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Ce projet de recherche présente de nouvelles données empiriques qui évaluent l'impact des pratiques de gestion de projet dans un environnement de travail créatif. L'étude se concentre sur la gestion de projet de type Agile avec Scrum en raison de sa méthodologie légère et flexible qui se prête bien au développement de nouveaux produits et de gestion de projet en technologie de l'information. Avant cette étude, il y avait un manque de données empiriques permettant de confirmer ou infirmer des proclamations supportant les performances des pratiques de gestion de projet Scrum. Tous, professionnels comme académiciens pouvaient donc se questionner sur les mérites des pratiques de gestion Scrum. Ce projet de recherche atténue ce vide au travers d'une étude exploratoire réalisée au sein d'une entreprise internationale de développement de jeux vidéo. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle de mesure pour les pratiques de gestion de projet Scrum – le premier dans cette catégorie. Nous avons utilisé le modèle ‘KEYS to creativity’ (Amabile, 1996) pour mesurer la créativité dans un environnement de travail. Les résultats démontrent comment les pratiques Scrum contribuent à un environnement de travail créatif. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : project management, agile, scrum, creativity, keys framework

En la presente tesis doctoral, se desarrolla y se valida una metodología de planificación de la red de distribución de cadenas de suministro de la industria de consumo masivo de alimentos envasados, que se ha estructurado tomando como base los conceptos lean y agile, desarrollados por diferentes autores en los últimos veinte años. Se define, también, las ventajas y limitaciones al aplicar esta metodología y compararla con la metodología de planificación tradicional, a fin de determinar si da mayor valor al cliente de este tipo de industria. El tema concluye con la validación de tres hipótesis, que validan la aplicabilidad de la metodología desarrollada y de los conceptos lean y agile en la industria de alimentos envasados, con ciertas limitantes establecidas en el desarrollo de la investigación. / The doctoral thesis, develop and validates a distribution net planning methodology of packaged foods consumer goods supply chain, that has been structured taking as it base the lean and agile concepts, developed by differents authors in the last twenty years. Also, it defines the advantages and limitations when applying this methodology and compare it with the traditional planning methodology, to end determine if it gives main value to the client of this type of industry. The thesis concludes with the validation of three hypotheses that validate the applicability of the methodology developed and of the concepts.

Customer Demand Uncertainty is a big obstacle for companies to sustain their competitiveness in the market that responding customer requirements becomes essential. Besides companies need to consider also their cost structures which should have in high consistency to survive as well. Lean and Agile terminologies have been investigated so far in cost and responsiveness to customer manner within internal system perspective i.e. product volume and variety. This thesis aims to link lean manufacturing steps with customer demand uncertainty condition following information systems, marketing issues and human factor for management level in framework that firm’s (manufacturer) current condition can be tested according to answers from questionnaires and implementation of assessment tables since it is used as guideline and provides on which level firms are in demand uncertainty, lean and agile manufacturing. This support enables to firms to create their own flexible leagile decoupling point according to their interior characteristics and capabilities in the market.

The thesis study reveals that the position of bottleneck is a significant importance in supplychain process. The modern supply chain is characterized as having diverse products due tomass customization, dynamic production technology and ever changing customer demand.Usually customized supply chain process consists of an assemble to order (ATO) or make-to-order (MTO) type of operation. By controlling the supply constraints at upstream, a smoothmaterial flow achieved at downstream. Effective management on operational constraint willresults in speed up customer delivery. A throughout evaluation of demand constraints isnecessary to gain the competitive benefits over the entire market. The study is based on a conceptual model, comprises of engineer to order (ETO), MTO, ATOand make to stock (MTS) separated by decoupling point. All these represent the particularprocess in supply chain. The important perspective of this study is that the constraints areallocated in particular part of supply chain, which will become the supply chain moreversatile. This thesis study explains the use of detail capacity and material planningtechniques in upstream, midstream and downstream of the customer order decoupling supplychain. A shifting bottleneck concept has been studied in a better way, in order to keep relativestability and reduce the complexity in production management. This thesis study tries to findout some possible factors that reduce the bottleneck shifting in supply chain. This research provides the guideline about the implementation of lean, leagile and agility incustomized supply chain. Also key factors are discussed which are necessary to achieve theseparadigms. Basically leagile is the mixture of both lean & agile strategies. Leagile is inclinedtowards sustaining the flow for mixed-model production. Its intent is to achieve theefficiencies in mass production, while producing a medium variety of products. The focus inleagile strategy is to gain effective control at shop floor planning, including capacity andmaterial planning systems.Different relevant aspects of standardization and customization are considered through theproduction processes. In addition to this rate base, hybrid and time phase material planningtechniques are sorted in different supply chain parts through multiple level of bill of material.

Background: Today’s business environment is characterized by fast-changing technologies and shorter product life-cycles, well-educated customers and fierce competition. Within this context, agile manufacturing is praised in the literature as one of the solutions for achieving and maintaining a competitive advantage in turbulent times. Aim: The purpose of this master thesis is to fill in the identified theoretical and empirical gaps by exploring and scrutinizing the relevancy of the agile manufacturing concept in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the computer, electronic and optical manufacturing industry in Sweden. Furthermore, a model illustrating the agile manufacturing enablers applied in the selected industry will be developed. Definition: Agile manufacturing can be defined as a new production concept integrating employees, suppliers and customers, as well as units of production by using the support of software and communication systems. Methodology: Eight interviews with managers have been conducted in order to capture the big picture of how the SMEs in the chosen industry enable responsiveness to changes. A survey answered by 50 SMEs within the same industry was carried out in order to test the interview findings on a larger scale and to provide the basis for a further comparison with the existing agile manufacturing body of knowledge Results: Agile manufacturing is indeed relevant in the studied industry as it is driven by agility drivers and thus characterized by fast-changing technologies and well-educated customers. However, the agile manufacturing enablers partly differ from the ones praised in the literature and are more adjusted to the size and characteristics of SMEs. Nevertheless, a conscious awareness of the agile manufacturing concept itself was not found and the enablers identified were rather described as logical business thinking.

This study shows that the supply chain management of a company                                    using the fast fashion strategy is where the company combines their traditional supply chain with the modern demand driven Quick Response and Agile supply chain. In theory so far fast fashion is described only in terms of demand driven supply chain management however according to this research the fast fashion strategy is shown to be applied by fashion companies characterized by a mix of the traditional and modern demand driven supply chain.

Globalized markets, resources and means of communication reshaped the modern world. Today global supply chains are more agile and vulnerable to any crises. There is a need to have appropriate measures and strategies to dismantle and mitigate effects of any small or major disasters in the supply chains. Today supply chains are both directly and indirectly under influence of crises. The purpose is to study how companies assess and avoids risk in their supply chains and how they mitigate risks. Two cases have been used to explore the subject. Primary face-to-face interviews have been conducted with representatives from the two companies. Further secondary documentation from the companies has been analyzed. Managers are well aware of the risks embedded in their supply chains. They have processes to forecast and handle disruptions. Redundant resources are used in various extents to prepare for unforeseen events. To ensure uninterrupted supply different techniques such as dual-sourcing is used. Even though they see themselves as prepared companies are having problems mitigating the impact of uncertain events and these disruptions can have a big negative impact on their supply chains.

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Software projects are known for their failure rate, where many are being delivered late, over budget or being canceled while in development. The reason to it is changing requirements and intangibility of the software. Being so abstract it is difficult to imaging all the aspects of the software at the requirements stage. Also technology is playing a major role since processing power, storage space, and data transfer speeds are improving from year to year. Agile methodologies are addressing projects with unclear requirements making process of implementing new specifications along the project much easier and less costly. However the success rate of the software projects did not improve much since the introduction of Agile methodologies. This thesis is looking at what type of projects fit different methodologies and what are factors which practitioners should take into account when selecting methodology for a particular project, The thesis opens up with introduction which sets the research question and provides a brief background to the research topic. In subsequent chapter literature review is conducted to find out what does literature and other researchers have said on the same topic. Third chapter discusses underlying research philosophy and discusses the data collection tools. Next chapter discusses the findings of the research. Interviews has been conducted with project management professionals from Sweden, US, UK and Canada. It was identified through the analysis of patters that Agile methodologies are not well suited for projects involving databases, embedded development and computationally complex projects. Through the analysis of the questionnaire several project characteristics were identified which suit Agile methodologies better than traditional ones: unclear requirements, high risk of failure etc… In the last chapter the thesis concludes the findings and its theoretical and practical implications.