The recent threat of climate change has exacerbated the inherent risks in smallholder farming such as soil degradation, resulting in an unprecedented decline in agricultural yields in developing countries. This has threatened the livelihoods of large segments of populations that are heavily dependent on agriculture for survival in these regions. This dissertation focuses on identifying barriers and enablers of effective management of these risks, with an aim of coming up with potential policy interventions that can reduce vulnerability to the mentioned risks. To achieve this, the dissertation utilizes various methods and approaches as well as diverse datasets in two countries in sub Saharan Africa i.e. Namibia and Kenya. Diversification into non-farm activities is seen by many as a risk management strategy in rural areas where highly variable low farm incomes are transformed into stable high non-farm incomes, thus improving the welfare of the rural populations. While this theory of change is uncontested, the importance that the agricultural sector plays as a source of livelihood for rural populations, as well as food provisioning for urban populations, cannot be downplayed. This is more so given the limited non-farm opportunities in developing countries and the exponential population growth in these countries. The two factors combined impede on the envisioned transformation of rural production sectors and also create a sub-population of food insecure urban poor due to rural-urban migration. To mitigate these problems, rural agricultural development is still paramount and strategies that enhance resilience to risks in the sector are still vital. Chapter 2 of this dissertation focuses on this issue and addresses how farm diversification can be leveraged for improved food security in the rural areas, which has potential spill-over effects to other segments of the population. Focusing on northern Namibia, the study evaluates how different levels of diversification in both crop and livestock farming affect household food security outcomes i.e. per capita food expenditure and dietary diversity score. The study employs relatively new econometric methods in these type of studies to evaluate the joint determinants to both crop and livestock diversification, as well as their singular and joint effect on mentioned food security outcomes. The results show that high levels of diversification in either enterprise leads to high food security outcomes. Combined with climate change adaptation strategies that create resilience of agricultural production to climatic shocks, the use of sustainable agricultural intensification practices can further enhance productivity in the sector. Inputs like inorganic fertilizer, organic manure and improved seeds can further build on resilient systems to improve yields. Chapter 3 of this dissertation addresses this issue by looking at whether changes in the larger agri-food systems can be used to incentivize take up of such practices at the farm level. The study evaluates how the emergence of large traders in smallholder grain markets can drive the uptake of inorganic and organic fertilizer and improved seeds. The study thus expands the intervention space available to policy makers who have in the past resorted to potentially distortionary direct policies in the input markets e.g. through subsidy provision, as well as in the output markets e.g. through regulation of prices. To achieve this, the study uses a large panel dataset from Kenya spanning over a decade to evaluate how engagements between farmers and these market actors can be leveraged to drive adoption of these sustainable intensification inputs. Results show that engagements between large grain traders and farmers enhance use of inorganic fertilizer. There is no evidence that these engagements lead to enhanced use of improved seeds or manure. However, past use of improved seeds and manure are shown to affect their subsequent use, implying path dependency in the use of these sustainable inputs hence low dis-adoption rates. Traditional technology adoption studies show that access to information is a critical success factor for the uptake of new technology. Proxy variables for information access, for example proximity to extension services or frequency of extension contact, have consistently been shown to be positively correlated with technology adoption. In the context of climate change, access to weather information can be a critical factor to adoption of adaptation technology. Chapter 4 of this dissertation deals with this issue and assesses whether provision of weather information to farmers can enhance adoption of improved farming technologies that are resilient to climatic shocks. The study focuses on northern Namibia where access to such information, as the study shows, is very limited. A framed experiment approach is utilised to evaluate how climate change-induced uncertainty affects farmers' decision making in a farming season, based on their elicited behavioural attitudes towards risk and uncertainty. Further, the study tests whether providing weather information that reduces this uncertainty leads to adoption of technologies that are welfare improving. Lastly, the demand for weather information is assessed by eliciting the willingness to pay for information under various levels of weather uncertainty. Results indicate that high levels of uncertainty dampen uptake of welfare improving technologies, regardless of individual attitudes towards uncertainty. Availing of weather information leads to welfare improving technology choice, given the prevailing levels of weather uncertainty. There is also a high demand for weather information which is shown to increase with increase in the level of weather uncertainty. The chapters in the dissertation therefore identify key policy variables that can be used to manage vulnerability to risks emanating from climate change and unsustainable production in smallholder farming. Access to comprehensive climate information encompassing weather information and climate change-specific management information on both crop and livestock farming is shown to be a key factor in the uptake of adaptation strategies like use of resilient inputs and farm diversification. Interventions along the value chain like teaming up with large market actors in a private-public engagement is shown to be a potential pathway towards enhancing uptake of sustainable intensification inputs. Other policy variables like credit provision, high education and access to off-farm incomes are also key in explaining uptake of risk management strategies by smallholder farmers in Namibia and Kenya.

<p>  </p> <p>Managing agri-food supply systems (AFSS) is a complex task due to all the factors that are typically present in these systems, for example, perishability, long lead time from cultivation to consumption, seasonality, weather and yield uncertainty, fragmented structure of the industry, high demand- and price variability, contamination concerns, fragility, and high weight-to-value ratios. This research focuses specifically on crop-based perishable AFSS systems with independent farmers for which it is difficult to coordinate cultivation activities with upstream operations of the supply chain, and where it is not possible to decouple processing or distribution from harvesting operations by building on-farm inventory after harvest. Two main industries are considered as case studies: sugarcane and vegetables for the fresh market. In the sugarcane industry, two main problems are addressed in this research, the farms clustering and harvest sequencing problem, and the truck release control problem. The first problem is modeled as a bi-objective non-linear program that aims to maximize sugar output and minimize the maximum cluster diameter when clustering farms for harvesting, and a heuristic algorithm is developed to find a good set of non-dominated solutions. For the second problem, a stochastic model is developed to determine the optimal number of trucks to be released into the sugarcane harvest system considering randomness in key inputs. Finally, the third problem deals with the development of a demand and capacity sharing protocol to support horizontal collaboration among private distribution networks in the fresh vegetables industry based on a real-time truck-sharing system for the long-haul transport stage. The effectiveness of the protocol is tested by simulating its implementation to a collaborative network of six distributors, and the results show significant improvement in delivery times, long-haul transport costs, and total traveled distance.</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24299号 / 農博第2528号 / 新制||農||1095(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5422(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 秋津 元輝, 教授 辻村 英之, 教授 久野 秀二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The agri-food sector is responsible for 26% of the total global carbon emissions. This puts the sector under the critical eye of the world, which demands radical solutions to this. For this, alternatives to unsustainable practices have already been implemented and have led to the transformation of the systems into more sustainable ones. And, studies that seek to understand these transformations have been carried out, which belong to the Sustainability Transitions field. However, this branch of studies has been more prominent in countries of the northern hemisphere, and not so much in countries of the south. This is why, this study aimed to extend the knowledge on sustainability transitions in countries from the global south by studying the case of the blueberry sector in Peru, and the possible factors that may be hindering or boosting a sustainable transition. The study focused on the evaluation of secondary data on the context and relevant events within the blueberry sector in Peru from 2004 to 2021, also interviews were held to support the information gathered previously. The study showed that factors that act as a booster for a transition, within the Peruvian context, are the price of a product in the global market, and also the enactment of certain laws that promote certain activities like organic production. Also, those hindering factors were the price of cultivation of the blueberries and the activity of informal institutions called “services”. Moreover, the study shows that two out of the three alternatives for sustainable change that were analyzed lacked consideration for social sustainability aspects. Finally, the insights provided in this study could help to better understand how sustainability transitions could unravel in similar South American regions.

Des groupes agro-alimentaires se tournent vers les filières laitières artisanales pour assurer leur approvisionnement. De cette tendance émergent des business inclusifs (BI). Malgré l’engouement qu’ils suscitent auprès des acteurs du développement agricole, ils restent délicats à mettre en œuvre. Mais dans quelle mesure la coordination de ces BI relève de démarches inclusives ? Quelles sont les barrières à leur adoption et les conséquences sur leur durabilité? Un cas d’étude est analysé pour explorer ces questions, le projet DEEP (Danone Egypt Ecosystem Project). Initié en 2011 par le fond Danone Ecosystème, en partenariat avec Danone Egypte et l’ONG CARE, il promeut un business model réplicable de centres de collecte de lait (CCL) de vache auprès des petits producteurs, dans des coopératives agricoles publiques. Ce BI tente de sécuriser l’approvisionnement de la laiterie Danone et de contribuer au développement socio-économique des villages hôtes. Dans la thèse, un cadre analytique transdisciplinaire est élaboré ; la gestion de la qualité permet d’associer une approche chaîne de valeur (CV) et une approche système agroalimentaire localisée (SYAL). Des données socio-économiques sont collectées entre 2014 et 2016, individuellement et collectivement, auprès des acteurs directement ou indirectement impliqués dans ce BI. Si l’extrême diversité des activités, des objectifs et des ressources des acteurs qui « gravitent » autour du produit lait et du BI est mise en évidence, améliorer la qualité du lait semble être un but partagé. La distance et les asymétries de pouvoirs entre les partenaires limitent la promotion de stratégies répondant à la complexité et à la variabilité du contexte égyptien. Au dépend de la collaboration, des logiques d’intégration et de coercition s’installent dans la chaîne de valeur inclusive (CVI), pilotée en aval par l’entreprise avec l’ONG. Si la qualité sanitaire du lait fourni par les CCL s’améliore, la qualité compositionnelle se dégrade. L’entreprise rejette fréquemment les livraisons des CCL sans mécanisme de compensation et la CVI construite est fragile. Le BI est alors abordé en examinant l’évolution du SYAL laitier d’Halabeya. Après 6 années d’interventions, le CCL y est un acteur central des réseaux de collecte de lait. Il influence la qualité sanitaire via les institutions qui l’organisent (analyses de la qualité du lait, fixation des prix ou connaissances sur l’hygiène). La promotion d’un pôle concentrant l’offre de services agricoles pour les fournisseurs du CCL échoue. Une multitude d’entreprises familiales de proximité, organisées en réseaux spécialisés mais non coordonnés, l’assurent. Il semble que la généricité de la construction de CVI durable doive passer par la systématisation de processus de partenariat. En Egypte, une cellule de coordination villageoise pourrait être créée. Réunissant divers acteurs clef du SYAL, elle pourrait activer les ressources territoriales aux profits des habitants et du BI, en l’associant dans un comité de pilotage avec des représentants de l’état, de l’entreprise investisseuse et de l’ONG. Ce comité de pilotage s’attacherait à bâtir un business model adapté au territoire et aux besoins des partenaires, puis à piloter la CVI construite. L’utilisation de l’amélioration de la qualité du lait pourrait catalyser l’action collective. Par la sensibilisation des partenaires, l’implication de l’état, le recours à des facilitateurs et la possibilité pour les territoires de communiquer sur ces interventions, limiter les asymétries de pouvoir devient envisageable. Original par son utilisation de la gestion de la qualité comme un facteur d’inclusion, le cadre d’analyse permet d’aborder des échelles variées et plus ou moins distantes et pose les bases d’un cadre d’action favorisant la territorialisation des partenariats de BI. Ainsi, bâtir des CVI durables, c’est contribuer à l’émergence de territoires autonomes, voie prometteuse dans les pays du Sud comme du Nord. / Agri-food companies turn to traditional dairy sector to ensure their supply of milk. Inclusivebusinesses (IB) have emerged from this trend. Despite the enthusiasm raised among the playersof agricultural development, such businesses remain difficult to implement. But to what extentdoes IB coordination fall into an inclusive approach? What are the obstacles to the adoption ofsuch processes and the consequences for their sustainability? A case study is analyzed to explorethese issues, the DEEP project (Danone Egypt Ecosystem Project). Initiated in 2011 by the DanoneEcosystem fund, in partnership with Danone Egypt and the NGO CARE, it promotes a replicablebusiness model of cow milk collection centers (MCC) in public agricultural cooperatives targetingsmall producers. This IB’s aims are to secure the sourcing of Danone’s dairy and to contribute tothe socio-economic development of associated villages. In this thesis, a transdisciplinary analyticalframework is developed; the quality management has been used to link a value chain (VC)approach and a localized agri-food system (SYAL) approach. Socio-economic data were collectedbetween 2014 and 2016, individually and collectively, directly or indirectly from the playersinvolved in this IB. While the extreme diversity of the activities, objectives and resources of actorsevolving around the milk product and the IB is highlighted, improving the quality of the milk seemsto be a common goal. Both the distance and the differences in power between partners limit thepromotion of strategies responding to the complexity and variability of the Egyptian situation.Logics of integration and coercion take place within the inclusive value chain (IVC) drivendownstream by the company with the NGO, to the detriment of collaboration. If the sanitaryquality of the milk provided by the MCC is improving, its compositional quality deteriorates. Thecompany frequently rejects deliveries from MCCs, without a mechanism for compensation, whichlead to the precarity of such built IVC. The IB is therefore discussed by examining the evolution ofthe dairy SYAL from Halabeya. After 6 years of interventions, the MCC became a central playerwithin the milk collection networks. It influences milk sanitary quality through the institutions thatorganize it (milk quality analyses, pricing or hygiene knowledge). The promotion of a hubdelivering agricultural services to MCC suppliers fails. Numerous local family businesses, organizedin specialized networks lacking of coordination, ensure it. It seems that the genericity of theconstruction of sustainable IVC must go through the systematization of partnership processes. InEgypt, a coordination cell in the village could be established. Bringing together various key actorsof the SYAL, this cell could activate the territorial resources in favour of the inhabitants and the IB,by associating it in a steering committee with representatives of the state, the investing companyand the NGO. This steering committee would work on building a business model adapted to theterritory and to the needs of the partners, before piloting the IVC built. Using milk qualityimprovement could catalyze the collective action. By raising awareness of partners, involving thestate, using facilitators and giving the capacity for the territories to communicate on theseinterventions, therefore limiting the differences in power becomes possible. Through its use ofquality management as an inclusion factor, the analytical framework allows approaching distantscales, and lays the foundations for an action framework fostering the territorialization of IBpartnerships. Therefore building sustainable IVCs go hand in hand with the emergence ofautonomous territories, a promising path towards the Southern countries as well as the Northern.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto da agenda de Objetivos do Milênio (ODM) definida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) na criação e no desdobramento de projetos voltados para o desenvolvimento sustentável, com foco na ótica dos pequenos agricultores brasileiros. Para que este objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, foi empenhada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória por meio de estudos de caso sobre os projetos \"Rede de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional\" e \"Clima da Caatinga\", promovidos pela Prefeitura de Maracanaú (CE) e pela Associação Caatinga, respectivamente. A amostra foi selecionada tendo por critério de representatividade a condecoração dos projetos na edição de 2013 do Prêmio ODM Brasil, a sua localização no estado mais premiado (Ceará), e a divisão do prêmio nas categorias \"Governos Municipais\" e \"Organizações Sociais\". A pesquisa contou com a realização de entrevistas em profundidade e entrevistas em grupo com lideranças e beneficiários dos dois projetos que, somadas às análises de documentos de fontes primárias e secundárias e observação não estruturada dentro do contexto de execução dos projetos, propiciou a elucidação dos papel e influência da ONU e das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento e amadurecimento dos projetos estudados. Verificou-se que as iniciativas da ONU no âmbito do programa Objetivos do Milênio, apesar de produzirem baixo impacto na motivação que levou à criação dos projetos analisados, assumiram papel relevante para os seus respectivos desdobramentos, contribuindo para a sua reorientação ao planejamento de longo prazo e facilitando o estabelecimento de parcerias estratégicas. Além disso, as políticas públicas de incentivo se mostraram uma relevante ferramenta no processo de intervenção e transformação de realidades de vulnerabilidade social e degradação ambiental. Ante a isto, concluímos que os incentivos promovidos pelas organizações internacionais na esteira da definição de agendas sustentáveis, como os ODM, possuem grande potencial contributivo para a consolidação de projetos que visem a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. / This paper aims to analyze the impact of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) defined by the United Nations (UN) on the creation and deployment of projects focused on sustainable development, focusing on the perspective of small Brazilian farmers. In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory research was undertaken through case studies on the \"Food and Nutrition Security Network\" and \"Caatinga Climate\" projects, promoted by the City Hall of Maracanaú (CE) and the Caatinga Association , respectively. The sample was selected considering the presence of the projects in the 2013 edition of the Brazil ODM Award, its location in the most contemplated state (Ceará), and the division of the award in the categories \"Municipal Governments\" and \"Social Organizations\". The research included in-depth interviews and group interviews with leaders and beneficiaries of the two projects, which, together with the analysis of documents from primary and secondary sources and unstructured observation within the context of project execution, provided the elucidation of the roles and influence of the UN and public policies for the development and maturing of the studied projects. Following the investigation, it was found that UN initiatives under the Millennium Development Goals, although having a low impact on the motivation that led to the creation of the projects analyzed, have played a relevant role in their respective developments, contributing to their reorientation to the long-term planning and facilitating the establishment of strategic partnerships. In addition, the public policies have proved to be an important tool in the process of intervention and transformation of realities of social vulnerability and environmental degradation. It was concluded that the incentives promoted by international organizations through the definition of sustainable agendas, such as the MDGs, have great contributory potential for the consolidation of projects regarding the promotion of sustainable development.

O presente trabalho visa analisar o impacto da agenda de Objetivos do Milênio (ODM) definida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) na criação e no desdobramento de projetos voltados para o desenvolvimento sustentável, com foco na ótica dos pequenos agricultores brasileiros. Para que este objetivo pudesse ser alcançado, foi empenhada uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória por meio de estudos de caso sobre os projetos \"Rede de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional\" e \"Clima da Caatinga\", promovidos pela Prefeitura de Maracanaú (CE) e pela Associação Caatinga, respectivamente. A amostra foi selecionada tendo por critério de representatividade a condecoração dos projetos na edição de 2013 do Prêmio ODM Brasil, a sua localização no estado mais premiado (Ceará), e a divisão do prêmio nas categorias \"Governos Municipais\" e \"Organizações Sociais\". A pesquisa contou com a realização de entrevistas em profundidade e entrevistas em grupo com lideranças e beneficiários dos dois projetos que, somadas às análises de documentos de fontes primárias e secundárias e observação não estruturada dentro do contexto de execução dos projetos, propiciou a elucidação dos papel e influência da ONU e das políticas públicas para o desenvolvimento e amadurecimento dos projetos estudados. Verificou-se que as iniciativas da ONU no âmbito do programa Objetivos do Milênio, apesar de produzirem baixo impacto na motivação que levou à criação dos projetos analisados, assumiram papel relevante para os seus respectivos desdobramentos, contribuindo para a sua reorientação ao planejamento de longo prazo e facilitando o estabelecimento de parcerias estratégicas. Além disso, as políticas públicas de incentivo se mostraram uma relevante ferramenta no processo de intervenção e transformação de realidades de vulnerabilidade social e degradação ambiental. Ante a isto, concluímos que os incentivos promovidos pelas organizações internacionais na esteira da definição de agendas sustentáveis, como os ODM, possuem grande potencial contributivo para a consolidação de projetos que visem a promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável. / This paper aims to analyze the impact of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) defined by the United Nations (UN) on the creation and deployment of projects focused on sustainable development, focusing on the perspective of small Brazilian farmers. In order to achieve this objective, a qualitative exploratory research was undertaken through case studies on the \"Food and Nutrition Security Network\" and \"Caatinga Climate\" projects, promoted by the City Hall of Maracanaú (CE) and the Caatinga Association , respectively. The sample was selected considering the presence of the projects in the 2013 edition of the Brazil ODM Award, its location in the most contemplated state (Ceará), and the division of the award in the categories \"Municipal Governments\" and \"Social Organizations\". The research included in-depth interviews and group interviews with leaders and beneficiaries of the two projects, which, together with the analysis of documents from primary and secondary sources and unstructured observation within the context of project execution, provided the elucidation of the roles and influence of the UN and public policies for the development and maturing of the studied projects. Following the investigation, it was found that UN initiatives under the Millennium Development Goals, although having a low impact on the motivation that led to the creation of the projects analyzed, have played a relevant role in their respective developments, contributing to their reorientation to the long-term planning and facilitating the establishment of strategic partnerships. In addition, the public policies have proved to be an important tool in the process of intervention and transformation of realities of social vulnerability and environmental degradation. It was concluded that the incentives promoted by international organizations through the definition of sustainable agendas, such as the MDGs, have great contributory potential for the consolidation of projects regarding the promotion of sustainable development.

Utilizando extensa revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação aborda a problemática da relação entre consumo, produção e políticas públicas alimentares analisando o papel e as potencialidade dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar. O objetivo principal consiste em estudar o potencial das compras públicas como mecanismo de enfrentamento de problemas relacionados ao consumo e produção de alimentos, que pode se dar tanto através da integração de políticas à saúde dos escolares, como mediante a criação de mercados para os produtores locais. O estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisão da literatura sobre países e contextos em que a alimentação escolar foi acionada como uma política de abastecimento e segurança alimentar. Constatou-se que as compras locais, através do Programa de Alimentação Escolar, são consideradas como multiplicadoras de forças beneficiando, simultaneamente, as crianças e a economia local. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos abordando os programas públicos alimentares como políticas públicas capazes de construir uma reconexão entre produção e consumo. Desta forma, a dissertação descreve as experiências dos municípios de Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG), e Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), que inovaram na forma de adquirir produtos da agricultura familiar, sem infringir a legislação vigente. Já na esfera internacional, estudou-se as reformas da alimentação escolar em Nova Iorque e Roma, que através da compra de gêneros alimentícios de pequenos produtores locais puderam oferecer aos escolares uma alimentação de qualidade, além de proporcionar novas oportunidades aos produtores locais. Nos países em desenvolvimento, estudos mostram a importância de se formular programas de longo prazo, tais como os Programas de Alimentação Escolar do Quênia e Índia. As experiências descritas nesta dissertação pretendem trazer uma contribuição para que se possa pensar em estratégias de mudança do setor público assim como dos comportamentos dos cidadãos, de tal forma que possam desenvolver hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e que tenham consciência que seus atos afetam o ambiente. O estudo conclui que as políticas públicas, tais como o Programa de Alimentação Escolar podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos na sociedade contemporânea, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade. / Using vast bibliographic research, this dissertation approaches the problematic relationship between consumption, production and public feeding policies, analysing the role and the potential for School Feeding Programs. The main goal is to study the potential of public purchasing programs as a mechanism for confronting problems related to consumption and food production, that can be performed not only by the integration of policies to school children’s health, but also through the creation of a market for local producers. The study was based on a literature review of the countries and contexts where school feeding programs were used as supply and food security policy. It was found that buying local, through the School Feeding Program, is considered a power multiplier, benefiting both children and the local economy. In Brazil, there are not many studies that approach the public feeding programs as public policies capable of creating a reconnection between production and consumption. In this way, the dissertation describes the experiences of three cities: Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG) and Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), which have used innovative ways of acquiring products from familiar agriculture, without breaking the existing laws. In an international sphere, the school feeding improvements in New York and Rome were studied. It was found that they could offer school children quality food by purchasing from small local producers, while also providing these producers new opportunities. In developing countries, studies show the importance of creating long-term programs, such as the School Feeding Programs in Kenya and India. The experiences described in this dissertation are intended to encourage people to think about changing strategies in the public sector, as well as changing citizens’ behavior, in order to create healthier eating habits and awareness that their acts affect the environment. The study concludes that public policies, such as the School Feeding Program, can create positive changes not only in the production, but also in the consumption of food in a contemporary society, contributing then to sustainable development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4081.pdf: 5895746 bytes, checksum: 6254f6c3da21df993ab3ff0471163861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-13 / The technological capabilities play a crucial role in determining the production processes efficiency and effectiveness and increase the degree of enterprises innovativeness. Its measurement can help enterprises evaluate their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their ability to generate, use and adapt technologies and products, that is, it can assist them understanding the enterprise technological behavior and potential and serving as a diagnosis and decision making system. This project aimed to develop a technological capability measurement model (index) directed at agri-food systems. The developing of index model is applied on farms and agro-industrial enterprises of production chains of a plant segment (wheat grain, wheat flour/ premixture and pastry) and of an animal segment (fluid milk and cheese). The methodology adopted for this purpose has a deductive and theoreticalinstrumental character. The study made use bibliographical review and exploratory research for building indexes architectures and observational research to collect data to validate the proposed index model. The model proposes the measure of the entreprise technological capability stage based on five macroelements: (i) physical resources, (ii) technological upgrading, (iii) processes and routines, (iv) learning mechanisms and (v) coordination and accessibility. This macroelements are decomposed into meso and microelements. The descriptors include numerical, binary and categorical variables. The AHP method was used to assign indicators weights. To evaluate the proposed índex, interviews with farms and agro-industrial were conducted, totaling 200 farms and 19 enterprises. In general, the proposed index capture inter-firm differences in terms of technological capacity performance and serve as an analytical tool to generate useful information for identifying improvement opportunities for the company. It also captures the technological dynamic differences between companies and between regions. / A capacidade tecnológica é um importante fator na determinação da eficiência e da eficácia dos processos produtivos e no aumento do grau de inovatividade das empresas. Sua mensuração pode auxiliar as empresas a avaliarem seus pontos fortes e fracos em termos da capacidade de gerar, de usar e de adequar tecnologias e produtos, ou seja, pode colaborar na compreensão do comportamento e do potencial tecnológico da empresa e servir como um sistema de diagnose e de tomada de decisão. Este projeto teve por objetivo desenvolver um modelo de mensuração de capacidade tecnológica (sistema de índices) voltado aos sistemas agroindustriais. O desenvolvimento do modelo de índice foi direcionado a empresas dos elos agropecuários e de processamento industrial de cadeias de produção de origem vegetal (farinha de trigo/pré-mistura e massas) e de origem animal (leite fluído e queijo). A metodologia adotada para tal objetivo tem caráter dedutivo e teórico-instrumental. O presente estudo fez uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, de pesquisa exploratória para a construção da arquitetura do índice e de pesquisa observacional para a coleta de dados para validação das arquiteturas de índice elaboradas. O modelo de índice desenvolvido contempla cinco macroelementos para identificar o estágio de capacidade tecnológica de uma empresa. Os macroelementos, decompostos em mesoelementos e microelemento, são: (i) recursos, (ii) atualização tecnológica, (iii) processos e rotinas; (iv) mecanismos de aprendizagem e (v) articulação e acessibilidade. O índice contempla indicadores de variáveis numéricas, binárias e categóricas. Para a ponderação dos elementos que compõe o Indice, foi utilizado o método de análise multicritério AHP. Para a análise de aplicabilidade do modelo de índice proposto, foram realizadas entrevistas em unidades agrícolas e agroindustriais dos segmentos estudados, totalizando 200 propriedades rurais e 19 empresas. De maneira geral, a arquitetura elaborada captou diferenças interempresariais em termos de desempenho de capacidade tecnológica e pôde servir como ferramenta analítica para gerar informações úteis para identificação de oportunidades de melhoria para as empresas e captar diferenças de comportamentos tecnológicos entre empresas e regiões.

Utilizando extensa revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação aborda a problemática da relação entre consumo, produção e políticas públicas alimentares analisando o papel e as potencialidade dos Programas de Alimentação Escolar. O objetivo principal consiste em estudar o potencial das compras públicas como mecanismo de enfrentamento de problemas relacionados ao consumo e produção de alimentos, que pode se dar tanto através da integração de políticas à saúde dos escolares, como mediante a criação de mercados para os produtores locais. O estudo foi realizado com base em uma revisão da literatura sobre países e contextos em que a alimentação escolar foi acionada como uma política de abastecimento e segurança alimentar. Constatou-se que as compras locais, através do Programa de Alimentação Escolar, são consideradas como multiplicadoras de forças beneficiando, simultaneamente, as crianças e a economia local. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos abordando os programas públicos alimentares como políticas públicas capazes de construir uma reconexão entre produção e consumo. Desta forma, a dissertação descreve as experiências dos municípios de Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG), e Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), que inovaram na forma de adquirir produtos da agricultura familiar, sem infringir a legislação vigente. Já na esfera internacional, estudou-se as reformas da alimentação escolar em Nova Iorque e Roma, que através da compra de gêneros alimentícios de pequenos produtores locais puderam oferecer aos escolares uma alimentação de qualidade, além de proporcionar novas oportunidades aos produtores locais. Nos países em desenvolvimento, estudos mostram a importância de se formular programas de longo prazo, tais como os Programas de Alimentação Escolar do Quênia e Índia. As experiências descritas nesta dissertação pretendem trazer uma contribuição para que se possa pensar em estratégias de mudança do setor público assim como dos comportamentos dos cidadãos, de tal forma que possam desenvolver hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis e que tenham consciência que seus atos afetam o ambiente. O estudo conclui que as políticas públicas, tais como o Programa de Alimentação Escolar podem produzir mudanças positivas tanto na produção quanto no consumo de alimentos na sociedade contemporânea, contribuindo desta forma para o desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade. / Using vast bibliographic research, this dissertation approaches the problematic relationship between consumption, production and public feeding policies, analysing the role and the potential for School Feeding Programs. The main goal is to study the potential of public purchasing programs as a mechanism for confronting problems related to consumption and food production, that can be performed not only by the integration of policies to school children’s health, but also through the creation of a market for local producers. The study was based on a literature review of the countries and contexts where school feeding programs were used as supply and food security policy. It was found that buying local, through the School Feeding Program, is considered a power multiplier, benefiting both children and the local economy. In Brazil, there are not many studies that approach the public feeding programs as public policies capable of creating a reconnection between production and consumption. In this way, the dissertation describes the experiences of three cities: Rolante (RS), Belo Horizonte (MG) and Fernandes Pinheiro (PR), which have used innovative ways of acquiring products from familiar agriculture, without breaking the existing laws. In an international sphere, the school feeding improvements in New York and Rome were studied. It was found that they could offer school children quality food by purchasing from small local producers, while also providing these producers new opportunities. In developing countries, studies show the importance of creating long-term programs, such as the School Feeding Programs in Kenya and India. The experiences described in this dissertation are intended to encourage people to think about changing strategies in the public sector, as well as changing citizens’ behavior, in order to create healthier eating habits and awareness that their acts affect the environment. The study concludes that public policies, such as the School Feeding Program, can create positive changes not only in the production, but also in the consumption of food in a contemporary society, contributing then to sustainable development.