Photovoltaic systems and heat pumps installations are increasing faster than ever before in Finland. Load regulation is becoming a hot topic in the PV market. With load regulation, the self-consumption can be increased, and the user may earn money. An air-to-water heat pump can be regulated with own produced electricity from a PV system by overheating the tank. A typical single-family house of 150 m2 is simulated in Polysun for one year. The house has a photovoltaic system of 5.76 kW and an air-to-water heat pump with a tank of 180 l. The heat pump is used for space heating and domestic hot water. It is located in Helsinki, Finland. This work aims to compare two different control strategies for the heat pump.The first control strategy is based on the power output from the photovoltaic system and the second control strategy also takes the electricity consumption of the house into account. Both control strategies overcharge the tank with the heat pump to its maximum temperature of 65°C. Key figures such as self-consumption of photovoltaic system, annual electricity savings, payback time of regulation components and the performance of the heat pump are evaluated. The investment of a control system for overcharging is economically feasible, and the selfconsumption of the photovoltaic system has been increased due to overcharging.Economical savings has been made annually and mostly during Summer. The performance of the heat pump has decreased slightly with overcharging.

This thesis presents the experimental work on testing the seasonal performance of a 40 kW air-to-water propane heat pump, as a part of the research project Next Heat Pump Generation working with Natural fluids (NxtHPG) that has been carried out in ‘Applied thermodynamics and refrigeration Division’ in the department of Energy Technology, KTH. The thesis work involves three parts: preparation of the HP unit test rigs, experimental campaign and the evaluation of test results. In the first part, the set-up of the measurement device and necessary modifications to the heat pump unit as well as the test rigs have been completed to create an accurate measuring environmental for the experimental campaign. During the second stage, two series of experimental campaign have been done in the heating mode of the heat pump unit, and satisfactory results have been obtained in parts of the test conditions. Finally, the evaluation on the system performance as well as the behaviors of the components is discussed. The variation between experimental results and the simulation conducted by IMST-ART model is within reasonable range, proving that the heat pump unit has been working in good conditions. The compressor is proved to have been performing as manufacturer expected. However, some further investigations on the behaviors of the heat exchangers and expansion valve, such as superheat oscillation, are recommended be carried out in the future work. The completion of the rest of tests in which minus air temperature should be maintained and the ones with the desuperheater working should be done as well. / Next generation heat pump working with natural fluids

Diplomová práce je rozdělena na tří částí. První částí je analýza tématu, cílů a způsobů řešení, která obsahuje i teoretickou část. Druhá část je aplikace tématu na řešeném objektu včetně podrobného výpočtu a návrhu otopné soustavy, přípravy teplé vody, dvou variant alternativních zdrojů tepla a jejich porovnání, které vede k výběru lepšího zdroje tepla. Třetí část je projekt a obsahuje technickou zprávu vybrané varianty a projektovou dokumentaci, která obsahuje všechny potřebné výkresy.

För småhusägare finns ekonomiska incitament till att sänka det årliga energibehovet för värme och tappvarmvattenberedning, då det utgör huvudparten av det totala årliga energibehovet för bostäder i Sverige. Valet av värmesystem är därför ett viktigt då det kan medföra mer eller mindre gynnsamma ekonomiska konsekvenser sett över längre tidsperioder,då den mängd köpt energi som systemet kräver kan medföra besparingar som viktas mot den ekonomiska investeringen av systemet.Syftet med denna studie har därför varit att skapa ett referensunderlag över fyra olika värmesystem med jämförelser mot småhus av olika storlek, geografisk placering samt olikaisoleringsstandard, där det eller de mest ekonomiskt gynnsamma värmesystemen, sett över en 50-årsperiod, kan utläsas utifrån dessa parametrar.De småhus som studien har jämfört har bestått av enplanshus med tre antagna areor, 89,7/120/150,3 m2. Dessa har jämförts för Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall samt Luleå, varpå varje area har innefattat tre olika antagna genomsnittliga värmegenomgångskoefficienter, Umedelvärden. Studien har genomförts med energiberäkningar enligt gradtimmemetoden, och den ekonomiska analysen genom beräknade livscykelkostnader, LCC, för de olika systemkonstellationerna. Fyra värmesystem har undersökts: Fjärrvärme, bergvärmepump, luft-vattenvärmepump samt frånluftsvärmepump. Frånluftsvärmepumpen har inkorporerats som ett FX-ventilationssystem, frånluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning. De övriga tre systemen har för studien kombinerats med ett FTX-ventilationssystem, från- och tilluftsventilation med värmeåtervinning.Resultaten har påvisat att FTX-system, i jämförelse med FX-system, sänker för samtliga studerade byggnader i Malmö det årliga värmeenergibehovet, den energi som måste tillsättas byggnaden, med 36–71%, medan det i Luleå sänks med 32–61%. Den årliga energianskaffningen, den energi som måste köpas för att värmesystemen skall generera erfordrad värmeenergi och tappvarmvattenberedning, är genomgående lägst för systemkonstellationen bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX. Den systemkonstellationenmed studiens genomgående högsta andel köpt energi, är fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX.Vid jämförelse av livscykelkostnader, LCC, har påvisats att fjärrvärme i kombination med FTX är mest ekonomiskt gynnsam endast då det årliga behovet av köpt energi är mycket litet, och att det vid högre behov istället blir det dyraste alternativet. Frånluftsvärmepump utgör ett ekonomiskt gynnsamt alternativ vid majoriteten av analyserade fall, tack vare lägre investeringskostnader som väger upp de högre värmeenergibehov som ventilationstypen medför. Bergvärme i kombination med FTX, utgör det dyraste alternativet i de flesta fall därdet årliga behovet av köpt energi är lågt, men påvisar ekonomisk gynnsamhet vid höga energibehov. Luft-vattenvärmepump i kombination med FTX, är relativt likvärdig bergvärmepump men har ej påvisats vara det billigaste alternativet i något studerat fall. Vid jämförelse mellan frånluftsvärmepump och bergvärmepump i kombination med FTX, har påvisats att för studiens samtliga analyserade objekt är den största prisskillnaden, utslaget på 50 år, mindre än 1.800 kr/år.Utifrån de parametrar som presenterats, har påvisats genomförbarhet i att skapa ett referensunderlag över optimal gynnsamhet för värme- och ventilationssystem hos småhus, vilket avläses utifrån husets storlek, U-medelvärde samt geografiska placering. / For homeowners, there are economic incentives to reduce the annual energy demand for heating and domestic hot water preparation, as these constitute the main part of the total annual energy demand for houses in Sweden. The choice of heating system is therefore important as it can have more or less favorable economic consequences over longer periods of time, as the amount of purchased energy required by the system can lead to savings that weigh against the economic investment in the system. The purpose of this study has therefore been to create a reference framework for four different heating systems, comparing them across houses of different sizes, geographical locations, and insulation standards, to identify the most economically beneficial heating systems over a 50-year period, that can be interpreted based on these parameters. The houses compared in the study were single-story houses with three assumed sizes: 89.7/120/150.3 m². They have been compared in Malmö, Stockholm, Sundsvall and Luleå, with each size having three different assumed average thermal transmittance values, average U-values. The study was conducted using energy calculations based on the degree-hour method, and the economic analysis was performed using calculated life cycle costs, LCC, for the different system configurations. Four heating systems were investigated: district heating, geothermal heat pump, air-to-water heat pump, and exhaust air heat pump. The exhaust air heat pump was incorporated as an MEVHR ventilation system, mechanical exhaust air ventilation with heat recovery, while the other three systems were combined with an HRVventilation system, mechanical exhaust and supply air ventilation with heat recovery. The results have shown that HRV systems, compared to MEVHR systems, reduce the annual heating energy demand, the amount of energy that must be supplied to the building, for all studied buildings in Malmö by 36-71%, while in Luleå it is reduced by 32-61%. The annual energy procurement, the amount of energy that must be purchased for the heating systems to generate the required heating energy and domestic hot water preparation, is consistently lowest for the geothermal heat pump system combined with the HRV. The system configuration with the highest proportion of purchased energy throughout the study is district heating combined with HRV. When comparing life cycle costs, LCC, it was found that district heating combined with HRVis the most economically beneficial system only when the annual demand for purchased energy is very low, and becomes the most expensive option at higher demands. The exhaust air heat pump is a cost-effective option in the majority of analyzed cases, thanks to lower investment costs that offset the higher heating energy demand induced by this type of ventilation. Geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV is the most expensive option in most cases when the annual demand for purchased energy is low but shows economic advantages at high energy demands. The air-to-water heat pump combined with the HRV is relatively similar to the geothermal heat pump but has not been shown to be the cheapest option in any of the studied cases. When comparing the exhaust air heat pump with the geothermal heat pump combined with the HRV, it is found that for all objects analyzed in the study, the largest price difference is, averaged over 50 years, less than 1,800 SEK/year. Based on the presented parameters, the feasibility of creating a reference framework for the cost-effectiveness of heating and ventilation systems in houses has been demonstrated, which can be assessed based on the house size, U-value, and geographical location.