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<p>Upplevd likhet med målpersonen har ansetts vara viktig för empati och viss forskning har visat att empatin ökar med upplevd etnisk sam-hörighet. Denna studies primära syfte var att experimentellt undersöka om svenska och icke-svenska deltagare kände olika mycket empati beroende på målpersonens etnicitet samt upplevd likhet med mål-personen. Majoriteten av de 160 deltagarna rekryterades från Mälar-dalens högskola, varav 102 var svenska och 84 var kvinnliga. Resultatet visade två signifikanta disordinala interaktioner där svenska deltagare kände signifikant mer empati och upplevd likhet med en svensk än icke-svensk målperson, medan icke-svenska inte visade signifikant mer empati eller upplevd likhet med en icke-svensk än svensk målperson. Ingen signifikant skillnad i empati fanns mellan äldre och yngre deltagare. Män uppvisade signifikant lägre empati än kvinnor och inget av könen väckte mer empati. Orsaken till de disordinala interaktionerna diskuterades i termer av social kategorisering. Vidare forskning med en annan definition av begreppet etnicitet föreslogs.</p>

Upplevd likhet med målpersonen har ansetts vara viktig för empati och viss forskning har visat att empatin ökar med upplevd etnisk sam-hörighet. Denna studies primära syfte var att experimentellt undersöka om svenska och icke-svenska deltagare kände olika mycket empati beroende på målpersonens etnicitet samt upplevd likhet med mål-personen. Majoriteten av de 160 deltagarna rekryterades från Mälar-dalens högskola, varav 102 var svenska och 84 var kvinnliga. Resultatet visade två signifikanta disordinala interaktioner där svenska deltagare kände signifikant mer empati och upplevd likhet med en svensk än icke-svensk målperson, medan icke-svenska inte visade signifikant mer empati eller upplevd likhet med en icke-svensk än svensk målperson. Ingen signifikant skillnad i empati fanns mellan äldre och yngre deltagare. Män uppvisade signifikant lägre empati än kvinnor och inget av könen väckte mer empati. Orsaken till de disordinala interaktionerna diskuterades i termer av social kategorisering. Vidare forskning med en annan definition av begreppet etnicitet föreslogs.

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The aim is to study the trends of cigarette smoking from 2001 to 2012 using a California representative sample in the US. Data was taken from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) from 2001 to 2012, which is a population-based, biennial, random digit-dial telephone survey of the non-institutionalized population. The CHIS is the largest telephone survey in California and the largest state health survey in the US. 282,931 adults (n = 184,454 with age 18–60 and n = 98,477 with age >60) were included in the analysis. Data were weighted to be representative and adjusted for potential covariance and non-response biases. During 2001–2012, the prevalence of current smoking decreased from 18.86 to 15.4 % among adults age 18–60 (β = −0.8, p = 0.0041). As for adults age >60, the prevalence of current smoking trend decreased with variations, started from 9.66 % in 2001, slightly increased to 9.74 % in 2003, but then gradually decreased, falling to 8.18 % in 2012. In 2012, there was a 14 % reduction of daily smoking adults age 18–60 (OR 0.84, 95 % CI 0.76–0.93, p = 0.0006) compared to 2001, while no significant reduction of daily smoking was observed for those age >60. The reductions of smoking prevalence for adults younger than 60 are encouraging. However, there is a concern for smoking cessation rates among those older than 60 years of age, particularly for African Americans.

Proaktiv interferens innebär att gammal irrelevant information i arbetsminnet förblir aktiverat och stör framplockning av ny relevant information. Tidigare forskning har demonstrerat åldersrelaterade skillnader mellan yngre och äldre vuxna på så sätt att äldre vuxna är mer utsatta för den störande effekten av proaktiv interferens. Men hur påverkas barn av proaktiv interferens? Denna studie syftar till att undersöka åldersrelaterade skillnader samt könsskillnader i proaktiv interferens hos barn i skolålder med förväntningen att yngre barn likt äldre vuxna är mer känsliga för influensen av proaktiv interferens. Ett 2-back-lure arbetsminnestest användes för att undersöka influensen av proaktiv interferens hos totalt 69 deltagare i åldrarna 8–11 år. Ett relativt interferensmått beräknades och användes för hypotesprövningen. Resultaten ifrån envägs variansanalys visar inga signifikanta skillnader mellan åldersgrupperna för både reaktionstid, F (2,53) = 2.360, p = .105, samt accuracy, F(2,53) = .409, p = .667. En envägs variansanalys visade dock på signifikanta könsskillnader för reaktionstid, F (2,53) = 3.927, p = .026, men inte för accuracy, F(2,53) = 1.131, p = .331. Resultaten indikerar att det inte finns åldersrelaterade skillnader mellan dessa åldersgrupper, men att flickor kan uppleva mer interferens än pojkar. / Proactive interference means that old irrelevant information in working memory remains active and inhibits recall of new relevant information. Previous research has demonstrated age-related differences between younger and older adults in such a way that older adults are more susceptible to the inhibiting effect of proactive interference. But how does proactive interference affect children? The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences as well as gender differences in school-aged children with the expectation that younger children like the older adults may be more susceptible to the influence of proactive interference. A 2-back-lure working memory test was used to investigate the influence of proactive interference among a total of 69 participants aged 8-11 years. The results indicate insignificant age-related differences with regards to reaction time, F(2,53) = 2.360, p = .105, as well as accuracy, F(2,53) = .409, p = .667. A one way ANOVA did however indicate significant gender-differences for reaction time, F(2,53) = 3.927, p = .026, but not for accuracy, F(2,53) = 1.131, p = .331. The results indicate that there are no age-related differences between these age groups but that girls may experience more interference than boys.

Background: Stroke remains a major public health burden. Few studies have focused on the age differences in the associations of behavioral and psychosocial factors with stroke while no study focusing on the effect of severe psychological distress (SPD) on stroke has been conducted. The aim of this study was to examine the age differences in these risk factors for stroke as young (18-44 years), middle aged (45-64 years), and elderly (65 years or older). Methods: A total of 1,258 adults with stroke and 39,985 controls were selected from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations of the factors with stroke at different ages. Results: The prevalence of SPD was 10% in cases and 3.6% in controls, respectively. Overall, current smoking, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, SPD, type II diabetes, male, older age, and unemployment were all associated with a higher prevalence of stroke. Practically, we found that smoking and SPD were associated with the prevalence of stroke in young adults, lack of physical activity was associated with the prevalence of stroke in middle-aged adults, and lack of physical activity and SPD were associated with the prevalence of stroke in the elderly. Conclusions: Appropriate intervention for reducing stroke and eliminating its disparities may be developed separately at each age.

Background: Stroke remains a major public health burden. Few studies have focused on the age differences in the associations of behavioral and psychosocial factors with stroke while no study focusing on the effect of severe psychological distress (SPD) on stroke has been conducted. The aim of this study was to examine the age differences in these risk factors for stroke as young (18-44 years), middle aged (45-64 years), and elderly (65 years or older). Methods: A total of 1,258 adults with stroke and 39,985 controls were selected from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations of the factors with stroke at different ages. Results: The prevalence of SPD was 10% in cases and 3.6% in controls, respectively. Overall, current smoking, lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, SPD, type II diabetes, male, older age, and unemployment were all associated with a higher prevalence of stroke. Practically, we found that smoking and SPD were associated with the prevalence of stroke in young adults, lack of physical activity was associated with the prevalence of stroke in middle-aged adults, and lack of physical activity and SPD were associated with the prevalence of stroke in the elderly. Conclusions: Appropriate intervention for reducing stroke and eliminating its disparities may be developed separately at each age.

Despite the importance of citizens’ trust toward the successful adoption of e-government, the majority of the extant research focuses only on two dimensions to investigate the role of citizens’ trust in e-government which are, trust in technology and trust in government. Hence, there is an absence of research into the multi-dimensional nature of trust and in particular how demographic aspects such as citizens’ personality, culture, gender, experience, education level, beliefs and value systems influence citizens’ trust in e-government. This research particularly aims to investigate and analyse the critical factors influencing citizens' trust in e-government from different aspects including: technology, government agency, risk and citizens' perspective. To achieve this aim, this research undertook a comprehensive review of the e-government and trust literatures, followed by a systematic review of relevant academic articles to identify the factors influencing trust in e-government. The existing literature considered technical factors, government agencies, risk and citizens' aspects. Thereby, a conceptual framework was developed by extending the updated DeLone and McLean’ IS Success Model. To validate the framework, empirical research was preformed, followed by the distribution of a questionnaire to participants who have a past experience in using e-government services, within three ministries in Saudi Arabia. Of 1076 completed survey responses received, 912 were considered valid to use in this study. This study has applied structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the proposed research framework using SmartPLS 3.0. The final developed framework was then refined and presented along with the findings regarding the significant factors influencing citizens’ trust in e-government. The findings of study revealed that while technical factors and disposition to trust have a positive influence on trust in e-government, factors related to government agencies and risk have negative impacts on citizens' trust. With regard to the citizens' aspects, the findings reveal that the female respondents demonstrate a more positive evaluation of online services as compared to the male respondents, with the female group reporting more significant and positive influences of the technical aspects on trust in e-government as compared to the male group. Interestingly, this study found that old people display greater trust in e-government as compared to levels of trust reported by younger people. The findings also highlight that internet experience has a positive influence on citizens' trust, as increased levels of Internet experience increased the level of trust in e-government. Finally, the study found non-significant support of the influence of education level in terms of trust in e-government. Lastly, the strategies that governments use to build and develop citizens' trust were identified based on the findings of the study. The originality of this study is that it tries to provide new insights on the subject of citizens’ trust in e-government in Saudi Arabia, as limited studies investigate and analyse how citizens’ differences in gender, age, education level and internet experience can influence their trust in e-government. This study attempts to provide a validated conceptual framework that integrates different antecedents of trust in e-government. Also, the impact of additional factors such as citizens’ satisfaction, intention to continue use e-government and the moderating effect of different demographic factors (gender, age, education and internet experience) are considered in this research, complementing and enhancing the existing literature on trust in e-government. Also, this research offers several implications to practitioners (decision maker) and stakeholders who are involved in e-government initiatives by providing new insights into e-government adoption from a citizens’ perspective.

An aging population results in retirement ages going up and the age difference between subordinates and managers growing bigger. Despite an extensive literature review on trust within organizations, we have not been able to identify studies related to the influence of age difference between managers and their subordinates. The main purpose of this thesis is to gain a deeper understanding of the influence of age difference on trust in relationships between managers and subordinates, and more specifically how the age difference influences the trust in the relationship with their older subordinates. Our research question has been formulated as follows: How does age difference influence trust between young managers and their older subordinates? Despite studies on trust increasing in popularity over the last years, we identified a research gap since there is no previous studies addressing the influence of age difference on trust between managers and subordinates. Specifically, the influence of the age difference between young managers and older subordinates and the trust between them in their relationship. In order to fulfil the purpose of our thesis we have conducted a qualitative research, where we gathered qualitative data through the use of semi-structured interviews. These interviews were conducted in a Dutch multinational production company employing approximately 25.000 employees. By analysing the data we gathered through our semi-structured interviews and relating it to the theoretical framework we built up from pre-existing literature, we were able to answer our research question. As a theoretical foundation, we have used the key theories on trust: trust, factors of perceived trustworthiness, antecedent of trustworthy behaviour and employee-organisation relationship. The findings demonstrate that the age difference has influence on an individual’s behaviour, employee expectations and factors of trust. We found an influence of the age difference on benevolence as well as for ability. Young managers are perceived to have different values than older subordinates, resulting in an influence on integrity. Factors related to the social exchange influence trust in other ways as interpersonal relationships have been found to influence the age difference. Finally, the age difference does influence individuals and relational factors due to the expectations of young managers being perceived as strengthening trust with their subordinates. Our thesis has contributed to the theory of trust by gaining a deeper knowledge of the influence of age difference on trust between managers and their subordinates. Also we have opened up new areas for research concerning the influence of age difference on trust in other industries or reversed situations. Our thesis has provided management scholars and managers with a deeper understanding of trust in manager-subordinate relationships, providing young managers with theories on how to improve their relationships with their older subordinates.