Orientador: Carlos Alberto Feliciano / Resumo: A presente dissertação de Mestrado versa sobre os desdobramentos da intensificação das jornadas de trabalho e o uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos no assentado São Paulo, tendo recorte territorial o município de Presidente Epitácio, Extremo Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, região conhecida como Pontal do Paranapanema, nesse assentamento como na região possui famílias integradas á indústria de conservas. Notadamente observamos os efeitos do desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo, a partir do pacote tecnológico imposto verticalmente por uma empresa de capital nacional que condiciona e subordina os camponeses. Os elementos contraditórios presentes no território, são observados a partir da eminência do conflito, que demostra as formas regenerativas encontradas pelos camponeses para resistir nos territórios. A realidade social contraditória e diversa dos assentamentos apresenta concomitantemente sujeitos inseridos na subordinação ao desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo, presos a integração a indústria. E sujeitos que buscam no investimento tecnificado do plantio de pepinos as saídas insubordinadas, como a utilização de técnicas, tecnologias, equipamentos e estruturas para produzir alimentos, fatos que comprovam o movimento contraditório que vive as famílias de sujeição e subordinação, como alternativa da (re) criação camponesa. / Abstract: This dissertation deals with the intensification of working hours and the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in the settlement of São Paulo, in the Municipality of Presidente Epitácio, in the extreme west of the State of São Paulo, a region known as Pontal do Paranapanema, in this settlement as in region has families integrated into the canning industry. Notably we observe the effects of the development of capitalism in the countryside, from the technological package imposed vertically by a company of national capital that conditions and subordinates the peasants.The contradictory elements present in the territory, are observed from the eminence of the conflict, that demonstrates the regenerative forms found by the peasants to resist in the territories. The contradictory and diverse social reality of the settlements concomitantly presents subjects inserted in the subordination to the development of the capitalism in the field, bound to the integration to industry. And subjects who seek in the technical investment of cucumber planting the insubordinate exits, such as the use of techniques, technologies, equipment and structures to produce food, facts that prove the contradictory movement that lives the families of subjection and subordination, as an alternative of) peasant farming. / Mestre

In agricultural watersheds, streams are intimately connected with croplands and may be inadvertently exposed to agrochemicals such as fertilizers and herbicides. Riparian plants and aquatic primary producers (aquatic plants, phytoplankton and periphyton) may be particularly affected by agrochemicals due to their taxonomic similarity to the intended targets (crop and weed species). The overall objective of this thesis was to assess the effects of fertilizers and the herbicide atrazine on riparian plants and aquatic primary producers. Effects were assessed across varying scales of observation ranging from empirical field studies at the watershed scale to in-situ experimental manipulations in two temperate streams to a laboratory concentration-response experiment. Twenty-four stream/river sites located across the South Nation River watershed, Canada ranged in surrounding agricultural land use (6.7-97.4 % annual crops) and in-stream concentrations of reactive phosphate (4-102 μg/L) and nitrate (3-5404 μg/L). A gradient of atrazine contamination spanning two orders of magnitude (56 d time-weighted-average concentrations of 4-412 ng/L) was observed using polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS). A total of 285 riparian and aquatic plant species were identified with species richness ranging from 43-107 species per site. Atrazine and the percentage of surrounding annual crops had no statistically significant effects on community structure. In contrast, an increase in the percentage of non-native species, a decrease in submerged macrophytes and a decrease in overall floristic quality was observed along a gradient of increasing nitrate. Similarly, periphyton biomass increased with increasing nitrate across the watershed and was associated with the Chlorophyta. In contrast, no clear response was observed in periphyton exposed to nutrient enrichment and atrazine contamination in in-situ periphytometer experiments in two streams. Greenhouse concentration-response experiments provided evidence that the sensitivity of duckweed (Lemna minor) to atrazine was lower in populations previously exposed to the herbicide. However, the overall range in biomass 25% inhibition concentrations was small (19-40 μg/L atrazine). A clear gradient in agrochemical contamination was observed at the watershed scale and this research provided evidence of negative effects on riparian and aquatic primary producers. Effects of nutrients, specifically nitrate, superseded observable effects of the herbicide atrazine.

La voie non-mévalonate est fortement présente chez les plantes et les bactéries mais est absente chez les mammifères. C'est pourquoi inhiber la synthèse des isoprénoïdes et identifier un inhibiteur de cette voie enzymatique contribuera grandement à la recherche de nouveaux antibiotiques, antifongiques et herbicides. Les propriétés uniques de la 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomérase (DXR), l'enzyme centrale de cette voie enzymatique, en font une cible très intéressante pour la synthèse de nouveaux composés. La Fosmidomycine agit comme un inhibiteur de la DXR et reste aujourd'hui, avec son homologue acétylé FR90098, la référence en termes d'inhibiteur même si de nombreux efforts ont été faits pour la synthèse d'analogues depuis plusieurs années comme expliqué dans le premier chapitre avec la mise en relation de la structure des composés et leur activité. L'analyse de la diffraction des rayons X de la DXR avec la Fosmidomycine où le substrat naturel montre que la fonction phosphonate ou phosphate interagit avec une poche polaire hautement spécifique dans le site actif de l'enzyme permettant peu de modifications. Par comparaison, la fonction acide hydroxamique qui chélate le cation de l'enzyme offre la possibilité de modifications par l'introduction d'autres fonctions complexantes. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses modifications comme l'introduction de fonctions carbamoylphosphinate, amidoxime, N-hydroxyurée et dérivées d'uraciles comme unités complexantes ont été synthétisées pour trouver des nouvelles familles d'inhibiteurs de la DXR. Toutes ces fonctions possèdent des propriétés de chélation intéressantes. En effet, elles ont déjà conduit à de puissants inhibiteurs de différentes métalloenzymes. / The non-mevalonate pathway is highly present in higher plants, protozoa and bacteria but as no equivalent in mammals. That is why shut down isoprenoid biosynthesis and identify a non-mevalonate pathway inhibitor would greatly contribute to the search for safer antibiotics, antimalarials and for our concern herbicides. The unique properties of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), the central enzyme of this pathway, make it a remarkable and attractive target for drug design. Fosmidomycin acts as an inhibitor of DXR and still remains, along with its N-acetyl homologue FR90098, one of the most potent inhibitor ever known even if extensive work on the development of Fosmidomycin analogue derivatives have been developed since the last decade as demonstrated in the first chapter with the development of a structure activity relationship of all the potential inhibitors of this enzyme already reported in the literature. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the co-crystals of DXR and Fosmidomycin or substrate shows that the phosphonic/phosphate group interacts with a highly specific polar pocket in the enzyme site, allowing only few structural modifications. By contrast, the cation chelating subunit represented by the hydroxamic acid function offers fine tuning possibilities for the complexation abilities as well as potential secondary interactions with the NADPH cofactor or directly with the enzyme. In this context, several modifications such as the introduction of carbamoylphosphinate, amidoxime, N-hydroxyurea and uracil complexing subunits have been made in order to find new families of DXR inhibitors. All of these functions show promising chelation capabilities as they already led to potent inhibitors of different metalloenzymes.

This diploma thesis deals with the comparison of the influence of three different pre-crops on the spring wheat growing in real conditions of a chosen agricultural business. In 2018, a pilot plant test was established on the property in KÚ Dolní Svince, č.p. 0802/23 with the total area of 13,19 ha. For the establishment of the pilot plant test, an area of 5 ha had been used, which, due to its position, occupied the area of all thre pre-crops (corn for silage, winter barley, winter triticale). During the vegetation period, the occurence of weeds had been monitored and the crop yield elements for all stages of all spring wheat had been evaluated. After the harvest, the real crop yield of the wheat had been evaluated and a final economical evaluation had been made. The average crop yield concerning the first option, (pre-crop corn for silage) reached the yield value of 5,65 t.ha-1 , which was a 0,42 t.ha-1 more than the second option (pre-crop winter barley), in which case the value of harvest was 5,23 t.ha-1. Concerning the third monitored option (pre-crop winter triticale), the harvest value was almost similar to the second option - 5,36 t.ha-1. The most suitable pre-crop for the highest harvest of spring wheat is corn for silage, which has reached the highest profit when compared to the other options. In spite of a less advantageous pre-crop, the third option reached the highest-quality of nitrogen and nitrogen compouns.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Alberto de Souza.pdf: 453005 bytes, checksum: 5de00c17946c13983ed4343ee98a5696 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-19 / The present study aims at analyzing measuring methodologies related to the sustainability of the agricultural activity in the current agricultural model, by means of a critical approach in the context of sustainable development. In order to do so, we conducted an exploratory research and made use of a bibliographical study as an instrument for the review of the pertinent literature, which included the most classical works, as well as the most current and updated ones, in a historical context. Evidence reveals that the sustainability measuring methodologies, in their multiple dimensions and forms currently available, are complex and show a high degree of technical and economical difficulty in order to be executed. The results of our study also point to the fact that the current model of agriculture here referred to as modern agriculture, chemical-mechanical model, agrochemical or conventional model is not sustainable, since its technological foundation lies on false premises and conceptions, which do not take into consideration the social and environmental impacts it may cause, especially in a long term basis. As a conclusion, this research highlights the technological or agronomic dimension as a possible alternative in the assessment of the sustainability of agricultural activities, due to reasons such as cost and execution practicability. As a tool for data interpretation, this study uses, as a reference and within a systemic view, the techniques and practices that are considered, by the literature on the subject, as having sustainable basis. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar metodologias de mensuração da sustentabilidade da atividade agrícola no atual modelo de agricultura, através de uma abordagem crítica no contexto do desenvolvimento sustentável. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa exploratória, utilizando o levantamento bibliográfico como instrumento de revisão da literatura, buscando desde trabalhos clássicos até os mais atuais, inseridos num contexto histórico. Os resultados demonstraram que as metodologias de mensuração da sustentabilidade, em suas várias dimensões e atualmente disponíveis, se mostraram complexas e com um alto grau de dificuldade técnica e econômica para serem executadas. Também apontaram para uma evidente insustentabilidade do atual modelo de agricultura, aqui denominado como agricultura moderna, modelo químico-mecânico, agroquímico ou convencional, demonstrando que sua base tecnológica advém de uma concepção equivocada, não levando em conta seus impactos sociais e ambientais principalmente na escala do tempo. Como conclusão, o estudo destaca a dimensão tecnológica ou agronômica como possível opção na avaliação da sustentabilidade das atividades agrícolas, por razões de custo e praticidade em sua execução, utilizando e tendo como referência, numa visão sistêmica, as técnicas e práticas consideradas na literatura como de bases sustentáveis.

<p>There are great problems of pesticide poisonings in the rural parts of the developing countries. Although these countries only use 25 percent of the world’s pesticide production they suffer from 99 percent of the deaths due to pesticide poisoning.</p><p>The study took place in Tarapoto, Peru, where immense quantities of pesticides are used in their extensive cultivations of rice. The highly toxic pesticides are applied with backpack sprayers without using any safeguard.</p><p>The objective of the study is to find out if the unsafe use of pesticides in Tarapoto is a result of insufficient information from the chemical companies and the distributors. It is also to study what effect the distributors’ relationship marketing has on the usage of pesticides. The purpose of the study is to help the farmers to get a deeper understanding about the problem by explaining the situation to them.</p><p>Four theories have been used as analytical tools in the study; corporate social responsibility, relationship marketing, buyer’s value chain and costumer value, and salespeople and their ethical behavior. The guidelines for personal protection and good labeling from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations have also been used as a basis for the empirical study.</p><p>A triangulation of data was use during the empirical studies and three types of respondents were interviewed; farmers, vendors and organizations and authorities. Participating observations were also made both in the field and in the stores.</p><p>The results of the empirical studies show that the main reason of the unsafe use of pesticides is not lack of information or unawareness. The etiquettes have to be approved by the Agrarian Health Department and all the interviewed farmers were literate and could therefore read the given information. All the interviewed farmers were also aware of how they really should manage the pesticides.</p><p>The primary source of information is however the vendors. They have a close relation to the farmers due their selling strategies of relationship marketing. The vendors recommend what pesticides the farmers should use, and how and when to use them. There is though a problem in the information from the vendors. The most recommended products are extremely or highly toxic and they are restricted; they are not allowed to use in rice. They also recommend the farmers to drink milk to avoid intoxication, which the etiquettes warn against. Regular safety instructions were only given by 50 percent of the interviewed vendors.</p> / <p>RESUMEN</p><p>Existen muchos problemas de intoxicación debido al uso de pesticidas en las zonas rurales de los países en desarrollo. Aunque únicamente un 25 por ciento de la producción mundial de pesticidas es utilizada en estos países, ellos sufren del 99 por ciento de las muertes causadas por pesticidas.</p><p>El estudio fue realizado en Tarapoto, Perú, donde se utilizan cantidades enormes de pesticidas en los cultivos de arroz. Los pesticidas, en frecuentes casos extremadamente tóxicos, se aplican con mochilas y sin ningún tipo de equipo de protección.</p><p>El objetivo del estudio es investigar si el uso inseguro de pesticidas, es resultado de la información insuficiente de parte de las compañías químicas y de los distribuidores. El objetivo es también estudiar cuál es la influencia de los vendedores sobre el uso de pesticidas. El propósito es ayudar a los agricultores de Tarapoto a tener una compresión más profunda del problema.</p><p>Los resultados muestran que la razón principal por el uso inadecuado de pesticidas, no es ni la escasez de información, ni la inconciencia de los riesgos. El nivel educativo, permite sin problema alguno a los agricultores leer las etiquetas en los envases; etiquetas previamente aprobadas por SENASA antes de salir al mercado. Existe por lo tanto una conciencia colectiva del uso adecuado de los pesticidas que no obstante, no se practica.</p><p>La fuente principal de información son sin embargo los vendedores. Ellos tienen una relación cercana con los agricultores, les recomiendan qué productos usar, cuándo y dónde. El problema recae en una recomendación de los productos más tóxicos e incluso restringidos para los cultivos de arroz. También se les recomienda beber leche para evitar intoxicaciones, a pesar de que es contraindicado en la etiquetas tomar leche en caso de intoxicación.</p>

There are great problems of pesticide poisonings in the rural parts of the developing countries. Although these countries only use 25 percent of the world’s pesticide production they suffer from 99 percent of the deaths due to pesticide poisoning. The study took place in Tarapoto, Peru, where immense quantities of pesticides are used in their extensive cultivations of rice. The highly toxic pesticides are applied with backpack sprayers without using any safeguard. The objective of the study is to find out if the unsafe use of pesticides in Tarapoto is a result of insufficient information from the chemical companies and the distributors. It is also to study what effect the distributors’ relationship marketing has on the usage of pesticides. The purpose of the study is to help the farmers to get a deeper understanding about the problem by explaining the situation to them. Four theories have been used as analytical tools in the study; corporate social responsibility, relationship marketing, buyer’s value chain and costumer value, and salespeople and their ethical behavior. The guidelines for personal protection and good labeling from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations have also been used as a basis for the empirical study. A triangulation of data was use during the empirical studies and three types of respondents were interviewed; farmers, vendors and organizations and authorities. Participating observations were also made both in the field and in the stores. The results of the empirical studies show that the main reason of the unsafe use of pesticides is not lack of information or unawareness. The etiquettes have to be approved by the Agrarian Health Department and all the interviewed farmers were literate and could therefore read the given information. All the interviewed farmers were also aware of how they really should manage the pesticides. The primary source of information is however the vendors. They have a close relation to the farmers due their selling strategies of relationship marketing. The vendors recommend what pesticides the farmers should use, and how and when to use them. There is though a problem in the information from the vendors. The most recommended products are extremely or highly toxic and they are restricted; they are not allowed to use in rice. They also recommend the farmers to drink milk to avoid intoxication, which the etiquettes warn against. Regular safety instructions were only given by 50 percent of the interviewed vendors. / RESUMEN Existen muchos problemas de intoxicación debido al uso de pesticidas en las zonas rurales de los países en desarrollo. Aunque únicamente un 25 por ciento de la producción mundial de pesticidas es utilizada en estos países, ellos sufren del 99 por ciento de las muertes causadas por pesticidas. El estudio fue realizado en Tarapoto, Perú, donde se utilizan cantidades enormes de pesticidas en los cultivos de arroz. Los pesticidas, en frecuentes casos extremadamente tóxicos, se aplican con mochilas y sin ningún tipo de equipo de protección. El objetivo del estudio es investigar si el uso inseguro de pesticidas, es resultado de la información insuficiente de parte de las compañías químicas y de los distribuidores. El objetivo es también estudiar cuál es la influencia de los vendedores sobre el uso de pesticidas. El propósito es ayudar a los agricultores de Tarapoto a tener una compresión más profunda del problema. Los resultados muestran que la razón principal por el uso inadecuado de pesticidas, no es ni la escasez de información, ni la inconciencia de los riesgos. El nivel educativo, permite sin problema alguno a los agricultores leer las etiquetas en los envases; etiquetas previamente aprobadas por SENASA antes de salir al mercado. Existe por lo tanto una conciencia colectiva del uso adecuado de los pesticidas que no obstante, no se practica. La fuente principal de información son sin embargo los vendedores. Ellos tienen una relación cercana con los agricultores, les recomiendan qué productos usar, cuándo y dónde. El problema recae en una recomendación de los productos más tóxicos e incluso restringidos para los cultivos de arroz. También se les recomienda beber leche para evitar intoxicaciones, a pesar de que es contraindicado en la etiquetas tomar leche en caso de intoxicación.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:19:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BUENO_Carolina_2013.pdf: 2152454 bytes, checksum: fde5d928317281f1a9960dccbc2768a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The elaboration of highly-sensitive and selective functional nanobiosensors has significant applications for purposes of resilience and conservation of natural resources, to contribute on projects aimed to pointing out degraded and contaminated areas (soil and water), as well as being a quality indicator. In the present work, a nanobiosensor has been developed based on the biomimicry of the action mechanism of the herbicides in plants coupled with the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) tools. To sense the herbicide molecule at very low concentrations, the technique of the sensor construction was based on chemical functionalization of the surfaces of the AFM probes and substrate in order to prioritize covalent bonds and to improve the molecules flexibility, as well as to achieve reproducibility and accurate results. The architecture and molecular design of the nanobiosensor were based on the molecular spatial arrangement, binding efficiency and localization, host-guest specificity, and its binding energies which were analyzed by Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. The results were based on the adhesion force (carried out by force curves data) between the AFM probe functionalized with ACCase enzyme and the substrate functionalized with herbicides. The results indicate that the specific target molecule of agrochemical was efficient, when compared with others nonspecific agrochemicals. The difference between the values of specific recognition (diclofop) and nonspecific (imazaquin, metsulfuron and glyphosate) is, on average, 90%. This evidence validates the selectivity and specificity of the nanobiosensor. This work presents the first evidence of nanolevel detection of diclofop by AFM probes sensors. / A elaboração de nanobiossensores altamente sensíveis e com seletividade funcional tem aplicações importantes para fins de resiliência e conservação dos recursos naturais que podem contribuir em projetos que visam a apontar áreas degradadas e contaminadas (solo e água), além de ser um indicador de qualidade. No presente trabalho, um nanobiossensor foi desenvolvido com base na biomimética do mecanismo de ação dos herbicidas nas plantas, juntamente com as ferramentas de Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM). Para detectar a molécula do herbicida diclofop, a técnica da construção do biossensor se baseou na funcionalização química das superfícies de cantilevers de AFM e do substrato, onde a molécula alvo foi fixada. Através da funcionalização química dos cantilevers e substratos priorizam-se as ligações químicas, aumentando a especificidade do nanossensor. O design e arquitetura molecular do nanobiossensor foram baseados no arranjo molecular espacial, na eficiência e localização da ligação, na especificidade de interações enzima-substrato e suas energias de ligação, as quais foram analisadas por Docking Molecular e Dinâmica Molecular. Os resultados foram baseados na força de adesão (obtidos através de curvas de força) entre a ponta do AFM funcionalizada com a molécula sensora (enzima ACCase) e do substrato funcionalizado com herbicidas. Os resultados indicam que a molécula alvo do agroquímico que inibiu especificamente essa enzima foi eficiente, quando comparado com outros herbicidas não inibidores. A diferença entre os valores de reconhecimento específico (diclofop) e não específico (imazaquin, metsulfuron e glifosato) foi, em média, 90%. Esta evidência comprova a seletividade e especificidade do nanobiossensor. Este trabalho apresenta a primeira evidência da detecção ao nível molecular do diclofop por sensores de ponta de AFM.

The goal of this thesis is to analyze the emerging trends in the cross-border agrochemical distributors' network in Central and Eastern Europe. It aims to answer three research hypotheses and uses desk research methodology to reach this goal. The thesis studies five distributors of agrochemicals considered as pioneers in the industry and assumes their behavior as a proxy for the whole industry behavior. It verifies the first hypothesis that there is an ongoing cross-border consolidation of the distribution network. On the other hand, due to the industry stage and the agrochemicals' market growth it rejects the second hypothesis that there is a pressure on industry profitability. At last, it confirms the third hypothesis that suppliers should consider a change to cope with cross-border customers. In addition, it suggests two areas how to create additional value for the distributors and their suppliers.

No description available.