Proefskrif ingelewer vir the Graad Doktor in die Lettere en Wysbegeerte aan die Universiteit van Zululand. = Submitted in fulfillment for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Literature and Languages at the University of Zululand, 2000. / Afr: In hierdie proefskrif doen ek verslag oor navorsing wat ek binne die raamwerk van die Kognitiewe Retoriek gedoen het oor die venvantskap tussen oorsaaklikheid en oorganklikheid in Afrikaans. Nadat ek die aard van oorsaaklikheid aan die hand van die jongste literatuur beskryfhet, het ek gewys hoe oorsaaklikheid saam met ander betekeniselemente soos beeldskemas, konseptuele melafore en semantiese rolle die grondslag vorm vir hoe die mens dink en praat oor die interaksies om hom wat hy oorganklike gebeure noem. = Engl: In this dissertation I am reporting the results of the research that I did within the framework of Cognitive Rhetoric regarding the relationship between causality and transitivity in Afrikaans. After describing the nature of causality based on the most recent literature in this regard, I demonstrate how causality, along with other elements of meaning such as image s enemas, conceptual metaphors and semantic roles form the basis of how humans think and-talk about the-interactions-around-them that they term transitive events. / National Research Foundation

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Universiteit van Suid-Afrika, 2002.

Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / The purpose of this study was to investigate the interpreting services in the Parliament of South Africa (POSA). The impetus to embark on such an investigation arose after Members of Parliament claimed that the interpreting service in the Parliament of South Africa (POSA) is poor. In seeking to determine why Members of Parliament made such claims, I therefore investigated the interpreting service rendered by staff of Parliament’s Interpreting Unit. Consequently, an investigation to whether the simultaneous interpreters currently employed by Parliament of South Africa possess the amalgam of skills attributes and qualifications necessary for them to render an interpreting service of good quality. Questionnaires were distributed to Members of Parliament and to interpreters, interviews were conducted with Control Language Practitioners (CLPs), observation of recruitment panels for interpreters also followed, and interpreters were recorded during the sitting of Parliament House in an attempt to check whether interpreters do deliver an interpreting service that is up to standard. The results of this study show that Members of Parliament have a valid claim as 65% of the sample of interpreters had joined Parliament without interpreting skills and had, to date, never been sent for interpreting training and most interpreters are demoralised by the working conditions of the Language Services Section at the Parliament of South Africa.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this descriptive study, the rewriting of translated politically coloured texts on News24.com is investigated. Afrikaans articles, which were originally published in Die Burger, Beeld and Volksblad, are selected and then translated for the English target text reader. This reader does not necessarily differ from the source text reader in terms of geography and culture, but in terms of his or her past and the emotional baggage, such as the era of apartheid and the guilt that the white Afrikaans person has to carry. While it is claimed that the articles from the above-mentioned dailies are merely translated paragraph for paragraph for the purpose of being published online on News24, a lot more happens to the text. The texts are edited, rewritten, reshaped and repackaged to be presented in a new context. The target text is studied to establish whether it is rewritten with an ideological purpose in mind and what adaptations are made to achieve an ideological influence. Lexical and other linguistic means are used to reframe a text and present it differently in the target text. The way in which a post apartheid South Africa is being presented in the English texts (as opposed to the Afrikaans print version) is the focus of the study. The hypothesis is that the News24 rewriter’s purpose is to send an adapted ideological message with the text. These conclusions are being drawn based on narrative theory and the concepts of frames. This theory as well as other relevant theories form a framework according to which one can study and compare the texts and the rewriting of the source texts. While the literal changes made for practical reasons such as readability are broadly discussed, the focus is on the ideological implications these lexical and other linguistic adaptations cause. Conclusions are then made according to the skopos of News24 with the rewriting of the texts, namely to represent the image of a post apartheid South Africa more negatively than it is represented in the source text. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie beskrywende studie word die herskrywing van vertaalde polities gekleurde berigte wat op News24.com verskyn, ondersoek. Afrikaanse berigte wat oorspronklik gepubliseer is in Die Burger, Beeld en Volksblad, word gekies en dan vertaal vir die Engelse doelteksleser. Hierdie leser verskil nie noodwendig van die bronteksleser ten opsigte van geografie en kultuur nie, maar wel ten opsigte van sy of haar verlede en emosionele bagasie, soos die apartheidsera en die skuld wat die wit Afrikaanssprekende dra. Hoewel daar beweer word dat berigte uit die bogenoemde dagblaaie bloot paragraaf per paragraaf vir News24 vertaal word, gebeur daar heelwat meer met die teks. Die tekste word redigeer, herskryf, hervorm en herverpak sodat dit in ’n nuwe konteks aangebied kan word. Die doelteks word ondersoek om vas te stel of dit herskryf is en watter veranderinge, spesifiek ideologiese, die teks tydens hierdie herskryfproses ondergaan het. Leksikale en ander linguistiese middele word gebruik om ’n teks te herraam en anders uit te beeld as in die bronteks. Die wyse waarop die beeld van ’n postapartheid Suid-Afrika in die aanlyn Engelse berigte teenoor die gedrukte Afrikaanse berigte voorgestel word, word hier ondersoek. Die hipotese is dat die News24-herskrywer ten doel het om ’n aangepaste ideologiese boodskap met die herskrywing daarvan oor te dra. Hierdie afleidings word in verband gebring met die narratiefteorie en die konsep van rame. Hierdie teorie, asook ander teorieë, vorm ’n raamwerk om die vergelyking van die tekste en die herskrywing daarvan te ondersoek. Die meer letterlike leksikale aanpassings wat gemaak word vir praktiese doeleindes, soos leesbaarheid, word eerstens bespreek. Daarna word die aanpassings wat gemaak word ter wille van ’n ideologiese motivering bespreek. Afleidings word dan gemaak en in verband gebring met News24 se skopos of doel met die herskrywing van die tekste, naamlik om die beeld van die regering in ’n postapartheid Suid-Afrika negatiewer as die bronteks uit te beeld.

Thesis (MPhil (Afrikaans and Dutch))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / In this descriptive study, recent translations into English of two highly-regarded Afrikaans novels are investigated. The purpose of this is to describe these translations in a comparative manner, in order to arrive at conclusions about the differing modi operandi of diverse literary translators. The texts studied are Agaat by Marlene van Niekerk (2004) and Hierdie lewe by Karel Schoeman (1993), titled Agaat (2006) and This Life (2005) in English, and translated by Michiel Heyns and Elsa Silke, respectively. The two translators differ in that one is a creative writer in own right, though not being a formally-trained translation scholar, and translated with input from the source text author. The other is not a creative writer, translated without input from the author and has a formal translation-theoretical qualification. In this study, the target texts produced by these two translators are compared with their respective source texts, in order to determine whether there are differences or similarities in their modi operandi. A theoretical framework is compiled using relevant translation theories in order to systematise the comparison of the source texts and their translations. The novels are then compared to their translations in turn, on various levels, in order to describe the modus operandi of each translator. This results in certain conclusions being drawn about the different ways in which diverse translators work. These conclusions are linked to norms apparent in the decisions the translators make, or the lack thereof, as well as the role of the translation skopos. A number of topics for further research are also mentioned.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate Afrikaner identity in the Afrikaans blogosphere on the basis of the Afrikaner nasionalist identity that was forged during the twentieth century. The environment within which blogs function and its characteristics are discussed, after which the circumstances that led to the development of Afrikaner identity as well as the current sociopolitical position of Afrikaners are traced. Through quantitative analysis, the Afrikaans blogosphere is compared to this identity to discover too what extent the identity is still remnant in Afrikaans bloggers. It is concluded that Afrikaner nationalism is virtually extinct in the Afrikaans blogosphere and that the plurality of identities hosted by it are fragmented and paradoxical. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om identiteitsvorming in die Afrikaanse blogosfeer te ondersoek aan die hand van die Afrikaner-nasionalistiese identiteitskonstruk van die twintigste eeu. Aandag word geskenk aan die milieu waarbinne blogs funksioneer en hul aard, waarna die omstandighede waaronder Afrikaneridentiteit ontstaan sowel as die huidige sosio-politiese posisie van Afrikaners nagespeur word. Aan die hand van kwantitatiewe ondersoekmetodes word Afrikaanse blogs dan met die voorafgenoemde identiteit vergelyk in 'n poging om agter te kom in watter mate dit nog by Afrikaanse bloggers teenwoordig is. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat Afrikaner-nasionalisme bykans afwesig is in die Afrikaanse blogosfeer en dat die pluraliteit van identiteite daarop gefragmenteerd en paradoksaal daar uitsien.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Harry Potter series is currently one of the most popular book series for children in the world. The original British books have been translated into more than three hundred languages - one of them being Afrikaans, for which the Afrikaans translator received two translation prizes. Yet closer investigation reveals that these translations are not written in idiomatic Afrikaans, mostly due to the phenomenon of 'interference'. This phenomenon entails an excessive influence of the linguistic structures of the source text on that of the target text. The influence of the English source text on the Afrikaans translator by means of interference was of such an extent that the texts have been written in unnatural language, called 'translationese'. In this study the influence of interference on the quality of the Afrikaans translations of Harry Potter is examined. The focus is on books 4 and 5 in the series, namely Harry Potter en die Beker vol Vuur and Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks. The basic premises of the functionalistic approach to translation are used to emphasise the importance of the translation skopos, the function that the translation has to fulfil in the target culture, a detailed translation brief as well as the translator's loyalty towards the various role players in the translation process. Descriptive translation studies is used to prove the apparent absence of knowledge of translation norms as well as translation decisions and strategies that had to be considered carefully during the production of the Afrikaans translations. The researcher hereby attempts to emphasise the importance of careful consideration and planning of translation strategies. Cognisance of the functionalistic and descriptive premises would have lead to a more natural translation that communicates optimally with the target readers in the target culture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Harry Potter-reeks is tans een van die mees gesogte kinderreeksboeke ter wêreld. Die oorspronklike Britse boeke is in meer as driehonderd tale vertaal - onder andere ook in Afrikaans, waarvoor die Afrikaanse vertaler reeds twee vertaalpryse ontvang het. Tog toon nadere ondersoek dat hierdie vertalings inderwaarheid nie in idiomatiese Afrikaans vertaal is nie, hoofsaaklik weens die verskynsel 'interferensie'. Hierdie verskynsel behels 'n oormatige invloed van die linguistiese strukture van die brontaal op die doeltaal. Die Engelse bronteks het sodanige invloed op die Afrikaanse vertaler gehad, dat die teks weens interferensie in onnatuurlike taal geskryf is, oftewel in 'translationese'. In hierdie studie word die invloed van interferensie op die kwaliteit van die Afrikaanse Harry Potter-vertalings, spesifiek boeke 4 en 5 in die reeks, naamlik Harry Potter en die Beker vol Vuur en Harry Potter en die Orde van die Feniks, ondersoek. Die basiese uitgangspunte van die funksionalistiese benadering tot vertaling word gebruik om die noodsaaklikheid van 'n vooropstelling van die vertaalskopos, die funksie wat die vertaling in die doelkultuur moet speel, die belangrikheid van 'n gedetailleerde vertaalopdrag asook lojaliteit van die vertaler aan die onderskeie rolspelers in die vertaalproses uit te lig. Deskriptiewe vertaalstudie word gebruik om die klaarblyklike afwesigheid van 'n kennis van vertaalnorme, asook van weldeurdagte besluite en vertaalstrategieë tydens die produksie van die Afrikaanse vertalings te bewys. Die navorser poog om hierdeur op die noodsaaklikheid van weldeurdagte en beplande vertaalstrategieë klem te lê. Kennis van die funksionalistiese en deskriptiewe uitgangspunte sou kon lei tot 'n natuurliker vertaling wat optimaal met die doellesers in die doelkultuur kommunikeer.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study has been a long journey to pursue the art and craft involved in a translation process. The indisputably differing natures of the languages at stake have been prominent in the translator's psychological frame throughout the process. The acknowledgement of the differing natures of languages often means knowing exactly what has to be transferred and in which manner it has to be transferred without compromising the demands of any of the languages at stake. The latter also speaks to the preservation of the message of the ST in the TL in the process of transition. The translation of Molope's Dancing in the Dust has given good ground for the exploration of the processes involved in a literary translation. Although the status of Molope's novel in the publishing market appears to be relatively new, there are some good grounds to declare it as fairly translatable. It has been noted in the study that there has been a desire to consult her existing literatures with an intention to evaluate her dominant style of writing, or any of her translated works so that it becomes easier to determine the translatability of this novel. However, this only proved to be an unsuccessful business in the sense that this novel is the first of her works, ever. Nevertheless, it has been stated simultaneously in this study that the expressiveness of Mol ope's novel, especially in rooting out the main events of the 197 6 Soweto Uprisings, ultimately convinced the translator that this art is worthy to be translated. The acknowledgement (by some legends) ofMolope's potential to probe into the main events of the struggle during that era has been another area the translator could rely on. This attempt has been done albeit Molope's sometimes poignant style of writing (much of this has been said in the study), which sought to pose some problematic areas. As has been declared in the hypothesis section, translatability is possible if the process of translation commences on a ST analysis, whereby problematic areas (or areas of interest thereof) are identified with an intention to select a suitable translation strategy. Suffice then to say that an attempt to answer the translatability question of this novel has been made in the chapter of annotation. Assembling a chapter of annotation is itself an attempt to demonstrate the translator's creativity in manoeuvring the ST material in order to produce what she assumes will suit the target readers. The discussion of well-established translation literatures in Chapter 2 serves to give background to the random choice of particular translation strategies at particular points in time. Therefore, the literature which forms Chapter 2 of this study serves to substantiate both what appears in the chapter of annotation and the entire product thereof. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was 'n lang ontdekkingstog na die kuns en vernuf betrokke by die vertaalproses. Die uiteenlopende aard van die tale ter sprake was deurentyd 'n belangrike oorweging vir die vertaler. Die erkenning dat die betrokke tale onteenseglik van mekaar verskil, gaan gewoonlik gepaard met die besef van presies wat op watter wyse oorgedra moet word ten einde aan albei tale reg te laat geskied. Dit behels dus dat die boodskap van die bronteks (BT) in die oordragproses na die teikentaal (TT) behoue bly. Die vertaling van Kagiso Lesego Molope se boek Dancing in the Dust (2004) het as 'n goeie vertrekpunt vir die ontdekking van die letterkundige vertaalproses gedien. Hoewel Molope se roman in die uitgewersmark as betreklik nuut beskou word, kan dit om 'n paar goeie redes as redelik vertaalbaar bestempel word. In die studie het dit duidelik geword dat 'n letterkundige vertaling hetsy vereis dat auteurs se bestaande letterkundige werke geraadpleeg word ten einde hulle oorheersende skryfstyl te bepaal 6f dat enige van hulle reeds vertaalde werke bestudeer word om deur middel van vergelyking die vertaalbaarheid van die tersaaklike werk vas te stel. Aangesien hierdie roman egter Molope se heel eerste werk is, was sodanige vergelykende navorsing nie moontlik nie. Die studie toon nietemin ook aan dat die beeldende aard van Molope se roman, veral met betrekking tot die hoofgebeure van die Soweto-opstand van 1973, die vertaler uiteindelik oortuig het dat die werk 'n vertaling waardig is. Die bevestiging (deur 'n paar legendariese figure) van die potensiaal wat Molope in hierdie ondersoek na die hoofgebeure van die vryheidstryd in daardie era openbaar, was n6g 'n faktor waarop die vertaler kon steun. Die vertaling is dus aangepak ofskoon Molope se uiters aangrypende skryfstyl (waaroor daar heelwat in die studie uitgewei word) 'n paar probleme opgelewer het. Soos in die hipotese genoem, is vertaling slegs moontlik indien die vertaalproses met 'n BT-ontleding afskop waarin (moontlike) probleemareas uitgewys word ten einde 'n toepaslike vertaalstrategie te kies. Dit is dus voldoende om te se dat die annotasiehoofstuk poog om die vraag oor die vertaalbaarheid van hierdie roman te beantwoord. Die saamstel van die annotasiehoofstuk is op sigself 'n paging om te toon hoe die vertaler skeppend met die BT -materiaal omgaan ten einde 'n gepaste teks vir die teikenlesers te skep. Die bespreking van gesaghebbende, betroubare vertaalliteratuur in hoofstuk 2 dien as agtergrond vir die ewekansige keuse van bepaalde vertaalstrategiee op bepaalde tydstippe. Daarom dien die literatuur in hoofstuk 2 as stawing van die inhoud van die annotasiehoofstuk sowel as die eindproduk van die studie.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the translation strategy oortekening (Afrikaans for “resigning” or “redrawing”) as it is found in the bilingual context of Breytenbach’s volume of poems Oorblyfsel/ Voice Over (2009). The term oortekening (retracing), coined by Odendaal (2011), refers to corresponding parts of the Afrikaans and English versions in the volume which differs semantically but which are alike phonologically and orthographically. The argument is made that, in the context of the bilingual layout of the volume, the translation strategy oortekening invites bilingual readers to take part in an interpretative game as they read the two versions side-by-side. It is further argued that currently there are not adequate theories in translation studies to describe and understand this interpretative play. This study therefore uses theories from outside translation studies to describe the translation phenomenon in this volume and in this way provide a theoretical framework in which the unusual nature of the translation of the volume can be understood. Chapter one, an introduction, is followed by Chapter two which gives an overview of the main approaches in translation theory, describing how the problem statement would be described and understood by each. The linguistic approaches which are covered includes structural linguistics, text and sociolinguistics and functionalism. The literary approaches include descriptive translation studies and more ideologically orientated approaches. Enquiry is made into which aspects of each approach are useful to explain the volume and which are not. Chapter three applies three concepts from outside translation studies to oortekening in the context of the bilingual layout of the volume: Pratt’s contact zone (1987, 1991, 1992, 1996), Bhabha’s in-between (1993) and Lecercle’s remainder (1990). These concepts are used to analyse examples of oortekening from the volume. In the last chapter the findings of the study are discussed. The relationship between the two languages in the volume is compared to the historical and current relationship between Afrikaans and English. The chapter ends with a discussion of the variety of possible further studies based on this volume and this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die vertaalstrategie oortekening soos wat dit in die tweetalige konteks van Breytenbach se bundel Oorblyfsel/ Voice Over (2009) voorkom. Die term oortekening is aan Pieter Odendaal (2011) ontleen en verwys na ooreenkomstige dele van die Afrikaanse en Engelse weergawes in die bundel wat semanties verskil maar fonologies en ortografies ooreenkom. Daar word geargumenteer dat die vertaalstrategie oortekening in die konteks van die tweetalige uitleg van die bundel tweetalige lesers nooi om aan ’n interpretatiewe spel deel te neem soos wat hulle die twee weergawes saam lees. Daar word verder geargumenteer dat daar tans in die vertaalkunde nie gepaste teorieë is om die interpretatiewe spel te beskryf en te begryp nie. Die studie gebruik dus teorieë van buite die vertaalkunde om die vertaalverskynsel in hierdie bundel te beskryf en om so ’n teoretiese raamwerk voor te stel waarbinne die ongewone aard van die bundel se vertaalaspek begryp kan word. Die inleidende hoofstuk word gevolg deur hoofstuk twee wat ’n oorsig gee van die vernaamste vertaalteoretiese benaderings en hoe die probleemstelling volgens elk van die benaderings beskryf en verstaan word: die linguistiese benaderings, vanaf die strukturele linguistiek, teks- en sosiolinguistiek na die funksionalisme; en die literêre benaderings, wat deskriptiewe vertaalstudies en meer ideologies gefundeerde benaderings insluit. Daar word ondersoek ingestel na watter aspekte van elk van die benaderings nuttig is om die bundel te beskryf en watter tekortkominge elke benadering bied. Hoofstuk drie maak drie konsepte van buite die vertaalkunde van toepassing op oortekening in die konteks van die tweetalige uitleg van die bundel: Pratt (1987, 1991, 1992, 1996) se contact zone as die kontaksone, Bhabha (1993) se in-between as die (in)tussen(in) en Lecercle (1990) se remainder as die oorblyfsel. Hierdie konsepte word gebruik om voorbeelde van oortekening uit die bundel te analiseer. In die laaste hoofstuk word die bevindinge van die studie bespreek. Die verhouding tussen die twee tale in die bundel word vergelyk met die historiese en huidige verhouding tussen Afrikaans en Engels. Daar word laastens gewys op ’n verskeidenheid verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede wat hierdie bundel en hierdie studie bied.

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel woordeboeke op spesifieke teikengebruikers gerig is, het die leksikografie slegs 'n baie beperkte bydrae gelewer om hulpmiddels vir vertalers te ontwikkel. Veral die bestaande vakwoordeboeke gee min blyke van 'n teoretiese fundering en nog minder van 'n erkenning van die behoeftes van een van die tipiese gebruikersgroepe, te wete die professionele vertaler. Vertalers is 'n gebruikersgroep met eiesoortige behoeftes en benodig woordeboeke wat spesifiek op hierdie behoeftes gerig is. In hierdie proefskrif word daar eerstens aandag gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die leksikografie met spesifieke verwysing na die vakleksikografie en die belangrikste rolspelers op hierdie gebied sowel as aan die ontwikkeling van die vertaalteorie wat insluit die linguistiese, tekslinguistiese en funksionalistiese benaderings tot vertaling en die onderskeie rolspelers binne elk van die benaderings. Daar word ook gekyk na die probleem van ekwivalensie binne die vertaalteorie sowel as binne die leksikografie. Daarna word daar gekyk na die woordeboekgebruiker, die gebruikersperspektief en die verskillende woordeboekfunksies wat tydens die beplanning en samestelling van woordeboeke in gedagte gehou en in ag geneem moet word. Daar word vervolgens aandag gegee aan vertalers as woordeboekgebruikers en daar word aangedui watter soort probleme vertalers met bestaande vertalende vakwoordeboeke het. Daarna word die fokus geplaas op die leksikografiese behoeftes van en vereistes wat professionele vertalers aan vertalende vakwoordeboeke stel. Laastens word 'n teoreties gefundeerde model ontwikkel vir die beplanning en opstel van vertalende vakwoordeboeke wat aan 'n wye reeks eiesoortige probleme aandag gee en aan die spesifieke behoeftes van professionele vertalers voldoen. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although dictionaries are aimed at specific target users, lexicography has only made a very limited contribution to developing resources for translators. Existing language for special purposes dictionaries (LSP dictionaries) in particular show very little evidence of a theoretical foundation and even less evidence of recognising the needs of one of the most typical user groups, namely the professional translator. As a user group translators have distinctive needs and they are therefore in need of dictionaries specifically targeting these needs. In this dissertation the development of lexicography with specific reference to LSP lexicography and the most important role players in the field as well as the development of translation theory which includes the linguistic, text linguistic and functionalistic approaches to translation and the various role players with regard to each of these approaches are dealt with first. Furthermore the problem of equivalence with regard to translation theory as well as lexicography are also investigated. Thereafter attention is given to the dictionary user, the user perspective and the different dictionary functions that should be kept in mind during the planning and compilation of dictionaries. Translators as dictionary users are also explored and the type of problems translators have with existing translation LSP dictionaries is indicated. Then the focus falls on the lexicographical needs and requirements that professional translators have with regard to translation LSP dictionaries. Lastly a theoretically founded model is developed for the planning and compilation of translation LSP dictionaries that address a wide range of problems and meet the specific needs of professional translators.