. Within this framework, decisionmaking
processes and translational norms of the two translators of Sanguo yanyi are examined.
Three representative chapters of the source text and their translations are selected as the focus
of the investigation. Furthermore, a description of the entire translation process is provided –
from the translators’ original planning and agents acting as patrons of the project to the
approaches and strategies that the translators are considered to have adopted in the process of
translating. Within Functionalism the function of the target text in the target culture
determines which aspects of the source text should be transferred to the target text. From this
theoretical approach the findings regarding the translation strategies and processes in the
translations of Sanguo yanyi are used to ultimately determine the extent to which the
translators succeed in conveying the collective memory of some of the cultural-historical
issues in China to the target texts, while at the same time making the texts accessible to
Western (South African) students. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word daar ’n vergelykende ondersoek na twee Engelse vertalings van China
se eerste roman, Sanguo yanyi, onderneem. Daar word eerstens gefokus op ’n beskrywing van
die faktore wat die produksie van elk van die vertalings beïnvloed en daarna word die
benaderings en strategieë geïdentifiseer wat deur die twee vertalers gebruik is. Die primêre
doel van die studie is om ’n beter begrip van literêre vertaling tussen twee beduidend
verskillende tale te verkry deur die faktore wat ’n rol in die betrokke vertaalprosesse speel
op ’n objektiewe wyse te beskryf en te ondersoek. As sekondêre doelstelling word die twee
vertalings binne die raamwerk van die funksionalistiese benadering tot vertaling geëvalueer.
Daar word naamlik ondersoek watter een van die vertalings die beste slaag in die doel om aan
Suid-Afrikaanse studente ’n dieper insig in en groter waardering vir sekere aspekte van die
Chinese kultuur te verskaf ten einde hulle studie van die Chinese taal aan te vul.
Die belangrikste teorieë en modelle wat gebruik word, is deskriptiewe vertaalstudie (DTS),
wat as navorsingsrigting binne vertaling hoofsaaklik deur Gideon Toury in die tagtigerjare
gevestig is, en funksionalisme, wat ook in die tagtigerjare deur Vermeer en Reiss ontwikkel is
en later deur Nord uitgebrei is. DTS fokus op pragmatiese aspekte soos sosiale, kulturele en
kommunikatiewe praktyke eerder as bloot op linguistiese eenhede, en die
besluitnemingsprosesse en vertaalnorme van die twee vertalers van Sanguo yanyi word binne
hierdie raamwerk ondersoek. Drie verteenwoordigende hoofstukke van die bronteks en hulle
vertalings word as die fokus van die ondersoek gebruik. Verder kom ’n bespreking van die
vertaalprosesse in die geheel aan bod – vanaf die vertalers se aanvanklike beplanning en
agente wat as patronate van die projek optree tot die resepsie en invloed van die doeltekste in
die Engelssprekende wêreld. Binne die funksionalisme bepaal die funksie van die doelteks
binne die doelkultuur watter aspekte van die bronteks na die doelteks oorgedra word. Vanuit
hierdie teoretiese benadering word die bevindinge rakende die vertaalstrategieë en –prosesse
in die vertalings van Sanguo yanyi gebruik om uiteindelik te bepaal in watter mate die
vertalers daarin slaag om die herinnering aan kultuurhistoriese kwessies in China in die
doeltekste behoue te laat bly en die tekste terselfdertyd vir Westerse (Suid-Afrikaanse)
studente toeganklik te maak.
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Tsongamoedertaalsprekers se uitspraak van Afrikaans in Gazankulu15 September 2015 (has links)
D. Litt. et Phil. / Evidence from several sociolinguistic studies suggests that second language speakers' pronunciation of their target language embodies several varieties of the target language pronunciation. These varieties have developed as a result of the particular social contexts of their language learning and language use. An acquaintance with the Tsongas who speak Afrikaans as a second language will confirm this suggestion- yet no in-depth study of any repute has been done among the Tsongas in this area. The only related study in this field was carried out by Nkatini (1978)...
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Oor strategiee vir die verbetering van die onderrig en assessering van mondelinge vaardighede in Afrikaans tweede taal.Marais, Eugene Patrick. January 2001 (has links)
This article researches the attitude of learners to the oral activities in the
Afrikaans Second Language classroom. The apparent discrepancy between
learners' communicative competence and the oral year mark awarded by
school-based educators is looked at.
It seems as though neither educators nor learners participate very
enthusiastically in oral activities in the classroom. Educators on the one
hand appear to be preoccupied with assessment and the completion of a
syllabus rather than with developing the communicative competence of
learners. Learners on the other hand fear being censured and mocked by
their peers and the assessment process most commonly used in the
classroom compounds this anxiety.
In Section 4 suggestions are made for reducing assessment anxiety so as to
encourage learners to communicate spontaneously in Afrikaans. Learners of
an additional language need to be provided with the opportunity to engage in
oral activities that elicit the use of the target language in such a way that the
learner's enthusiasm to participate neutralises the fear of using linguistic
structures that they feel they have not yet mastered. OPSOMMING
In hierdie artikel word leerders se houding !eenoor die mondelinge akliwiteite
in die Afrikaans Tweede Taal klaskamer ondersoek. Die klaarblyklike
wanverhouding lussen die leerders se kommunikaliewe vaardigheid en die
mondeiinge jaarpunt wat deur onderwysers toegeken word, word ondersoek.
Uit die studie blyk dit dat nog die leerders nog die onderwysers baie
entoesiasties deelneem aan mondelinge aktiwiteite in die klaskamer. Die
onderwysers blyk behep te wees met die insamel van punte en die voltooiing
van leerplan items sonder om aandag te skenk aan die ontwikkeling van
leerders se kommunikatiewe vaardighede. Die vrees wat leerders het vir die
sensuur deur hulle portuurgroep, word versterk deur die evalueringsangs
wat die assesseringsmetodes skep.
Voorstelle word gemaak om leerders se kommunikasievrees en toelsangs te
verminder om sodoende leerders aan te moedig om sponlaan in Afrikaans te
kommunikeer. Leerders van 'n Tweede Taal moet die geleentheid gegun
word vir mondelinge aktiwiteite wat taal-in-gebruik sal ontlok, waar die
entoesiasme vir die taak die leerder sal laat vergeet van die taalkennis wat
nog nie bemeester is nie en wat deur deelname aan die aktiwiteit ontdek
word. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, 2001.
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Die Vernederlandsing van AfrikaansUys, Mariette Deleen. January 1983 (has links)
Thesis (DLitt)-Universiteit van Pretoria, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references.
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