Submitted by CRISTINA ELENA DE SOUZA CORREA null (cristinasouzacorrea@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-03T18:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FINAL Defesa.pdf: 9492891 bytes, checksum: 5498377f00257ea5046275721dba9b57 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-10-05T19:15:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_ces_me_soro.pdf: 9492891 bytes, checksum: 5498377f00257ea5046275721dba9b57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T19:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_ces_me_soro.pdf: 9492891 bytes, checksum: 5498377f00257ea5046275721dba9b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O processo produtivo agrícola brasileiro está cada vez mais dependente dos agrotóxicos, tais produtos pelo uso constante e indevido atingem os corpos d’água e passam a interagir com a biota presente, podendo desencadear efeitos tóxicos agudos ou crônicos, além de atuar como interferentes endócrinos (IE). A maioria desses poluentes não apresenta na legislação vigente, limites de exposição segura, considerando-se os múltiplos usos dos recursos hídricos, destacando-se dentre eles a proteção da vida aquática. Diante do exposto, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar efeitos adversos do pesticida Chlorantraniliprole (CHLO) sobre a morfologia de gônadas e fígado de machos e fêmeas adultos de Danio rerio e o seu potencial para atuar como IE. O método consistiu na exposição de 63 machos e 36 fêmeas da espécie D. rerio por 14 e 21 dias a 0,60 μg/L de CHLO. O experimento foi realizado em regime semi-estático com troca total da solução teste a cada 48h, montados em aquários de vidro com capacidade para 2 L de solução teste, de modo a manter a proporção de 1g de peixe/L. O Controle (CC) foi apenas com água de cultivo e o Controle Acetona (CA) com 2,39 μl/L de acetona e água de cultivo seguindo-se recomendações da OECD (2000; 2010). Após os períodos experimentais os peixes foram eutanasiados em água com gelo a 4C° e destinados ao procedimento de histologia com inclusão na parafina, coloração com Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e análise em microscópio de luz. As análises histológicas das gônadas das fêmeas controle (CC) e controle acetona (CA), 14 dias e 21 dias revelaram padrão normal de distribuição e maturação gonadal, mostrando células em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento e ovários em diferentes estádios de maturação gonadal. Para as fêmeas expostas ao (CHLO) a 0,60μg/L por 14 dias, foi possível observar um predomínio de ovócitos com vitelogênese lipídica e protéica (IV) e ovócitos com vitelogênese completa (V), poucas ovogônias e ovócitos de reserva (II), além de alterações como um aumento da vacuolização interna de ovócitos (III e IV), com uma basofilia predominante, que nestas fases tende a ser menor. Já em 21 dias foram observados poucos ovócitos na fase II, nenhum na fase I e uma quantidade maior de ovócitos nas fases IV e V. Foi observado também a presença de muitos grânulos de vitelo acidófilos colados, compondo uma massa única homogênea e coalescente ocupando boa parte do citoplasma de alguns ovócitos na fase V. Em relação aos machos, a análise histológica dos controles (CC e CA) mostraram um padrão de desenvolvimento gonadal normal, sem alterações, apresentando todas as fases de desenvolvimento das células germinativas, Espermatogônia, Espermatócitos, Espermátides, Espermatozóides, além da presença das células de Leydig e células de Sertoli. No teste 14 dias não constatou-se a presença de machos entre os organismos estudados, mas para 21 dias de exposição ao CHLO foi notado hipertrofia e degeneração em células gaméticas, especialmente em espermatócitos. Para os tecidos de fígado, degeneração e hipertrofia dos hepatócitos estavam muitos frequentes tanto em machos como em fêmeas expostas a CHLO. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, podemos dizer que a espécie de peixe de D. rerio pode ter sofrido influência do pesticida CHLO tanto nas gônadas quanto no fígado dos organismos estudados em ambos os tempos de exposição. As alterações encontradas neste estudo são os primeiros relatos morfo-histológicos para o CHLO e corroboram as alterações encontradas em estudos de IE para ambos os tecidos (gônadas e fígado). Sendo assim, as análises histológicas demonstraram ser uma ferramenta importante para detectar alterações xenobióticas, sendo considerado nesta pesquisa um biomarcador para o CHLO. / The Brazilian agricultural production process is increasingly dependent on pesticides, such products by constant misuse reach water bodies and begin to interact with this biota and can trigger acute or chronic toxic effects, besides acting as endocrine disruptors (IE). Most of these pollutants not presented in the current legislation, the safe exposure limits, considering the multiple uses of water resources, highlighting among them the protection of aquatic life. Given the above, this study aimed to verify the adverse effects of pesticide Chlorantraniliprole (CHLO) on the morphology of gonads and liver of adult male and female zebrafish and their potential to act as IE. The method consisted of exposure of 63 males and 36 females of the species D. rerio for 14 and 21 days to 0.60 μg / L CHLO. The experiment was performed in a semi-static scheme with complete exchange of the test solution every 48 hours, mounted on glass tanks with a capacity of 2 L of the test solution, so as to maintain the proportion of fish 1 g / L. The Control (CC) was only cultivation water and Control Acetone (CA) with 2.39 μL / L and cultivation of acetone water followed recommendations OECD (2000; 2010). After the experimental period the fish were euthanized in ice water to 4C ° and intended for histology procedure with inclusion in paraffin, staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and examination by light microscopy. Histological analysis of the gonads of female control (CC) control and acetone (CA), 14 and 21 days showed normal distribution pattern and maturation, showing cells at different stages of development and ovaries in different maturation stages. For females exposed to (CHLO) to 0,60μg / L for 14 days, we observed a prevalence of oocytes with lipid and protein vitellogenesis (IV) and oocytes with complete vitellogenesis (V), few ovogonia and reserve ovocytes (II ), and changes such as increased internal vacuolization oocytes (III and IV) with a predominant basophilia that these phases tends to be lower. As early as 21 days were observed few oocytes in stage II, no phase I and a larger amount of oocytes in stages IV and V. It was also observed the presence of many granules glued acidophilus calf, making up a homogeneous and good coalescing mass occupying only of the cytoplasm of some oocytes in phase V in regard to males, histologic analysis of the controls (CC and CA) showed a standard normal gonadal development without changes, with all the development stages of spermatogenesis, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, and the presence of Leydig and Sertoli cells. In 14 test days there was found the presence of males between the studied organisms, but for 21 days exposure 17 was noted CHLO hypertrophy and degeneration Gametic cells, especially in spermatocytes. For liver tissue degeneration and hypertrophy of hepatocytes were many common in both males and females exposed to CHLO. According to the results, we can say that the species of fish D. rerio may have been influenced by the pesticide CHLO both gonads and in the liver of the organisms studied in both exposure times. The alterations found in this study are the first morphological and histological reports for CHLO and corroborate the changes found in IE studies for both tissues (liver and gonads). Thus, the histological analysis demonstrated to be an important tool for detecting changes xenobiotic, this being considered a biomarker for research CHLO.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-11T11:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mayrla de Sousa Coutinho.pdf: 43762580 bytes, checksum: 198236eb9e47f77568c6c77a9e715845 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T16:50:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mayrla de Sousa Coutinho.pdf: 43762580 bytes, checksum: 198236eb9e47f77568c6c77a9e715845 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Mayrla de Sousa Coutinho.pdf: 43762580 bytes, checksum: 198236eb9e47f77568c6c77a9e715845 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / INTRODUCTION: The immense variety of artificial and natural substances with toxic and / or harmful potential that exists in the world today is alarming. The possibility of exposure and contamination is great, when considering the various forms of contamination and the various toxic agents, such as pesticides, responsible for intoxications with greater clinical severity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological profile of pesticide intoxications reported in Ceatox-CG, in the city of Campina Grande (PB). METHODS: This is a quantitative, ecological, nested study of a cross-sectional epidemiological, observational and sectional study of temporality. The geographical area studied was the municipality of Campina Grande, opting for the temporal cut of 2011-2015. Data were collected through Sinan's Toxicological Events Notification Form. Statistical analysis verified association between variables using Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and SPSS software, version 20.0. For the georeferencing, QGIS software, version 2.14.3, was used from the set of MMQGIS plug- ins in the Python programming language. The Moran Index was calculated through R Core Team and Kernel Maps were constructed. In total, 503 cases reported in the service were analyzed, and 164 cases were geolocalized. It was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) with the human beings of the State University of Paraíba (UEPB) under the protocol CAAE No. 57562816.4.1001.5187, in 2016. RESULTS: Intoxications are multi-causal and determined by the triad environment- Agent-host, being susceptible of prevention. Regarding pesticide poisonings, 536 active ingredients were observed, most of them being insecticides and rodenticides. Most of the poisoning occurred by the chemical group Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Carbamates (33.9%), whose main pesticide used was the "chumbinho" (28.7%). Using the variable "suicide" as a dependent, we have a statistically significant association at the junction with the variables "sex", "age", "labor market situation" and "case evolution". In the Binary Logistic Regression model, we observed an association with "Gender" (p = 0.032) and "Age" (p = 0.001). Outbreaks were identified in three districts of the municipality: Malvinas (West Zone) with 23 notifications, Catolé (South Zone) with 18 notifications and José Pinheiro (East Zone) with 11 notifications. For the calculation of the Moran Index, we obtained IMo = -0.006725361 (p = 0.675), and there was no statistical evidence to prove the spatial correlation between the neighborhoods of Campina Grande and the continuity of the occurrence of pesticide poisonings. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: There is talk of easy access to pesticides due to unregistered and illegal sales at fairs and popular markets, contrary to what is provided for in Law 7802/1989. Suicide, a circumstance of exposure that was highlighted in the data of this study, constitutes a complex and difficult human phenomenon, presenting great situational and numerical relevance. It is necessary to clarify, more and more, the vigilance of the Information and Toxicological Assistance Centers (CIAT), building a preventive attitude and empowering the population about risks, prevention and treatment. / INTRODUÇÃO: A imensa variedade de substâncias artificiais e naturais, com potencial tóxico e/ou nocivo, existente no mundo atual é alarmante. A possibilidade de exposição e contaminação é grande, ao considerar-se as várias formas de contaminação e os variados agentes tóxicos, a exemplo dos agrotóxicos, responsáveis por intoxicações com maior gravidade clínica. OBJETIVO: Propõe-se investigar o perfil epidemiológico das intoxicações por agrotóxicos notificados no Ceatox-CG, da cidade de Campina Grande (PB). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de natureza quantiqualitativa, do tipo ecológico aninhado a um estudo tipo transversal epidemiológico, observacional e seccional quanto à temporalidade. O espaço geográfico estudado foi o município de Campina Grande, optando- se pelo recorte temporal de 2011-2015. Os dados foram coletados através da Ficha de Notificação de Eventos Toxicológicos do Sinan. A análise estatística verificou associação entre variáveis mediante uso dos softwares Microsoft Office Excel 2013 e SPSS, versão 20.0. Para o georreferenciamento, foi usado o software QGIS, versão 2.14.3, a partir do conjunto de plug-ins MMQGIS, na linguagem de programação Python. Foi calculado o Índice de Moran através de R Core Team e foram construídos Mapas de Kernel. No total foram analisados 503 casos notificados no serviço, sendo que 164 ocorrências foram geolocalizadas. Foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CEP) com os seres humanos da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba ( UEPB) sob o protocolo CAAE nº 57562816.4.1001.5187, em 2016. RESULTADOS: As intoxicações têm caráter multicausal e determinado pela tríade ambiente-agente-hospedeiro, sendo passível de prevenção. Sobre as intoxicações por agrotóxicos, observou-se 536 ingredientes ativos, sendo maioria inseticidas e rodenticidas. A maior parte das intoxicações, ocorreu pelo grupo químico Inibidores da Colinesterase/Carbamatos (33,9%), cujo principal agrotóxico usado foi o “chumbinho” (28,7%). Usando a variável “suicídio” como dependente, tem-se a associação estatística significante no cruzamento com as variáveis “sexo”, “idade”, “situação no mercado de trabalho” e “evolução do caso”. No modelo de Regressão Logística Binária observou-se associação com “Gênero” (p=0,032) e “Idade” (p=0,001). Foram identificados focos em três bairros do município: Malvinas (Zona Oeste) com 23 notificações, Catolé (Zona Sul) com 18 notificações e José Pinheiro (Zona Leste) com 11 notificações. Para o cálculo do Índice de Moran, obteve-se IMo=-0,006725361 (p=0,675), não havendo evidência estatística para atestar a correlação espacial entre os bairros de Campina Grande quanto à continuidade da ocorrência de intoxicações por agrotóxicos. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Fala-se em facilitado acesso aos agrotóxicos devido as vendas não registradas e ilegais em feiras e mercados populares, em desacordo com o que é previsto na Lei nº 7.802/1989. O suicídio, circunstância de exposição que se destacou nos dados deste estudo, constitui em um fenômeno humano complexo e de difícil mensuração, apresentando grande relevância situacional e numérica. Se faz necessário esclarecer, cada vez mais, o caráter de vigilância dos Centros de Informação e Assistência Toxicológica (CIAT), construindo uma atitude prevencionista e de empoderamento da população sobre os riscos, prevenção e tratamentos.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-20T20:15:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kathleen_Model2017.pdf: 1503934 bytes, checksum: 302f6ac6d413e179b8cb23b90e6830a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T20:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kathleen_Model2017.pdf: 1503934 bytes, checksum: 302f6ac6d413e179b8cb23b90e6830a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The highest standard of human activity is associated to agricultural and industrial activities. Thus, aquatic sediments are the most used environmental files to evaluate anthropogenic contamination from atmosphere, soil and water, due to its adsorption capacity. Inadequate and uncontrolled use of pesticides has happened in order to increase agricultural yield, although it brings forth pollution problems and serious consequences for public health. Therefore, further surveillance has been required concerning pesticides’ use and sale as well as the environment monitoring. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating Pelotas River regarding its sediment quality and taking into account compounds such as orangiochloride and organophosphorous to determine the ecological risk, spatial and temporal distributions. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected in 8 points (6 into Pelotas River and 2 into Tributaries), whose collections were carried out quarterly. This trial covered the four hydrological seasons of the year, totaling four collections that were registered with Peterson dredger. The methodology used to determine the studied pesticides was QuEChERS. The p'p'-DDT is worth mentioning from the organochlorines, since it was found in all samples. This represents that it was observed in 53.23% of the contaminated samples, with 0.158 ppb as maximum value. While Isodrin has shown the highest organochlorine concentration - 0.502 ppb. The points PEL 05 and TRI 02 showed the highest representativeness of contamination by organochlorines, caused by the slope degree of the area and by agricultural portion of each part. Methyl parathion recorded the highest representativity, with 48.4% of the total contaminated samples for organophosphates, with 2.42 ppb as maximum concentrations, while Disulfoton showed the highest concentration of this class - 2.62 ppb. The organochlorines have not shown any ecological risk. But, for organophosphates, the maximum concentration of Disulfoton pesticide has indicated a risk coefficient with significant potential for adverse effects on organisms. In the spatial and temporal distributions for organochlorines, there was some predominance of those compounds at PEL 05, PEL 04 and TRI 02 points, whereas for orgnaphosphates, points such as PEL 00, PEL 02, PEL 04 and PEL 05 were predominant. In temporal distribution, for organochlorines, eight from the ten compounds were distributed in summer, seven of them during autumn and springtime. In organophosphates, the four quantified pesticides were recorded only during autumn month. However, in springtime, three of them were representative, but in summer and winter, only two of these compounds were observed. Consequently, since Pelotas River is a Class I river, it is evident that concentrations of both classes of the studied pesticides cannot be neglected. Organophosphates are much toxic, much volatile, more used as well as the most representative ones in concentrations and they also present an ecological risk. Besides, there is an evident need to monitor these compounds in soil, sediment, water and biota, so that there is sustainability concering its use and application, aiming at improving the environmental quality and preservation of this natural resource, in this case named as Pelotas River. / O ápice da atividade humana está vinculado às atividades agrícolas e industriais, e os sedimentos aquáticos são os arquivos ambientais mais usados para a avaliação da contaminação antropogênica, oriunda da atmosfera, do solo e da água, devido a sua capacidade de adsorção. A utilização inadequada e desenfreada de agrotóxicos ocorre a fim de se aumentar a produtividade agrícola, todavia, gera problemas de poluição e consequências graves à saúde pública. Logo, são necessárias maiores fiscalizações no uso e venda desses compostos e monitoramento no ambiente. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do sedimento do rio Pelotas levando em consideração a contaminação por compostos oragnoclorados, organofosforados, para determinar o risco ecológico e a distribuição espacial e temporal. Com essa finalidade, foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos em oito pontos (6 no rio Pelotas e dois em Tributários) com coletas realizadas trimestralmente. O experimento abrangeu as quatro estações hidrológicas do ano, com um total de quatro coletas efetuadas com a draga Peterson. A metodologia utilizada para determinação dos pesticidas foi a do QuEChERS. Dos organoclorados, merece destaque o p’p’-DDT, encontrado em todas as coletas, o qual representa 53,23% das amostras contaminadas, com valor máximo de 0,158 ppb. Enquanto o Isodrin apresenta a maior concentração dos organoclorados - 0,502 ppb. Os pontos PEL 05 e TRI 02 apresentam maior representatividade de contaminação por organoclorados, acarretados pelo grau de declividade do terreno e pela porção agrícola de cada área. Dos organofosforados, o Methyl parathion obteve maior representatividade com 48,4% do total das amostras contaminadas, com concentrações máximas de 2,42 ppb, enquanto o Disulfoton apresentou a maior concentração dessa classe - 2,62 ppb. Os organoclorados não apresentaram risco ecológico, mas, para os organofosforados, a concentração máxima do pesticida Disulfoton indica coeficiente de risco com potencial significativo de efeitos adversos aos organismos. Na distribuição espacial e temporal para os organoclorados, houve predominância dos compostos nos pontos PEL 05, PEL 04 e TRI 02 e, para os orgnafosforados, os pontos PEL 00, PEL 02, PEL 04 e PEL 05 foram considerados predominantes. Na distribuição temporal, para os organoclorados, dos dez compostos, oito se distribuíram no verão, sete no outono e primavera. Nos organofosforados, os quatro pesticidas quantificados foram encontrados apenas no mês de outono. Todavia, no mês da primavera, três deles foram representativos, mas, no verão e no inverno, apenas dois desses compostos foram encontrados. Dessa maneira, fica evidente, sendo o rio Pelotas de Classe I, que as concentrações de ambas as classes dos pesticidas estudados não podem ser negligenciadas, haja vista os organofosforados serem os mais tóxicos, mais voláteis, os mais usados, também os mais representativos em concentrações além de apresentarem risco ecológico. Ademais, evidencia-se a necessidade de monitoramento desses compostos no solo, sedimento, água e biota, a fim de que haja sustentabilidade no uso e aplicação, visando ao melhoramento da qualidade ambiental e à preservação desse recurso natural, que é o rio Pelotas.

Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-22T18:52:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Cristina Ruths.pdf: 1101497 bytes, checksum: d7d0df7a3cdd14478c636990fcf83cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T18:52:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jéssica Cristina Ruths.pdf: 1101497 bytes, checksum: d7d0df7a3cdd14478c636990fcf83cd7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-05 / The pesticides affect human health due to its intrinsic toxicity, producing effects that vary according to the active principle, the absorbed dose and the form of exposure. Among the various effects of these substances stands out the association with the occurrence of cancer. Thus, the objective was to analyze the association between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of cancer in the populations of the municipalities of Anahy and Vera Cruz do Oeste, Paraná. Two studies were developed that gave origin to two articles. In the first one, a documentary, cross-sectional and quantitative study was developed. Data collection was performed in the Hospital Registry of Cancer (Integrator RHC) system, the time period selected for analysis was from 2012 to 2014. The variables selected were occupation, primary location of the neoplasm and the municipality of residence. For comparisons between the categories we used the Chi-square test for K proportions, followed by the Marascuilo procedure. In the second, a field survey was carried out in the municipalities of Anahy and Vera Cruz do Oeste, through the application of a semi-structured interview script, with individuals who had or had cancer and were exposed to pesticides at some point in their previous life. Data collection took place from October 2016 to April 2017. Quantitative data were analyzed based on descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel Software, while qualitative data were used to counter or reinforce quantitative data. The first study identified a statistically significant difference for neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx, with a greater proportion of occurrence among military, police, military and firefighters; for melanomas and other skin cancers, with the highest proportion among agricultural, forestry and fishing workers; for breast neoplasms, with a higher proportion among administrative service workers; for female genital organ neoplasms, where the largest was between male and female administrative services and male genital organs, with a higher proportion of military, police, military and firefighters. In the second study the results showed that 46.88% of the individuals who had or had cancer in Anahy and 32% in Vera Cruz do Oeste were exposed to pesticides prior to the diagnosis of cancer. There was a predominance of elderly individuals, farmers and low schooling. The main activities were the harvesting, planting, carpiring and the application of agrochemicals. Temporality was, in general, expressive, 56.42% of the population was exposed for more than 30 years. It was identified contact with 19 formulas of pesticides, of these, 47.36% do not have release of use, since they were considered harmful to human and environmental health. There was a prevalence of skin, prostate and breast cancers, respectively. The present study poses that occupational exposure may contribute to the illness of specific groups and that the results do not rule out the influence of exposure to pesticides in the occurrence of cancer. / Os agrotóxicos repercutem na saúde humana devido a sua toxicidade intrínseca, produzindo efeitos que variam conforme o princípio ativo, a dose absorvida e a forma de exposição. Entre os vários efeitos destas substâncias destaca-se a associação com a ocorrência de câncer. Sendo assim, objetivou-se analisar a ssociação entre exposição a agrotóxicos e a ocorrência de câncer nas populações dos municípios de Anahy e Vera Cruz do Oeste, Paraná. Foram desenvolvidos dois estudos que deram origema dois artigos. No primeiro desenvolveu-se um estudo documental, transversal e de natureza quantitativa. A coleta de dados foi realizada no sistema de Registro Hospitalar de Câncer (Integrador RHC), o período de tempo selecionado para análise foram os anos de 2012 a 2014. As variáveis selecionadas foram a ocupação, a localização primária da neoplasia e o município de residência. Para comparações entre as categorias se utilizou o teste de Qui Quadrado para K proporções, seguido do procedimento de Marascuilo. Já no segundo foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, nos municípios de Anahy e Vera Cruz do Oeste, através da aplicação de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturado, com indivíduos que têm ou tiveram câncer e foram expostos a agrotóxicos em algum momento da vida pregressa. A coleta de dados se deu no período de outubro de 2016 a abril de 2017. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados com base na estatística descritiva, através do Software Microsoft Excel, enquanto os qualitativos foram utilizados para contrapor ou reforçar os quantitativos. O primeiro trabalho identificou diferença estatisticamente significativa para neoplasias de lábio, cavidade oral e faringe, sendo maior a proporção da ocorrência entre os trabalhadores das forças armadas, policiais, militares e bombeiros; para melanomas e outras neoplasias de pele, com a maior proporção entre trabalhadores agropecuários, florestais e da pesca; para neoplasias de mama, com maior proporção entre trabalhadores de serviços administrativos; para neoplasias de órgãos genitais femininos, onde a maior foi entre proporção trabalhadores de serviços administrativos e mercados e para neoplasias de órgãos genitais masculino com maior a proporção entre trabalhadores das forças armadas, policiais, militares e bombeiros. No segundo trabalho os resultados mostraram que 46,88% dos indivíduos que têm ou tiveram câncer em Anahy e 32% em Vera Cruz do Oeste, foram expostos aos agrotóxicos previamente ao diagnóstico do câncer. Houve predomínio de indivíduos idosos, agricultores e com baixa escolaridade. As principais atividades realizadas foram a colheita, o plantio, o ato de carpir e a aplicação de agrotóxicos. A temporalidade, em geral, foi expressiva, 56,42% da população esteve exposta por mais de 30 anos. Identificou-se contato com 19 fórmulas de agrotóxicos, destas, 47,36% não possuem liberação de uso, pois foram consideradas nocivas à saúde humana e ambiental. Houve prevalência de cânceres de pele, próstata e mama, respectivamente. O presente estudo coloca que a exposição ocupacional, pode contribuir para o adoecimento de grupos específicos e que o os resultados não descartam a influência da exposição aos agrotóxicos na ocorrência de câncer.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-28T13:49:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Mayara_Silva_2018.pdf: 701671 bytes, checksum: a7eb1cb0ed47b21bf1e3990cb4f2bd09 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T13:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Mayara_Silva_2018.pdf: 701671 bytes, checksum: a7eb1cb0ed47b21bf1e3990cb4f2bd09 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The cultivation of soybeans occupies a large area of land in Brazil, but pest attack, despite all the technology already developed, especially in relation to chemical insecticides, remains a determining factor for the success of the crop, since such substances, when bad used as a single tactic, become inefficient and pose a danger to the environment and health. In this context, the objective of this work was to verify the use of a compound of mineral origin in the control of E. heros, the main pest of the soybean crop, as an alternative to the conventional method. To this end, suspensions of 0, 4, 8 and 16% of the FertP® product in aqueous suspension were prepared along with 0.01% Tween, which were sprayed onto E. heros eggs up to 24 hours old. The incubation period and number of hatched insects were evaluated. First-instar nymphs, recently hatched, were also submitted to spraying, evaluating the mortality and duration of the instar. To verify the longevity and reproductive capacity of adults, couples with up to 48h of ecdise were immersed in suspensions and transferred to cages, being evaluated daily for 32 days regarding longevity, number of eggs and eggs viability. After compiling and analyzing the collected data, it was concluded that the product under study did not present any significant effect on any of the biological parameters of the soya-brown bug / O cultivo da soja ocupa grande extensão de terra no Brasil, porém, o ataque de pragas, apesar de toda tecnologia já desenvolvida, principalmente em relação aos inseticidas químicos, continua sendo fator determinante do sucesso da lavoura, uma vez que tais substâncias, quando mal utilizadas e como tática única, se tornam ineficientes e um perigo ao ambiente e a saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o emprego de um composto de origem mineral no controle de E. heros, principal praga da cultura da soja, como um método alternativo ao convencional. Para isso, foram preparadas suspensões de 0, 4, 8 e 16% do produto FertP® em suspensão aquosa, juntamente a 0,01% de Tween, as quais foram pulverizadas sobre ovos de E. heros com até 24 horas de idade. Avaliaram-se o período de incubação e número de insetos eclodidos. Ninfas de 1º instar, recém-eclodidas, também foram submetidas à pulverização, sendo avaliada a mortalidade e duração do instar. Para verificação da longevidade e capacidade reprodutiva de adultos, casais com até 48h de ecdise, foram imersos nas suspensões e transferidos para gaiolas, sendo avaliados diariamente, durante 32 dias, quanto à longevidade, número de ovos ovipositados e viabilidade dos ovos. Após compilação e analise dos dados coletados concluiu-se que o produto em estudo não apresentou efeito significativo sobre nenhum dos parâmetros biológicos do percevejo-marrom-da-soja aqui avaliados.

Hypospadias is a congenital malformation that occurs in 0.3-1% of live births, in which the meatus (the urethral opening) is dorsally malpositioned. Uncorrected hypospadias can cause difficulties in urination, abnormal sexual function, and adverse psychological consequences; surgical correction, though generally successful, constitutes an economic burden for families. Several common classes of pesticides have demonstrated potential to disrupt normal endocrine hormones that regulate fetal genitourinary development. Past epidemiologic studies of pesticide exposure and risk of hypospadias have been limited by limited available data, small sample sizes, or poor ascertainment of pesticide exposure. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between parental occupational pesticide exposure and risk of hypospadias in their offspring; and further, to assess whether addition of residential pesticide exposure data is feasible and contributes to overall pesticide exposure. We began by conducting a meta-analysis of the current literature, in which summary measures of occupation (such as census occupation code) had been used to assign pesticide exposure. We found elevated but marginally significant risks of hypospadias were associated with maternal occupational exposure (PRR of 1.36, CI = 1.04-1.77), and paternal occupational exposure (PRR of 1.19, CI= 1.00-1.41) in the previously published literature. We then used industrial hygienist review of occupational histories to estimate the relationship between pesticide exposure and risk of hypospadias. We found that maternal occupational exposure to any pesticides (yes/no) was not associated with an increased risk of hypospadias (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.6-1.1), cumulative insecticide (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.9- 1.3), herbicide (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.9- 1.2), or fungicide (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.7-1.2) exposure. These negative findings might be explained by a lack of relationship at the low levels of exposure observed in this study population, in which case another farm exposure could be related to hypospadias; or this negative finding may be due to exposure misclassification. Finally, we evaluated the feasibility and relevance of collecting residential pesticide exposure and direct reports of occupational exposure from fathers. Residential pesticide use during the six months prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy was common among control mothers: 45% reported that their home had been treated for insect or rodent pests; 47% reported that their lawn or garden had been treated for weeds or insect pests; 16% used a lawn service; 26% reported that a pet had been treated for fleas, ticks, or mites (including flea and tick preventives); 17% reported community-wide sprayings for pests; and 16% reported that their workplaces were treated for pests. Case mothers were more likely to report that their home had been treated of insect or rodent pests (50%) or that a pet had been treated for fleas, ticks, or mites (36.5%). Our results suggest that collection of information on residential pesticide use is feasible, and the impact of residential pesticide use on birth defects risk should be assessed in future studies.

<p>Urea has been widely used as a crop fertilizer to increase crop yield. The low nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of urea, however, is a challenge. Coated fertilizers are considered a solution not only for enhancing the NUE but also for alleviating soil and water pollution. In this paper, the physical properties of coated fertilizers were analyzed, including their particle size distribution, fracture force, thermal behavior, envelope density, and apparent density (regular fertilizer: pure urea and the Anderson 12-6-6; slow release fertilizer: Osmocote 14-14-14, the Anderson 18-6-12; controlled release fertilizer: Environmentally smart nitrogen (ESN), Florikan 14-14-14, Everris 17-3-6). The granules’ closed and open pore number, pore volume, and total porosity were analyzed using X-ray micro-tomography (XRCT). The results demonstrated that pure urea and Florikan have a similar median particle size, around 4 mm, while ESN and Osmocote have a similar median particle size of around 3 mm. Finally, Everris, the Andersons 18-6-12, and the Andersons 12-6-6, have a similar median particle size of roughly 2.5 mm. The fracture pressure of ESN (4.58±0.98 MPa) and the NPK combination fertilizers (Florikan: 9.40±1.46 MPa and Osmocote: 8.94±2.09 MPa) were higher than pure urea. The envelope and apparent density of pure urea (envelope: 1.22±0.02 kg/m³ and apparent: 1.27±0.01 kg/m³) and ESN (envelope: 1.26±0.03 kg/m³ and apparent: 1.27±0.00 kg/m³) are similar, while all NPK fertilizers have a significantly higher density (envelope: 1.68–1.87 kg/m³ and apparent: 1.83–2.09 kg/m³). ESN had higher internal pore space and a higher total pore volume than pure urea, while NPK combination fertilizer showed lesser pores and significantly smaller pore volumes. The physical properties were also significantly different when comparing urea and NPK compound fertilizers, mainly because of the differences in their nutrient coatings and manufacturing methods. The coating of the urea increases the granule strength but does not alter the thermal properties; however, the overall porosity of the granules is influenced by the coating. In this thesis core, different binders were used to alter the internal structure of the urea granule to control the dissolution behavior and to make it a slow-release fertilizer. The layered agglomeration technique was used to manufacture the granules. The core of the granule was made by granulating technical urea powder in a drum granulator, with corn starch as the binder. A second layer of urea was added to the core by drum granulation in order to obtain a nutrient release pattern that matches with the crop demand. Corn starch, PEG 4000, and corn starch hydrogel were used as binders for the second layer. The density, thermal properties, strength, and internal porosity were measured to compare with market urea and coated slow-release fertilizer granules. All the dissolution rates of the double layer granules were slower than for market urea. Among these granule types, the dissolution rate curve of the granule with starch hydrogel in the second layer better matched the crop demand curve than those of the other two types of granules. Moreover, the strength of the double layer granules with hydrogel was the greatest of the three double layer granules. So, overall, the double layer granule manufactured with corn starch in the core and starch hydrogel in the second layer performed the best. Although the pattern of dissolution of the double layer granule was similar to the crop nitrate demand curve, a soil-based study is needed to verify the nitrate release characteristics.<br></p><ul> </ul>

Photocopies of journal articles. * Agrichemical safety practices on farms in the Western Cape. London L. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 273-278. * Notification of pesticide poisoning in the Western Cape 1987 - 1991. London L, Ehrlich R, Rafudien S, Krige F, Vurgarellis P. SA Med J 1994 ; 84 : 269-272. * Critical Issues in agrichemical safety in South Africa. London L, Myers JE. Am J Ind Med 1995 ; 27(1) : 1-14. * Repeatability and validity of a field kit for estimation of cholinesterase in whole blood. London L, Thomson ML, Sacks S, Fuller B, Bachmann OM, Myers JE. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1995; 52 : 57-64. * Biological Monitoring of workers exposed to organophosphate pesticides: Guidelines for field application. London L. Occupational Health Southern Africa July/August 1995 ; 1(4) : 13-17. / Despite playing an important role in crop protection and increasing food production, chemicals used in agriculture may have a range of unanticipated effects on human health. Such effects may range from overt and acute poisonings to gradual-onset chronic morbidity. In South Africa, data on such morbidity are sparse, and subject to much underreporting as one of the included papers illustrates. The dearth of such data has much to do with the marginalised living and working conditions in agriculture and the lack of attention to occupational and environmental health on farms in the country. We have little sense of the extent of hazardous exposures in agriculture, nor of their health impacts on rural populations. Even less so, have methods for the control of poisoning by pesticides been investigated amongst farm workers in South Africa. A public health response to this problem should aim at all levels of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary), by characterising the extent and distribution of the problems caused by pesticides, identifying risk factors and groups at highest risk for poisoning, as well as testing intervention strategies and technologies. The set of papers presented below attempts to do that by linking a series of investigations into different aspects of agrichemical hazards in South Africa, with a focus on the Western Cape. The first paper examined various aspects of potential exposure to agrichemicals on farms in the Stellenbosch region, taking into account both environmental and occupational routes of exposure. The second paper describes the profile of agrichemical poisoning in the province from 1987 to 1991, identifying high risk groups and characterising the completeness and nature of reported poisonings. The third paper developed from the author's growing realisation of the need to contextualise problems related to agrichemical exposures and effects within the overall legislative and public health framework in South Africa. This paper therefore identifies the key public health issues that need addressing with regard to pesticide safety. Finally, the last two papers address aspects related to workplace interventions for the prevention of agrichemical poisoning. One paper deals with the evaluation of a field kit (for validity and repeatability) for monitoring workers exposed to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, while the last paper elaborates guidelines for the use of cholinesterase testing in the primary and secondary prevention of organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. In this series, therefore, the papers attempt to address the problem of agrichemical hazards within a public health framework, tracing the problem from potential exposure to acute outcomes, through reviewing the legislative and occupational health environments, through to technologies and policy guidelines related to workplace intervention. In doing so, the papers use the term "agrichemical" to refer to all chemicals used in agriculture for pest and weed control. This supersedes the term "pesticide" which has ambiguous meanings in the technical environment. Readers are therefore advised to understand the term "agrichemical" to include the generic aspects of chemical usage on crops in agriculture. The research on which these papers was based was spawned by the involvement of the author in a larger research project investigating long-term neurobehavioural effects of organophosphate exposure on deciduous fruit farm workers over the period 1991 - 1994. This latter piece of research is not referred to here as it was the basis for another degree at the University of Cape Town.

<p dir="ltr">Cover crops and soil residual herbicides are some of the essential tools within the integrated weed management. When used at cover crop termination, residual herbicides can extend the period of weed control and reduce the selection pressure for herbicide resistance. However, previous research has indicated that the use of cover crops can increase the microbial activity of the soil which, in turn, is the primary route for herbicide degradation in the soil. In addition to the potential effect on the microbial breakdown of herbicides, cover crops can also alter the fate of herbicides by interception. Three field projects were established to (1) investigate the influence of cover crop [cereal rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.) and crimson clover (<i>Trifolium incarnatum</i> L.)] use on soil enzyme activities [β-glucosidase (BG) and dehydrogenase (DHA)], its effect on the concentration of residual herbicides (sulfentrazone, <i>s</i>-metolachlor, cloransulam-methyl, atrazine, and mesotrione) in the soil, and the interception of herbicides by cover crop residue; (2) to investigate the effect of cover crop termination strategies (fallow, standing, and roller crimped 1 d prior to application) and simulated rainfall volumes (0, 4.2, and 8.3 mm simulated over 20 min; equivalent to 0, 12.5, and 25 mm h^-1) on atrazine wash off from cereal rye biomass onto the soil; (3) to investigate the effect of cereal rye termination strategies on the concentration of sulfentrazone, <i>s</i>-metolachlor, and cloransulam-methyl in the soil, weed control, and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield.</p><p dir="ltr">Results from the first project suggests that the use of cover crops occasionally resulted in increased BG and DHA activities relative to the fallow treatment. However, even when there was an increase in the activity of these two enzymes, increased degradation of the residual herbicides was not observed. Furthermore, the use of cereal rye or crimson clover as cover crops did not reduce the efficacy of the residual herbicides in controlling weeds early in the growing season.</p><p dir="ltr">In regards to the fate of atrazine after simulated rainfall, the results from the second project indicated that cereal rye biomass accumulation negatively impacted the amount of herbicide reaching the soil at the time of application. Although the roller crimped cereal rye reduced the amount of herbicide reaching the soil relative to the standing cereal rye, it also reduced atrazine leaching below the 0-5 cm of soil. Furthermore, in cover cropping systems with high levels of cereal rye biomass, more than 8.3 mm of rain are required to wash most of the atrazine off of the biomass.</p><p dir="ltr">Lastly, the adoption of the planting green systems resulted in up to 84% interception of residual herbicides by the roller crimped cereal rye biomass. The use of cereal rye as cover crop did not improve the weed control relative to the fallow during the two years of field research. Soybean yield losses ranged from 10 to 44% with the adoption of the planting green system, primarily due to stand losses. However, there are strategies and proper equipment available that can be used to minimize soybean stand losses.</p>

<p>Control of weeds that have survived a postemergence (POST) herbicide often need to be controlled in order to prevent seed production and interference with crops. The most efficacious herbicides and timings used for respray applications has not been determined in many problematic weed species. Previous research has demonstrated that weeds clipped to simulate a failed herbicide application responded differently to herbicide applications to regrowth based on herbicide used and weed species. Other research is conflicting as to the optimum timing of an herbicide respray application with various herbicides. Gaining a better understanding of how to maximize respray herbicide performance will help growers and land managers to preserve crop yield and prevent weed seed production in the event of POST contact herbicide failure. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum respray herbicide and timing combinations for control of four problematic weed species in the midwestern United States that have survived an application of either glufosinate or fomesafen: waterhemp<i> </i>[<i>Amaranthus tuberculatus</i> (Moq.) J. D. Sauer], Palmer amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i> S. Watts), giant ragweed (<i>Ambrosia trifida</i> L.), and horseweed (<i>Erigeron canadensis</i> L). Through a series of field and greenhouse experiments we determined that respray herbicide, respray application timing, initial herbicide, and level of injury from the initial application influence efficacy of the respray herbicide in a species-specific manner. Waterhemp regrowth following a failed glufosinate application was controlled most effectively by applying glufosinate or fomesafen 7 to 11 days after initial treatment. When following fomesafen, applications of 2,4-D 3-7 days after initial treatment or glufosinate 7 to11 days after initial treatment were most effective. Control of Palmer amaranth regrowth following either initial herbicide is best achieved with respray applications of glufosinate, fomesafen, or 2,4-D applied no later than 7 days after initial treatment. The best strategy to control giant ragweed regrowth following a failed fomesafen applications is to apply 2,4-D, dicamba, fomesafen, or glufosinate at any timing between 3 and 11 days after initial treatment. Efficacy of the respray glufosinate application was maximized when applied 11 days after the initial application rather than 3 days after initial application. Horseweed regrowth was best controlled by 2,4-D, dicamba, or glufosinate applied at any timing between 3 and 11 days after the initial application. Where injury from the initial herbicide application is high, there were fewer differences among herbicide treatments and treatment timings. A greenhouse bioassay revealed that as waterhemp injury from an initial glufosinate application increases, control with a respray herbicide also increases. Therefore, complete control of weed regrowth is achieved more easily with increasing injury from the initial application. This research suggests that timing of herbicide respray applications is more urgent than previously thought, so scouting must be done within days of a contact herbicide application to ensure adequate control. </p>