This thesis investigates acts of ‘re-telling’ in four selected novels by Jeanette Winterson and Alan Warner.Re-telling, as I have defined it, refers to the re-imagining and re-writing of existing narratives from mythology, fairy tale, and folktale, as well as the re-visioning of scientific discourses and historiography. I argue that this re-telling is representative of a contemporary cultural phenomenon, and is evidence of a postmodern genre that some literary theorists have termed re-visionary fiction. Despite the prevalent re-telling of canonical stories throughout literary history, there is much evidence for the emergence of a specifically contemporary trend of re-visionary literature. Part One of this thesis comprises two chapters which deal with Winterson’s Sexing the Cherry (1989) and Weight (2005) respectively. In these chapters, I argue that, although the feminist and historiographic elements of her work are significant, there exist further motivations for Winterson’s acts of re-telling in both Sexing the Cherry and Weight. In Chapter One, I analyse Winterson’s subversion and re-imagining of historiography, as well as her re-telling of fairy tale, in Sexing the Cherry. Chapter Two provides a discussion of Winterson’s re-telling of the myth of Atlas from Greek mythology, in which she draws on the discourses of science, technology, and autobiography, in Weight. Part Two focuses on Warner’s first two novels, Morvern Callar (1995) and These Demented Lands (1997). In both novels, Warner re-imagines aspects of Christian, Celtic and pagan mythology in order to debunk the validity of biblical archetypes and narratives in a contemporary working-class setting, as well as to endow his protagonist with goddess-like or mythical sensibilities. Chapter Three deals predominantly with Warner’s use of language, which I argue is central to his blending of mythological and contemporary content, while Chapter Four analyses his use of myth in these two novels. This thesis argues that while both Winterson and Warner share many of the aims associated with contemporary re-visionary fiction, their novels also exceed the boundaries of the genre in various ways. Winterson and Warner may, therefore, represent a new class of re-visionary writers, whose aim is not solely to subvert the pre-text but to draw on its generic discourses and thematic conventions in order to demonstrate the generic and discursive possibilities inherent in the act of re-telling.

As trajetórias e as atuações profissionais de duas personalidades emblemáticas do campo artístico-intelectual das Américas no século XX – Alan Lomax e Radamés Gnattali – apresentam-se nesta investigação como elementos centrais para a aproximação entre os projetos político-culturais implementados no âmbito das relações Brasil-EUA no período entre 1939 e 1945. O agenciamento desses atores foi determinante na criação de modelos de performatização musical utilizados em programas radiofônicos de conteúdo "folclórico", que, segundo se infere, contribuíram para as transformações políticas e culturais por que passaram ambos os países durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, a hipótese que justifica uma aproximação entre os projetos é que tanto as técnicas de arranjo utilizadas por Gnattali para os programas feitos em parceria com Almirante na Rádio Nacional do Brasil (1941-1945) como as performances musicais conduzidas por Lomax e seus convidados nos programas da CBS nos EUA (1939-1941) podem ser interpretadas como processos de agenciamento entre os produtores, os grupos sociais representados nos programas, os modelos ideológicos defendidos por intelectuais especializados no estudo do folclore e os interesses políticos dos regimes. Esses núcleos de poder, portanto, se relacionariam de forma heterogênea em relação à identidade nacional nos diferentes contextos em que foram inseridos. Por meio de exemplos de programas da série Wellspring of music – escrita e produzida por Alan Lomax para o projeto American School of the Air – e da série Aquarelas do Brasil – produzida por Radamés Gnattali, Almirante e José Mauro e patrocinada pela empresa norte-americana Pan-American World Airlines –, busca-se examinar as estratégias utilizadas para a criação dos modelos de performance musical responsáveis pelos processos de comunicação simbólica operados pelos programas, que teriam contribuído tanto no Brasil como nos EUA para a construção de identidades nacionais utilizadas nos contextos regionais e pan-americanos. / The study of the trajectories and professional activities of two emblematic personalities on the artistic and intellectual scene of the Americas in the 20th century – Alan Lomax and Radames Gnattali – present themselves in this investigation as central elements in the analysis between the cultural projects and policies implemented under Brazil-US relations in the period between 1939-1945. To this end, this research seeks to examine, through a theoretical and methodological perspective, how the these actors’ agency were instrumental in creating different performance models related with "folk" content used in radio shows that intended to contribute to the political and cultural transformations faced by both countries during the Second World War. The hypothesis for this relationship between the trajectories is that both Gnattali’s arrangement techniques used in the programs in partnership with Almirante at the National Radio of Brazil (1941-1945), and the idealized musical performances used by Lomax and his partners for the series produced by CBS in the USA (1939-1941), could be perceived as mediation processes between the social groups represented on the radio shows, the ideological models advocated by intellectuals linked to folklore, and the political interests that took part in national and international schemes. These centers of power, therefore, would deal heterogeneously in relation to their identities in the contexts in which they were performed. Using examples of two programs – one from the series "Wellspring of Music," written and produced by Lomax that was part of the project American School of the Air, and one from the program "Aquarelas do Brasil" [Watercolors of Brazil] produced by Radamés Gnattali and Almirante and sponsored by Pan American World Airlines—the research will also highlight the strategies used in the musical performances developed by those radio producers as a mediation field in relation to the semiotic process, as sound material became important symbols of national identity used in national and Pan-American projects.

Através da análise das atividades inseridas nos processos de estudo de dois experientes violonistas professores universitários, o presente trabalho investiga as estratégias de estudo utilizadas na preparação da execução musical da Elegy (1971) de Alan Rawsthorne. A construção da execução musical, quando vista como atividade de solução de problemas (problem solving activity), através da utilização consciente de estratégias de estudo, pode ser otimizada em termos de qualidade e quantidade de estudo. A elaboração do modelo analítico, a partir das bases teóricas expostas no presente trabalho, permitiu a identificação das estratégias de estudo utilizadas pelos violonistas, bem como o enfoque dado por cada um a essas. / By analyzing the activities included in the study processes of two experienced classical guitarist’s academics, this paper investigates the study strategies used in the preparation of the musical performance of Elegy (1971) by Alan Rawsthorne. The construction of musical performance, when viewed as an activity of problem solving (problem solving activity), through the conscious use of practice strategies, can be optimized in terms of quality and quantity of study. The elaboration of the analytical model, based on the theoretical basis outlined in this study, permitted the identification of practice strategies used by guitarists as well as the emphasis given by each of these.

Através da análise das atividades inseridas nos processos de estudo de dois experientes violonistas professores universitários, o presente trabalho investiga as estratégias de estudo utilizadas na preparação da execução musical da Elegy (1971) de Alan Rawsthorne. A construção da execução musical, quando vista como atividade de solução de problemas (problem solving activity), através da utilização consciente de estratégias de estudo, pode ser otimizada em termos de qualidade e quantidade de estudo. A elaboração do modelo analítico, a partir das bases teóricas expostas no presente trabalho, permitiu a identificação das estratégias de estudo utilizadas pelos violonistas, bem como o enfoque dado por cada um a essas. / By analyzing the activities included in the study processes of two experienced classical guitarist’s academics, this paper investigates the study strategies used in the preparation of the musical performance of Elegy (1971) by Alan Rawsthorne. The construction of musical performance, when viewed as an activity of problem solving (problem solving activity), through the conscious use of practice strategies, can be optimized in terms of quality and quantity of study. The elaboration of the analytical model, based on the theoretical basis outlined in this study, permitted the identification of practice strategies used by guitarists as well as the emphasis given by each of these.

Syftet med studien är att bidra till kunskap om matematikundervisning av de yngsta barnen i förskolan. Studien genomfördes med sex kvalitativa intervjuer med förskollärare som arbetar i förskolan med de yngsta barnen, det vill säga ett–treåringar. Studiens datainsamling och empiriska material analyserades med hjälp av Bishops sex matematiska aktiviteter, i en tematisk analys. I studiens resultat framkom att förskollärarna använder sig av tre didaktiska utgångspunkter när de matematiserar med de yngsta barnen i förskolan. De didaktiska utgångspunkterna är att förskollärarna planerar förskolans miljö och material, kommunicerar matematiska begrepp och utgår från barns intressen. Förskollärarna planerar förskolans miljö och material för att barnen ska få möjlighet att utvecklas i sitt matematiserande genom material som förskollärarna skapar och där de organiserar en matematisk miljö. Förskollärarna planerar för en lekfull miljö med lättåtkomligt material för att synliggöra matematik för barnen. Barnen får då möjlighet att bli delaktiga i sin egen vardag, genom att de exempelvis lättare kan nå olika material. Förskollärarna kommunicerar bland annat matematiska begrepp med barnen, dels för att underlätta för barnens framtid på förskolan, men även för senare skolgång. När förskollärarna matematiserar med de yngsta barnen utgår de från barnens enskilda intressen för att kunna möta barnen i deras vardag till exempel i leken och på så sätt utmana dem i deras matematiserande.

As trajetórias e as atuações profissionais de duas personalidades emblemáticas do campo artístico-intelectual das Américas no século XX – Alan Lomax e Radamés Gnattali – apresentam-se nesta investigação como elementos centrais para a aproximação entre os projetos político-culturais implementados no âmbito das relações Brasil-EUA no período entre 1939 e 1945. O agenciamento desses atores foi determinante na criação de modelos de performatização musical utilizados em programas radiofônicos de conteúdo "folclórico", que, segundo se infere, contribuíram para as transformações políticas e culturais por que passaram ambos os países durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, a hipótese que justifica uma aproximação entre os projetos é que tanto as técnicas de arranjo utilizadas por Gnattali para os programas feitos em parceria com Almirante na Rádio Nacional do Brasil (1941-1945) como as performances musicais conduzidas por Lomax e seus convidados nos programas da CBS nos EUA (1939-1941) podem ser interpretadas como processos de agenciamento entre os produtores, os grupos sociais representados nos programas, os modelos ideológicos defendidos por intelectuais especializados no estudo do folclore e os interesses políticos dos regimes. Esses núcleos de poder, portanto, se relacionariam de forma heterogênea em relação à identidade nacional nos diferentes contextos em que foram inseridos. Por meio de exemplos de programas da série Wellspring of music – escrita e produzida por Alan Lomax para o projeto American School of the Air – e da série Aquarelas do Brasil – produzida por Radamés Gnattali, Almirante e José Mauro e patrocinada pela empresa norte-americana Pan-American World Airlines –, busca-se examinar as estratégias utilizadas para a criação dos modelos de performance musical responsáveis pelos processos de comunicação simbólica operados pelos programas, que teriam contribuído tanto no Brasil como nos EUA para a construção de identidades nacionais utilizadas nos contextos regionais e pan-americanos. / The study of the trajectories and professional activities of two emblematic personalities on the artistic and intellectual scene of the Americas in the 20th century – Alan Lomax and Radames Gnattali – present themselves in this investigation as central elements in the analysis between the cultural projects and policies implemented under Brazil-US relations in the period between 1939-1945. To this end, this research seeks to examine, through a theoretical and methodological perspective, how the these actors’ agency were instrumental in creating different performance models related with "folk" content used in radio shows that intended to contribute to the political and cultural transformations faced by both countries during the Second World War. The hypothesis for this relationship between the trajectories is that both Gnattali’s arrangement techniques used in the programs in partnership with Almirante at the National Radio of Brazil (1941-1945), and the idealized musical performances used by Lomax and his partners for the series produced by CBS in the USA (1939-1941), could be perceived as mediation processes between the social groups represented on the radio shows, the ideological models advocated by intellectuals linked to folklore, and the political interests that took part in national and international schemes. These centers of power, therefore, would deal heterogeneously in relation to their identities in the contexts in which they were performed. Using examples of two programs – one from the series "Wellspring of Music," written and produced by Lomax that was part of the project American School of the Air, and one from the program "Aquarelas do Brasil" [Watercolors of Brazil] produced by Radamés Gnattali and Almirante and sponsored by Pan American World Airlines—the research will also highlight the strategies used in the musical performances developed by those radio producers as a mediation field in relation to the semiotic process, as sound material became important symbols of national identity used in national and Pan-American projects.

As trajetórias e as atuações profissionais de duas personalidades emblemáticas do campo artístico-intelectual das Américas no século XX – Alan Lomax e Radamés Gnattali – apresentam-se nesta investigação como elementos centrais para a aproximação entre os projetos político-culturais implementados no âmbito das relações Brasil-EUA no período entre 1939 e 1945. O agenciamento desses atores foi determinante na criação de modelos de performatização musical utilizados em programas radiofônicos de conteúdo "folclórico", que, segundo se infere, contribuíram para as transformações políticas e culturais por que passaram ambos os países durante a 2ª Guerra Mundial. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, a hipótese que justifica uma aproximação entre os projetos é que tanto as técnicas de arranjo utilizadas por Gnattali para os programas feitos em parceria com Almirante na Rádio Nacional do Brasil (1941-1945) como as performances musicais conduzidas por Lomax e seus convidados nos programas da CBS nos EUA (1939-1941) podem ser interpretadas como processos de agenciamento entre os produtores, os grupos sociais representados nos programas, os modelos ideológicos defendidos por intelectuais especializados no estudo do folclore e os interesses políticos dos regimes. Esses núcleos de poder, portanto, se relacionariam de forma heterogênea em relação à identidade nacional nos diferentes contextos em que foram inseridos. Por meio de exemplos de programas da série Wellspring of music – escrita e produzida por Alan Lomax para o projeto American School of the Air – e da série Aquarelas do Brasil – produzida por Radamés Gnattali, Almirante e José Mauro e patrocinada pela empresa norte-americana Pan-American World Airlines –, busca-se examinar as estratégias utilizadas para a criação dos modelos de performance musical responsáveis pelos processos de comunicação simbólica operados pelos programas, que teriam contribuído tanto no Brasil como nos EUA para a construção de identidades nacionais utilizadas nos contextos regionais e pan-americanos. / The study of the trajectories and professional activities of two emblematic personalities on the artistic and intellectual scene of the Americas in the 20th century – Alan Lomax and Radames Gnattali – present themselves in this investigation as central elements in the analysis between the cultural projects and policies implemented under Brazil-US relations in the period between 1939-1945. To this end, this research seeks to examine, through a theoretical and methodological perspective, how the these actors’ agency were instrumental in creating different performance models related with "folk" content used in radio shows that intended to contribute to the political and cultural transformations faced by both countries during the Second World War. The hypothesis for this relationship between the trajectories is that both Gnattali’s arrangement techniques used in the programs in partnership with Almirante at the National Radio of Brazil (1941-1945), and the idealized musical performances used by Lomax and his partners for the series produced by CBS in the USA (1939-1941), could be perceived as mediation processes between the social groups represented on the radio shows, the ideological models advocated by intellectuals linked to folklore, and the political interests that took part in national and international schemes. These centers of power, therefore, would deal heterogeneously in relation to their identities in the contexts in which they were performed. Using examples of two programs – one from the series "Wellspring of Music," written and produced by Lomax that was part of the project American School of the Air, and one from the program "Aquarelas do Brasil" [Watercolors of Brazil] produced by Radamés Gnattali and Almirante and sponsored by Pan American World Airlines—the research will also highlight the strategies used in the musical performances developed by those radio producers as a mediation field in relation to the semiotic process, as sound material became important symbols of national identity used in national and Pan-American projects.

The aim of this essay is to see how Alan Ayckbourn uses language inorder to depict his characters in his play MotherFigure from 1974. By using a pragmatic approach, including Gricean maxims,speech acts and politeness theories, I will examine how the three maincharacters communicate and what conclusions can be drawn from this. First, Itake a look at the language strategies given to each of the characters as theyenter the stage. After that I look at the interaction and the struggle forpower. The conclusion I made is that Lucy has many bald-on records, which makesher role very powerful. Rosemary, on the other hand, maintains her weak statusby using many politeness strategies and vague utterances. Terry, the thirdcharacter, is forced to surrender to the adult-child power struggle that Lucyhas been caught up in.

M.A. (Politics) / What is democracy? In the second half of the twentieth century the term, which may relate either to a form of government or a form of society, has become much used and, in the writer's opinion, misused. Indeed, Macpherson believes there is "a good deal of muddle about democracy" (Macpherson 1972:1). At the start of the century's last decade this process appears to have accelerated as the term has become ever more topical, encouraged hugely as the process is by the predominance of mass media communication. The writer considers that democracy is not only a topical term but an important concept, for students of politics as well as for the pub Li.c at large. It is a term which surely requires better understanding of its meaning if the concepts and principles to which it relates are to be valued and appreciated appropriately. At the beginning of his enquiries, which result in this dissertation, the writer assumes "democracy" to mean a form of government Which ensures an equal say in its direct control for all citizens of sound mind. Franchise qualifications should provide for a reasonable minimum age but must disregard any other differences, such as sex, race or religion. This dissertation is undertaken in an endeavour to clear away some of the confusion, or "muddle", which exists regarding democracy. The writer anticipates that elucidation will enhance not. only the possibility of wider understanding but also prospects for meeting the need for concerted, tenacious and widespread efforts to obtain meaningful improvement in levels of democratization. The writings of two prominent political theorists, Robert Allen Dahl and Crawford Brough Macpherson, will be examined to ascertain and compare their views on democracy, with the subsidiary objectives of clarifying the meaning of democracy and ascertaining whether real democracy exists in any sizeable political system. It is the writer's hypothesis that although the basic conceptions of democracy found in the writings of Dahl and Macpherson indicate major differences, certain similarities have been perceived: and that these similarities will prove valuable in stabilizing the meaning of democracy, and in establishing to what extent (if any) true, that is direct, democracy exists.

No abstract available / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Music / unrestricted