Thesis (M.Sc.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Earth and Space Science. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves149-154). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR29273

Yes / Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the spreading of two-dimensional plane turbulent aerated and nonaerated jets in a tank filled with finite water depth. A multiphase model is applied to simulate the problem under investigation. The governing equations, their numerical scheme and the boundary conditions are presented. Aerated and non-aerated turbulent jets are simulated for a range of the jet velocity and width at exit, the initial air content at exit and the water depth in tank. The simulated results show that a self-similar Gaussian velocity distribution exists from the distance downstream being larger than five jet slot width for both the aerated and nonaerated jets. Good agreement between the simulated velocity profiles and available laboratory experiments is obtained. The simulated slope of the jet velocity decay along the jet centreline is in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The effect of air content on pressure distribution and the maximum impinging hydrodynamic pressure at the tank bottom is discussed. / the Open Funding from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University (SKHL1302)

It is common practice to purposely trap small air-voids in concrete in order to give it frost resistance. A large number of factors have been recognized to impact the ability to entrain and stabilize these microscopic air-voids in concrete. This dissertation investigates a number of these variables. However, the primary focus of this work is on investigating problems entraining and stabilizing air in concrete utilizing fly ash. These investigations include: evaluation of existing and newly created test methods to measure the impact of fly ash on the ability to air-entrain concrete, and the fresh and hardened properties of air-entrained fly ash concrete is investigated. Additional work is presented concerning some of the fundamental physical and chemical properties of air-void shells separated from cement paste and how they change with time.

Abstract A pulp suspension consists of water, fibres, fines, fillers and chemicals, but air or other gases are also present in practically all pulping processes either in dissolved form or as bubbles. Dissolved gases seldom disturb the processes, but they are readily converted to gaseous form when conditions change. The gas bubbles affect the properties of the pulp suspension, reduce the accuracy of certain measurements, interfere with the runability of the papermachine and detract from the quality of the end-product. Gases are removed from the process by either mechanical or chemical means, resulting in increased investments and operational costs. The aim of this work was to study the behaviour of gas in pulp and papermaking processes with laboratory, pilot-scale and mill-scale experiments. Five main areas of the research can be identified: 1. Occurrence of gases in pulp and paper mill processes, 2. Dissolution, precipitation and hold-up of gases in the pulp suspension and mill water, 3. Effects of gases on certain consistency measurements, centrifugal pumping and operation of the hydrocyclone. 4. Measurement of the gas content of the pulp suspension by compression, radiometric, microwave and sonar methods and 5. Removal of gases with a centrifugal pump equipped with vacuum pump or hydrocyclone equipped light reject removal. The results show that the dissolution and precipitation of gas is strongly dependent on the pulp and water properties. Dissolved and colloidal material reduces the solubility potential of gas, but also accelerates the precipitation of dissolved gases in gaseous form. The hold-up of precipitated gas bubbles was found to be much more pronounced in hydrophobic mechanical pulps than in lignin-free chemical pulps. The accuracy of consistency measurements was affected by free gas in the pulp suspension, requiring special attention when assessing the results. The operation of pressure screens and hydrocyclones was affected only at high volumes of free gas in the feed suspension. According to the experiments, a reliable gas content measurement can be achieved by in-line radiometric, microwave or sonar methods, and also by the off-line compression method if a representative sample is obtained. A centrifugal pump equipped with a gas removing unit is designed mainly to ensure undisturbed pumping, whereas its gas removal efficiency remains quite low, especially with small bubbles and at a low gas content. The gas removal efficiency of a hydrocyclone equipped with light reject removal is good, but decreases with small precipitated bubbles. These results offer new information of the behaviour of the gas in pulp suspensions and white water and underline the importance of the bubble generation mechanism in this context.

Abstract Gas removal from the papermaking process is currently a standard practice, whereas purification of the internal water circulation has become common only recently. Both unit processes have progressed greatly during recent decades and new concepts are constantly being developed. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the efficiency and applicability of a channel flow design introduced by Metso for passive white water deaeration and to study the dynamics of passive bubbly gas removal. In addition, separation of the detrimental process water components by selective flotation during deaeration was studied to add further functionality to the channel flow design. Turbulent mixing at the flow discharge and the consequent air entrainment were seen to limit the gas separation efficiency. Also, the properties of different white waters notably affect their deaeration through viscous forces, the concentration of surface active components and bubble-particle interactions. Thus similar levels of gas separation cannot be achieved with all process waters. The analysis showed that the drag of small microbubbles is mostly caused by hydrophobic contamination and the dispersed particles that readily attach to the bubbles. Correlations were derived based on experimental data to provide new information on the drag force experienced by small bubbles in white waters. Chemically unaided flotation of white water in the channel flow was shown to be efficient in separating hydrophobic contaminants that have adverse effects on paper machine production and product quality. Both good reductions in contaminant content and high selectivity in their removal were achieved. Channel flow with an overflow can be considered well suited for the first stage of froth separation, while further treatment of the channel flow reject may consist of a secondary flotation or other process that enables the recirculation of fines and fillers. Although a certain level of losses of fines and fillers must be expected, substantial fraction of these solid components can be returned to the process stream. The proposed multifunctional process, channel flow deaeration and frothing of white water, was seen to be straightforward, economical and feasible while also providing benefits in terms of total process efficiency that are not delivered by any current process scheme. The experimental parameters presented here regarding bubble dynamics and flotation efficiency can be used to achieve better models of these processes.

For repairing concrete transportation infrastructure, such as pavements and bridges, much importance is placed on early-age strength gain as this has a major impact on scheduling and opening to traffic. However, the long-term performance and durability of such repair materials are often not satisfactory, thus resulting in future repairs. This research project focuses on the evaluation of the durability of various rapid-setting cementitious materials. The binders studied in this project include calcium aluminate cement (CAC), calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA), Type III portland cement, alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) , and various prepackaged concrete materials. In addition, selected CAC and CSA mixtures were further modified with the use of a styrene-butadiene latex. The durability aspects studied include freezing-and-thawing damage and the implications of air entrainment in these systems, alkali-silica reaction, sulfate attack, and permeability of the concrete matrix and potential corrosion. / text

A durabilidade das estruturas de concreto armado deve ser alcançada, entre outros fatores, pela adequação do concreto frente ao meio ambiente para proteger as armaduras pelas características da camada de cobrimento. Assim, concretos precisam ser corretamente especificados no projeto estrutural e ter a sua qualidade controlada durante a produção e aplicação. Pela ABNT NBR 6118 (2007), os concretos passaram a ser especificados por classes de fck associadas a outras variáveis de dosagem e produção, como relação água/cimento máxima e consumo mínimo de cimento por metro cúbico. Mas, continuam invariavelmente controlados apenas por ensaios de abatimento no estado fresco e de resistência à compressão (fcj), para desforma ou verificação do fck (28 dias, nas obras comuns). Logo, a propriedade em uso para controlar indiretamente a resistência à carbonatação do concreto deveria ser o fcj, já que os concretos se diferenciam, de fato, é pelos materiais constituintes, método de dosagem e pela variabilidade de produção. Mas, na prática o controle da resistência à carbonatação dos concretos vem ocorrendo apenas pela especificação e aceitação do fck e uma das razões para isto pode ser a falta de métodos mais avançados para a predição de propriedades físicas mais complexas, como é a resistência à carbonatação. Assim, este trabalho visou contribuir para a evolução do controle tecnológico dessa propriedade em concretos estruturais, e o programa experimental teve por objetivos principais: testar o teor de ar no concreto fresco por quatro diferentes métodos, como variável auxiliar de controle; b) comparar três métodos acelerados de carbonatação; c) comparar área relativa e espessura de carbonatação, em seção diametral de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 10 cm x 20 cm, através de dois programas de análise de imagem e medida linear tradicional. Como concreto de estudo foi escolhido um da classe 30, pré-misturado e bombeável, de abatimento de 10 ± 2 cm, de relação água/cimento 0,60 e consumo de cimento igual a 300 kg/m³. Em uma dada central dosadora, foram então amostrados, aleatoriamente, as misturas de seis caminhões betoneira de 8 m³, produzidas em uma só data, de um dado lote de produção do citado concreto e para fornecimento a uma obra muito próxima. Cada mistura foi caracterizada no estado fresco, por oito diferentes propriedades e seguiu-se à moldagem de cilindros de 10 cm x 20 cm. A maior parte dos corpos-de-prova foi submetida à cura acelerada por imersão em tanque de água em temperatura amena (35 ± 5 °C), entre 1 e 3 dias, por adaptação do método A da ASTM C684, seguida de um resfriamento natural e cura a temperatura ambiente, no mesmo tanque, entre 3 e 7 dias. As propriedades no estado endurecido foram medidas a 8, 35, 63, 91 e 203 dias. As propriedades no estado fresco que melhor se relacionaram às medidas de carbonatação das seis misturas foram o teor de ar por método pressométrico e a medida de compactabilidade do concreto adensado, método adaptado da BS EN 12350-4 (2009). O teor de ar das misturas no estado fresco resultou com valor médio de 1,7% e mostrou correlações fortes e inversas com a resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e com as medidas de profundidade de carbonatação. É recomendável prosseguir estudos sobre esse concreto, para elucidar as causas e os limites da correlação inversa, pois tanto podem ter resultado de efeitos do ar na interface pasta/agregados, quanto de sedimentação do concreto no estado plástico. A 203 dias, a espessura média de carbonatação pelos três métodos de envelhecimento acelerado resultou entre 4 e 5 mm, com coeficiente de variação entre 13% e 21% para oito dos nove grupos de doze corpos-de-prova (dois por mistura), no caso diferenciados pelo método de envelhecimento ou de medida da carbonatação. Por análise de variância para três fatores nessa idade, foram observadas equivalência entre as medidas de carbonatação, por dois dos métodos acelerados um de secagem contínua a 40°C em estufa ventilada e outro de um dia de exposição a CO2 (5% e U.R. 75%) alternado por 27 dias de secagem a 40°C em estufa ventilada, mas ambos não mostraram semelhança com o terceiro método, que foi de um dia de imersão em água alternada por 27 dias de secagem a 40°C em estufa ventilada. As medidas de carbonatação em corpos-de-prova submetidos a este terceiro método, envolvendo apenas imersão em água e secagem, resultaram com ótimo contraste com o indicador de fenolftaleína e foram as que mostraram maiores probabilidades de igualdade de médias, independente do método de medida. Espera-se que o prosseguimento de pesquisas com esses métodos possa trazer avanços no controle da resistência carbonatação de concretos, por valores médios ou característicos, e um melhor domínio tecnológico das variáveis de verificação da vida útil de projeto de armaduras e das estruturas em geral. / Durability of reinforced concrete structures should be obtained, among other factors, by adapting the concrete to the environment to protect the steel reinforcements depending on the characteristics of the cover layer. Therefore, concrete must be properly specified in the design structural and have its quality controlled during production and placing. After ABNT NBR 6118 (2007), concretes began to be specified according to fck classes in association with other mixture proportion and production variables, such as maximum water/cement ratio and minimum cement content per cubic meter. However, concretes are invariably controlled only through slump tests of fresh concrete and compressive strength tests (fcj) for stripping or assessment of fck (28 days, in common construction sites). As a result, the property in use to indirectly control concrete carbonation resistance should be fcj, since what actually differentiates the concretes are the constituent materials, the mix design and production variability. However, in practice, control of concrete carbonation resistance usually occurs through specification and acceptance of fck and one of the reasons for that may lie in the lack of more advanced methods to predict more complex physical properties, as in the case of carbonation resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the evolution of technological control of this property in structural concrete and the experimental program had as its main goals: a) to test air content of fresh concrete by four different methods as auxiliary control variable; b) to compare three methods of accelerated carbonation; c) to compare relative area and carbonation thickness, in the diametral section of cylindrical specimens measuring 10 cm x 20 cm, through two image analysis softwares and traditional linear measurement. The concrete chosen for the purposes of this study was a class 30, ready mixed and pumped concrete, slump test of 10 ± 2 cm, water/cement ratio of 0.60 and cement content of 300 kg/m³. In a given batch plant, random samples were taken from the mixtures of six 8-m³ truck mixers that had been produced on the same date, from a given production batch of that concrete and for the supply of a nearby construction site. Each mixture was characterized in the fresh state, according to eight different properties, and then 10 cm x 20 cm cylinders were molded. Most specimens were submitted to accelerated curing by immersion in water tank at mild temperature (35 ± 5 °C), between 1 and 3 days, in an adaptation of method A of ASTM C684, followed by natural cooling and curing at room temperature, in the same tank, between 3 and 7 days. The properties in the hardened state were measured at 8, 35, 63, 91 and 203 days. The properties in the fresh state that best related to the carbonation measurements of the six samples were air content by the pressure method and compactability of compacted concrete, in a method adapted from BS EN 12350-4 (2009). Air content of the mixtures in the fresh state resulted in mean value of 1.7% and showed strong and inverse correlations with compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and with the measurements of carbonation depth. Further studies about this concrete are recommended to clarify the causes and limits of the inverse correlation, since they may result from effects of the air on the transition zone between paste and aggregates, or from concrete settlement in the fresh state. At 203 days, mean carbonation thickness in the three accelerated ageing methods resulted in between 4 and 5 mm, with coefficient of variation between 13% and 21% for eight out of nine groups of twelve specimens (two per mixture), which were differentiated according to the ageing method or the carbonation measurement. After an analysis of variance for three factors at this age, equivalences were observed in the carbonation measurements in two of the accelerated methods one of continuous drying at 40°C in ventilated oven and the other of one-day exposure to CO2 (5% and R.H. 75%) alternated with 27 days of drying at 40°C in ventilated oven, but neither showed similarity with the third method, which consisted in one-day water immersion alternated with 27 days of drying at 40°C in ventilated oven. Carbonation measurements in specimens submitted to the third method, involving only water immersion and drying, resulted in optimum contrast with the phenolphthalein indicator and showed higher probabilities of equality of means, regardless of the measurement method. It is expected that further research about these methods can bring advances in the control of concrete carbonation resistance, by mean or characteristic values, and better technological knowledge of the variables in verifying the design service life of steel reinforcement and structures in general.

A durabilidade das estruturas de concreto armado deve ser alcançada, entre outros fatores, pela adequação do concreto frente ao meio ambiente para proteger as armaduras pelas características da camada de cobrimento. Assim, concretos precisam ser corretamente especificados no projeto estrutural e ter a sua qualidade controlada durante a produção e aplicação. Pela ABNT NBR 6118 (2007), os concretos passaram a ser especificados por classes de fck associadas a outras variáveis de dosagem e produção, como relação água/cimento máxima e consumo mínimo de cimento por metro cúbico. Mas, continuam invariavelmente controlados apenas por ensaios de abatimento no estado fresco e de resistência à compressão (fcj), para desforma ou verificação do fck (28 dias, nas obras comuns). Logo, a propriedade em uso para controlar indiretamente a resistência à carbonatação do concreto deveria ser o fcj, já que os concretos se diferenciam, de fato, é pelos materiais constituintes, método de dosagem e pela variabilidade de produção. Mas, na prática o controle da resistência à carbonatação dos concretos vem ocorrendo apenas pela especificação e aceitação do fck e uma das razões para isto pode ser a falta de métodos mais avançados para a predição de propriedades físicas mais complexas, como é a resistência à carbonatação. Assim, este trabalho visou contribuir para a evolução do controle tecnológico dessa propriedade em concretos estruturais, e o programa experimental teve por objetivos principais: testar o teor de ar no concreto fresco por quatro diferentes métodos, como variável auxiliar de controle; b) comparar três métodos acelerados de carbonatação; c) comparar área relativa e espessura de carbonatação, em seção diametral de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de 10 cm x 20 cm, através de dois programas de análise de imagem e medida linear tradicional. Como concreto de estudo foi escolhido um da classe 30, pré-misturado e bombeável, de abatimento de 10 ± 2 cm, de relação água/cimento 0,60 e consumo de cimento igual a 300 kg/m³. Em uma dada central dosadora, foram então amostrados, aleatoriamente, as misturas de seis caminhões betoneira de 8 m³, produzidas em uma só data, de um dado lote de produção do citado concreto e para fornecimento a uma obra muito próxima. Cada mistura foi caracterizada no estado fresco, por oito diferentes propriedades e seguiu-se à moldagem de cilindros de 10 cm x 20 cm. A maior parte dos corpos-de-prova foi submetida à cura acelerada por imersão em tanque de água em temperatura amena (35 ± 5 °C), entre 1 e 3 dias, por adaptação do método A da ASTM C684, seguida de um resfriamento natural e cura a temperatura ambiente, no mesmo tanque, entre 3 e 7 dias. As propriedades no estado endurecido foram medidas a 8, 35, 63, 91 e 203 dias. As propriedades no estado fresco que melhor se relacionaram às medidas de carbonatação das seis misturas foram o teor de ar por método pressométrico e a medida de compactabilidade do concreto adensado, método adaptado da BS EN 12350-4 (2009). O teor de ar das misturas no estado fresco resultou com valor médio de 1,7% e mostrou correlações fortes e inversas com a resistência à compressão, resistência à tração por compressão diametral e com as medidas de profundidade de carbonatação. É recomendável prosseguir estudos sobre esse concreto, para elucidar as causas e os limites da correlação inversa, pois tanto podem ter resultado de efeitos do ar na interface pasta/agregados, quanto de sedimentação do concreto no estado plástico. A 203 dias, a espessura média de carbonatação pelos três métodos de envelhecimento acelerado resultou entre 4 e 5 mm, com coeficiente de variação entre 13% e 21% para oito dos nove grupos de doze corpos-de-prova (dois por mistura), no caso diferenciados pelo método de envelhecimento ou de medida da carbonatação. Por análise de variância para três fatores nessa idade, foram observadas equivalência entre as medidas de carbonatação, por dois dos métodos acelerados um de secagem contínua a 40°C em estufa ventilada e outro de um dia de exposição a CO2 (5% e U.R. 75%) alternado por 27 dias de secagem a 40°C em estufa ventilada, mas ambos não mostraram semelhança com o terceiro método, que foi de um dia de imersão em água alternada por 27 dias de secagem a 40°C em estufa ventilada. As medidas de carbonatação em corpos-de-prova submetidos a este terceiro método, envolvendo apenas imersão em água e secagem, resultaram com ótimo contraste com o indicador de fenolftaleína e foram as que mostraram maiores probabilidades de igualdade de médias, independente do método de medida. Espera-se que o prosseguimento de pesquisas com esses métodos possa trazer avanços no controle da resistência carbonatação de concretos, por valores médios ou característicos, e um melhor domínio tecnológico das variáveis de verificação da vida útil de projeto de armaduras e das estruturas em geral. / Durability of reinforced concrete structures should be obtained, among other factors, by adapting the concrete to the environment to protect the steel reinforcements depending on the characteristics of the cover layer. Therefore, concrete must be properly specified in the design structural and have its quality controlled during production and placing. After ABNT NBR 6118 (2007), concretes began to be specified according to fck classes in association with other mixture proportion and production variables, such as maximum water/cement ratio and minimum cement content per cubic meter. However, concretes are invariably controlled only through slump tests of fresh concrete and compressive strength tests (fcj) for stripping or assessment of fck (28 days, in common construction sites). As a result, the property in use to indirectly control concrete carbonation resistance should be fcj, since what actually differentiates the concretes are the constituent materials, the mix design and production variability. However, in practice, control of concrete carbonation resistance usually occurs through specification and acceptance of fck and one of the reasons for that may lie in the lack of more advanced methods to predict more complex physical properties, as in the case of carbonation resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the evolution of technological control of this property in structural concrete and the experimental program had as its main goals: a) to test air content of fresh concrete by four different methods as auxiliary control variable; b) to compare three methods of accelerated carbonation; c) to compare relative area and carbonation thickness, in the diametral section of cylindrical specimens measuring 10 cm x 20 cm, through two image analysis softwares and traditional linear measurement. The concrete chosen for the purposes of this study was a class 30, ready mixed and pumped concrete, slump test of 10 ± 2 cm, water/cement ratio of 0.60 and cement content of 300 kg/m³. In a given batch plant, random samples were taken from the mixtures of six 8-m³ truck mixers that had been produced on the same date, from a given production batch of that concrete and for the supply of a nearby construction site. Each mixture was characterized in the fresh state, according to eight different properties, and then 10 cm x 20 cm cylinders were molded. Most specimens were submitted to accelerated curing by immersion in water tank at mild temperature (35 ± 5 °C), between 1 and 3 days, in an adaptation of method A of ASTM C684, followed by natural cooling and curing at room temperature, in the same tank, between 3 and 7 days. The properties in the hardened state were measured at 8, 35, 63, 91 and 203 days. The properties in the fresh state that best related to the carbonation measurements of the six samples were air content by the pressure method and compactability of compacted concrete, in a method adapted from BS EN 12350-4 (2009). Air content of the mixtures in the fresh state resulted in mean value of 1.7% and showed strong and inverse correlations with compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and with the measurements of carbonation depth. Further studies about this concrete are recommended to clarify the causes and limits of the inverse correlation, since they may result from effects of the air on the transition zone between paste and aggregates, or from concrete settlement in the fresh state. At 203 days, mean carbonation thickness in the three accelerated ageing methods resulted in between 4 and 5 mm, with coefficient of variation between 13% and 21% for eight out of nine groups of twelve specimens (two per mixture), which were differentiated according to the ageing method or the carbonation measurement. After an analysis of variance for three factors at this age, equivalences were observed in the carbonation measurements in two of the accelerated methods one of continuous drying at 40°C in ventilated oven and the other of one-day exposure to CO2 (5% and R.H. 75%) alternated with 27 days of drying at 40°C in ventilated oven, but neither showed similarity with the third method, which consisted in one-day water immersion alternated with 27 days of drying at 40°C in ventilated oven. Carbonation measurements in specimens submitted to the third method, involving only water immersion and drying, resulted in optimum contrast with the phenolphthalein indicator and showed higher probabilities of equality of means, regardless of the measurement method. It is expected that further research about these methods can bring advances in the control of concrete carbonation resistance, by mean or characteristic values, and better technological knowledge of the variables in verifying the design service life of steel reinforcement and structures in general.

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