In den letzten Jahren kam es in den deutschsprachigen Ländern zu einem sprunghaften Anstieg forensischer Altersschätzungen bei lebenden Personen. Der strafrechtlich relevante Hintergrund dieser Altersschätzungen besteht in der Beurteilung der Strafmündigkeit bzw. der Anwendbarkeit des Erwachsenenstrafrechts bei Beschuldigten ohne gesicherte Altersangaben. Entsprechend den Empfehlungen der "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forensische Altersdiagnostik" sollten für eine Altersschätzung im Strafverfahren eine körperliche Untersuchung mit Erfassung anthropometrischer Maße, der sexuellen Reifezeichen sowie möglicher altersrelevanter Entwicklungsstörungen, eine Röntgenuntersuchung der linken Hand sowie eine zahnärztliche Untersuchung mit Erhebung des Zahnstatus und Auswertung eines Orthopantomogramms eingesetzt werden. Zur Frage der Vollendung des 21. Lebensjahrs wird eine zusätzliche Röntgen- bzw. CT-Untersuchung der Schlüsselbeine empfohlen. Da für die Herkunftsregionen der zu untersuchenden Personen in der Regel keine forensisch verwertbaren Referenzstudien vorliegen, stellt sich die Frage, ob es gravierende Entwicklungsunterschiede bei verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen gibt, die eine Anwendung der einschlägigen Altersstandards bei Angehörigen anderer ethnischer Gruppen als der Referenzpopulation verbieten würden. Die Skelettreifung wird in der betreffenden Altersgruppe offenbar nicht relevant von der ethnischen Zugehörigkeit der untersuchten Personen beeinflusst. Da für Röntgenuntersuchungen zur forensischen Altersdiagnostik keine medizinische Indikation besteht, ist für deren Durchführung eine richterliche Anordnung auf der Grundlage des § 81a der Strafprozessordnung erforderlich. Gesundheitliche Nachteile für die untersuchten Personen aufgrund der Strahlenexposition der eingesetzten Röntgenuntersuchungen sind nicht zu befürchten. Forschungsdesiderate bestehen in der Angabe von statistisch gesicherten Streubreiten bei kombinierter Anwendung der empfohlenen Methoden, in der Frage des Einflusses der Ethnie auf die sexuelle Reifeentwicklung, die Weisheitszahneruption und die Weisheitszahnmineralisation sowie in der Überprüfung nicht ionisierender bildgebender Verfahren für die forensische Altersdiagnostik. / In the German-speaking area, recent years have seen a rapid growth of the need for forensic age estimations. If, for example, no verified information on the age of a person suspected of a criminal offence is available, the need arises to determine whether the suspect has reached the age of criminal responsibility and general criminal law in force for adults is to be applied. According to recommendations of the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics, age estimations carried out for the purpose of criminal proceedings should consist of a physical examination which also records anthropometric data, signs of sexual maturation and potential age-relevant developmental disorders, as well as of an X-ray of the left hand and a dental examination which records dentition status and evaluates an orthopantomogram. In addition, a radiological or computed tomographic examination of the clavicles is recommended to establish whether a person has attained 21 years of age. Since reference studies that could be used for forensic purposes are generally not available for the areas of origin of the persons under examination, the question arises whether there are significant developmental differences between various ethnic groups which would contradict the application of relevant age standards to members of ethnic groups other than the reference population. As far as the relevant age group is concerned, ethnic origin apparently exerts no significant influence on skeletal maturation. Since there is no medical indication for X-ray examinations carried out for forensic age estimations, a court order under Section 81a of the Code of Criminal Procedure is required in Germany to authorize the necessary examinations. There is no reason to fear that the amount of radiation a person is exposed to during the X-ray examinations will have a detrimental effect on his/her health. Future research will have to provide statistically sound data on the ranges of scatter for combined use of the recommended methods, quantify the impact of ethnicity on sexual maturation, the eruption and mineralization of third molars, as well as review the suitability of non-ionizing imaging methods for forensic age estimation purposes.

A utilização de Células-tronco e técnicas da Engenharia Tecidual representa um grande avanço tecnológico e beneficiará muitos pacientes com suas conquistas. A descoberta de germes dentários como uma fonte confiável de células-tronco possibilitou diversas pesquisas nesta área. Duailibi et al. (2011) sugeriram uma nova classificação de desenvolvimento dentário baseada pela quantidade de material biológico coletado indicando a necessidade de métodos de diagnóstico por imagem para esta nova classificação. Na literatura diversos trabalhos indicam métodos de classificação dentária e métodos para estimar a idade fisiológica de indivíduos. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de adaptar alguns destes métodos para estimar o estágio de desenvolvimento proposto por Duailibi et al. (2011) consequentemente indicando a quantidade de células-tronco esperadas nas amostras. Para tanto, submeteu-se uma coleção de 67 dentes previamente classificados por Duailibi et al. (2011) à técnica rpcl e à tcfc para a obtenção de imagens e a aplicação de técnicas de estimativas por proporções lineares e volumétricas. Os resultados por análises lineares indicaram valores de R2 para o método de proporção de comprimento CDCP de 0,14050; CCCP de 0,65369; CCCR de 0,5408; CDCR de 0,54074; o método de proporção de área APAD de 0,23925; e método de proporção de volume VPVD de 0,08553, com valor de p menor ou igual à 0,05. Concluindo este estudo indica-se o método de rpcl utilizando a análise do comprimento entre coroa e polpa como o mais indicado para estimar o estágio de desenvolvimento. / The usage of human dental stem cells and tissue engineering technics represents a huge tecnological development and it may benefits many patients in a promissing future. The discovery of suitable source of human dental stem cells were made using tooth buds. Duailibi et al. 2011 indicated a new tooth classification on a stem cell harvesting based research, sugesting new methods for diagnosis these stages. Several method were developed for dental age assesement. The presente study aims to evaluate some of these dental age technics and make adaptations for estimating Duailibi et al. 2011 tooth stages. A 67 tooth sample previoulsy classificated by Duailbi et al. 2011 were submited through periapical parallel long cone X-rays and CBCT analysis. Age estimation ratio methods were applied by measuring tooth/root lenth, crown/root lenth, tooth/pulp lenth, crown/pulp lenth, tooth/poulp área and tooth/pulp volume. Results indicated by linear regression analisys a R2 value of tooth/pulp lenth 0,14050; crown/pulp lenth 0,65369; crown/root lenth 0,5408; tooth/root lenth 0,54074; pulp/tooth volume 0,23925; e tooth/pulp volume de 0,08553, with p value of 0,005. In conclusion , the best method for estimating Duailibi et al. 2011 tooth classification techinic is made by using periapical long cone X-rays using crown/pulp lenth ratio.

A utilização de Células-tronco e técnicas da Engenharia Tecidual representa um grande avanço tecnológico e beneficiará muitos pacientes com suas conquistas. A descoberta de germes dentários como uma fonte confiável de células-tronco possibilitou diversas pesquisas nesta área. Duailibi et al. (2011) sugeriram uma nova classificação de desenvolvimento dentário baseada pela quantidade de material biológico coletado indicando a necessidade de métodos de diagnóstico por imagem para esta nova classificação. Na literatura diversos trabalhos indicam métodos de classificação dentária e métodos para estimar a idade fisiológica de indivíduos. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de adaptar alguns destes métodos para estimar o estágio de desenvolvimento proposto por Duailibi et al. (2011) consequentemente indicando a quantidade de células-tronco esperadas nas amostras. Para tanto, submeteu-se uma coleção de 67 dentes previamente classificados por Duailibi et al. (2011) à técnica rpcl e à tcfc para a obtenção de imagens e a aplicação de técnicas de estimativas por proporções lineares e volumétricas. Os resultados por análises lineares indicaram valores de R2 para o método de proporção de comprimento CDCP de 0,14050; CCCP de 0,65369; CCCR de 0,5408; CDCR de 0,54074; o método de proporção de área APAD de 0,23925; e método de proporção de volume VPVD de 0,08553, com valor de p menor ou igual à 0,05. Concluindo este estudo indica-se o método de rpcl utilizando a análise do comprimento entre coroa e polpa como o mais indicado para estimar o estágio de desenvolvimento. / The usage of human dental stem cells and tissue engineering technics represents a huge tecnological development and it may benefits many patients in a promissing future. The discovery of suitable source of human dental stem cells were made using tooth buds. Duailibi et al. 2011 indicated a new tooth classification on a stem cell harvesting based research, sugesting new methods for diagnosis these stages. Several method were developed for dental age assesement. The presente study aims to evaluate some of these dental age technics and make adaptations for estimating Duailibi et al. 2011 tooth stages. A 67 tooth sample previoulsy classificated by Duailbi et al. 2011 were submited through periapical parallel long cone X-rays and CBCT analysis. Age estimation ratio methods were applied by measuring tooth/root lenth, crown/root lenth, tooth/pulp lenth, crown/pulp lenth, tooth/poulp área and tooth/pulp volume. Results indicated by linear regression analisys a R2 value of tooth/pulp lenth 0,14050; crown/pulp lenth 0,65369; crown/root lenth 0,5408; tooth/root lenth 0,54074; pulp/tooth volume 0,23925; e tooth/pulp volume de 0,08553, with p value of 0,005. In conclusion , the best method for estimating Duailibi et al. 2011 tooth classification techinic is made by using periapical long cone X-rays using crown/pulp lenth ratio.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05174.pdf: 4868507 bytes, checksum: ef4d7e8312562d1a1e608bf1fd65e9ec (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:37:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05174.pdf: 4868507 bytes, checksum: ef4d7e8312562d1a1e608bf1fd65e9ec (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, Sao Paulo

Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-21T11:51:34Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T11:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os radionuclídeos naturais das séries radioativas do 238U e do 232Th têm sido aplicados com sucesso como traçadores de processos ambientais atuais e mudanças climáticas. O 210Pb (meia-vida de 22,2 anos) é empregado na técnica de datação geocronológica de testemunhos sedimentares dos últimos 100-150 anos e na determinação de taxa de sedimentação. As concentrações dos isótopos 226Ra e 228Ra (meia-vida de 1.600 anos e 5,75 anos, respectivamente) auxiliam no cálculo das atividades de 210Pb em excesso no sedimento e auxiliam na identificação de processos marinhos importantes, como, por exemplo, a intrusão de água subterrânea. Neste trabalho foram quantificadas as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb em quatro testemunhos marinhos curtos coletados desde a plataforma continental até o talude superior do Atlântico Sudoeste. A partir dos resultados obtidos, as taxas de sedimentação em cada local e as idades de cada fatia de sedimento foram determinadas pelo método de datação geocronológica com 210Pb. As amostras sedimentares sofreram digestão total ácida em microondas. A separação radioquímica sequencial de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb foi realizada com a obtenção dos precipitados de Ba(Ra)SO4 e PbCrO4. As medidas α total do 226Ra e β total do 228Ra e do 210Pb a partir dos precipitados foram feitas em um detector proporcional de fluxo gasoso de baixa radiação de fundo. Com relação aos testemunhos analisados, as concentrações de atividade dos radionuclídeos variaram de 14 Bq.kg-1 a 154 Bq.kg-1 para o 226Ra; de 17 Bq.kg-1 a 45 Bq.kg-1 para o 228Ra; de 20 Bq.kg-1 a 2.073 Bq.kg-1 para o 210Pb. Valores altos de 210Pb foram encontrados no topo de todos os perfis sedimentares, proveniente principalmente da deposição atmosférica. Os dados coletados neste trabalho estão na mesma faixa de grandeza de outros relacionados a medições de 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb em áreas não contaminadas do Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste. As taxas de sedimentação diminuíram com o aumento da profundidade de coluna dágua, cujos valores variaram de 0,049 cm.ano-1 a 0,40 cm.ano-1. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

近紅外線影像由於其物理特性與成像方式，其紋理細節都有發散模糊不清的現象，對於以紋理為主要特徵的年齡辨識問題而言更具挑戰。本論文主要目的是以近紅外線人臉影像為基礎，找出對近紅外線年齡特徵有最佳描述力的特徵描述子，辨識近紅外線影像中被拍攝者的年齡區間，建構整個年齡層估算機制。 相關研究一部分關注可見光年齡辨識，另一部分則聚焦在近紅外線人臉辨識，目前還沒有近紅外線年齡辨識的相關文獻能參考，如何從接近的研究領域找尋是適當的演算法是本研究遇到的第一個挑戰。在資料庫的部分，FGNET和MORPH常被用於可見光的年齡辨識議題； PolyU和LDHF則用於近紅外線人臉辨識相關研究，在目前沒有近紅外線年齡資料庫的情況，本研究自建RSNIR（Intel RealSense Near-Infrared Age Database），因此如何標準化拍攝環境流程、蒐集穩定的近紅外線影像是本研究面臨的第二個挑戰。 區域性特徵擷取方法的關鍵在於特徵描述子的描述力。本研究以LBP（Local Binary Patterns）為基礎，探討LBP在內的24個特徵描述子，最後實驗測試各個描述子在RSNIR的辨識率，結果發現基本型Fuzzy LBP和擴充型RILBP對近紅外線年齡特徵有最佳描述力。在空間譜子區塊（patch）設計部分，以3x3切割子區塊數的辨識效果最好，反應出其與影像校正時的人臉影像空間定義方式有關。

Les méthodes osseuses de diagnose sexuelle donnent d’excellents résultats, avec des taux de bonnes prédictions du sexe supérieurs à 90%. Néanmoins, les éléments osseux ne sont pas toujours disponibles et, lorsqu’ils le sont, selon les causes de la mort et/ou les conditions de conservation du corps, ils peuvent avoir été lourdement dégradés. Pour parvenir à déterminer le sexe d’un individu dans ces situations là, des techniques dentaires de diagnose sexuelle sont nécessaires.Contrairement à la détermination du sexe, la problématique de la détermination de l’âge a fait l’objet de nombreuses études et d’autant de propositions de techniques différentes, signe d’une insuffisance de l’ensemble de ces méthodes, que la littérature n’a pas manqué de mettre en exergue.Le premier objectif de ce travail est de proposer une technique dentaire de détermination du sexe simple et précise, de façon à pouvoir répondre à cette problématique anthropologique de façon fiable en l’absence d’autres éléments du squelette.Le second est de développer une méthode d’estimation de l’âge de mise en œuvre facile, rapide et ne nécessitant ni un plateau technique lourd, ni la détérioration du matériel, pour une application aussi bien anthropologique que médico-légale. L’échantillon d’apprentissage était composé de 210 scanners d’individus présentant chacun 4 canines saines. L’échantillon d’application était composé de 55 scanners d’individus, présentant chacun au moins 1 canine saine. Les volumes pulpaire et total de chaque dent ont été modélisés et calculés à l’aide du logiciel Mimics. Une régression logistique binaire a été utilisée pour déterminer sept modèles de prédiction du sexe, en fonction du nombre et du type de canines exploitables. La comparaison des aires sous la courbe ROC a mis en évidence une plus grande performance du modèle utilisant les volumes des 4 canines. La méthode des moindres carrés pondérés a été utilisée pour déterminer les équations d’estimation de l’âge pour les sept mêmes modèles. Une plus grande performance du modèle utilisant les volumes des 2 canines maxillaires a été mise en évidence. Toutes ces régressions ont été testées sur l’échantillon d’application pour procéder à leur validation externe.Il s’avère que dans un contexte scientifique historique où les canines mandibulaires constituaient l’outil dentaire de référence dans la diagnose sexuelle, la modélisation tridimensionnelle souligne l’intérêt potentiel de leurs homologues maxillaires. Par ailleurs, il semblerait que l’évaluation de la réduction pulpaire physiologique, imputable à l’apposition naturelle de dentine secondaire sur les canines uniquement, soit un critère performant dans la détermination de l’âge.A défaut d’être parfaits, les modèles proposés à l’issue cette étude permettent donc toutefois de disposer d’éléments fiables, qui ont toute leur place dans l’indispensable faisceau de preuves, nécessaire à la détermination de l’âge et du sexe dans le cadre d’une identification estimative. / The bone methods of sexual diagnosis give excellent results, with rates of good predictions over 90%. Nonetheless, bones are not always available and, when they are, according to the causes of death and/or storage conditions of the body, they may have been severely degraded. To be able to determine the sex of an individual in these situations, dental techniques of sexual diagnosis are needed.In contrast to sex determination, the problem of age estimation has been the topic of many studies and so many different techniques, evidence of failure of all these methods, which the literature did not fail to highlight.The first aim of this work was to propose a simple and accurate dental technique for determining sex, in order to resolve this anthropological issue, reliably in the absence of other elements of the skeleton.The second was to develop a method for estimating the age of easy and fast implémentation, neither requiring a heavy technical support nor damage to material, for an application as well in forensics as in anthropology.The training sample consisted of 210 subjects’ CT-scans, each with four canines healthy. The validation sample was composed of 55 CT-scans, each with at least one healthy canine. Pulp and total volumes of each tooth were modeled and calculated using the software Mimics . A binary logistic regression was used to determine seven prediction models of sex, according to the number and type of canine available in practice. The comparison of the areas under the ROC curve showed a greater performance of the model using the volumes of the four canines. The weighted least squares method was used to determine the equations for estimating the age for the same seven models. Greater performance of the model using the volumes of maxillary canines has been demonstrated. All these regressions were tested on the validation sample to perform their external validation.It turns out that in a scientific context where historical mandibular canines were the reference tool in the sex diagnosis, three-dimensional modeling emphasizes the potential value of maxillary counterparts. Moreover, it appears that the evaluation of the physiological pulp reduction, due to the natural apposition of secondary dentine on canines only, is a performance criterion in determining age.The models proposed in this study can therefore have reliable evidence, which all have all their place in the necessary body of evidence for determining age and sex, in estimating identification.

Táto diplomová práca sa venuje automatickému rozpoznávaniu ludí v obrazových dátach s využitím konvolučných neurónových sieti na určenie polohy tváre a následnej analýze získaných dát. Výsledkom analýzy tváre je určenie pohlavia, emócie a veku osoby. Práca obsahuje popis použitých architektúr konvolučných sietí pre každú podúlohu. Sieť na odhad veku má natrénované nové váhy, ktoré sú vzápätí zmrazené a majú do svojej architektúry vložené LSTM vrstvy. Tieto vrstvy sú samostatne dotrénované a testované na novom datasete vytvorenom pre tento účel. Výsledky testov ukazujú zlepšenie predikcie veku. Riešenie pre rýchlu, robustnú a modulárnu detekciu tváre a ďalších ludských rysov z jedného obrazu alebo videa je prezentované ako kombinácia prepojených konvolučných sietí. Tieto sú implementované v podobe skriptu a následne vysvetlené. Ich rýchlosť je dostatočná pre ďalšie dodatočné analýzy tváre na živých obrazových dátach.

Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit einer hydrochemischen Untersuchung des Aquifersystems auf der Westseite des Toten Meeres. Für die Untersuchungen der Grundwasserressourcen der kreidezeitlichen Grundwasserleiter, insbesondere Grundwasserherkunft, Mischprozesse, Identifizierung von Wasser-Gesteins- Wechselwirkungen, Datierung von Grundwasseraltersbereichen, Identifizierung der Herkunft des Quellen an der Küste des Toten Meeres und Abtrennung quartärer Grundwassermuster, wurde eine Tracerkombination auf Wasser- und Gesteinsproben angewendet. Die hier vorgestellte Multitracer-Methodik ist auch in anderen datenarmen Gebieten mit komplexer Hydrogeologie (Karst oder Störungen) unter anthropogenem Einfluss anwendbar. / The present study deals with a hydrochemical investigation of the aquifer system on the western side of the Dead Sea. To examine the groundwater resources of the Cretaceous aquifer, particularly groundwater origins, mixing processes, identification of water-rock interaction, dating of groundwater age ranges in the aquifers and identification of spring water origins at the Dead Sea coast and separation of Quaternary groundwater patterns, a combination of tracer is applied on water and rock samples. The multi-tracer method presented here is also applicable in other data-poor areas with complex hydrogeology (karst or fracture) under anthropogenic influence.