The purpose of this study is to investigate the motives underlying the consumption of alcohol among college students and if the motives differ between genders. The study is based on the following questions: What are the motives underlying alcohol consumption among students? Do these motives differ between men and women? Is there any connection between the motives for alcohol consumption and consumption? The study is a quantitative, empirical comparison study and the data presented is mainly descriptive. The study group consists of students from a university in central Sweden. After an exclusion of five students a total of 81 students participated in the survey, of which 55 were female and 26 were male. The average age of all who participated in the study was 24 (sd = 4). The students' alcohol consumption and motives for alcohol consumption were investigated using two instruments: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (M DMQ-R). The questions from the two instruments were combined into a single questionnaire which then was used in the study. The questionnaire was accessible through a link on the internet. Students were recruited via advertisement on announcementboards around the school. A link to the survey was also published on the university's group page and on an application's group page on Facebook. The responses from the questionnaires were transferred to the computer programs Microsoft Excel and SPSS where they were analyzed and summarized. The results showed that the most common reason for drinking among both men and women were social motives. Enhancement motives were also more common than the other motives. There were more women than men who reported conformity motives, enhancement motives and coping with depression as a reason for their alcohol consumption. A few more men than women had indicated that they drink to coop with anxiety. There were a positive relationship only between enhancement motives and alcohol consumption, and this relationship was only among women in the study. There were no correlations between the other motives and alcohol consumption

By 1909, Mexico City had a little more than 720,000 inhabitants, 250 schools, and almost 1,000 pulquerías -drinking establishments serving pulque, a fermented beverage made of the maguey plant. Today, pulquerías have almost disappeared; but just a century ago, people enjoyed gathering there. Since their beginnings in the 1530s, pulquerías became an integral part of the life of Mexico City’s inhabitants. These taverns offered pulque to take out, but far more importantly, a space where men and women drank, talked, danced, and enjoyed themselves as a part of their daily social life. These spaces represented an important place in the city’s lower-class culture and daily life. In this dissertation, I explore the social and cultural development of these businesses. I focus my discussion on the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century when there was a constant effort of making of Mexico a modern nation like England, France, or United States. Under the influence of liberalism, authorities increasingly sought to control the behavior of the population, especially in the public arena with the goal of creating hardworking and moral citizenry. They saw pulque as the core of social evils, and pulquerías, as centers where inebriated urban masses abandoned their daily routine, procrastinated, and fought. Consequently, authorities strictly regulated schedules, facilities, and all activities taking place in pulquerías. Patrons and owners resisted those regulations in different ways; especially customers, through their everyday practices, developed a vigorous and multi-faceted response to the processes of modernization. 13 Within these places, alcohol consumption fostered an environment of free interaction and gave men and women a platform in which they could demand and contest explanations about the behavior of their neighbors, partners, and coworkers. Their discussions and fights prove to be significant to the understanding of the regulation of the neighborhood dynamics as well as valves of escape during changing times. By analyzing the historical intersections of popular culture, nation building and modernization programs, and lower class responses to these reforms this dissertation contributes to the study of the cultural and social history of Mexico.

This study provided the first direct test of the cognitive underpinnings of the attention-allocation model and attempted to replicate and extend past behavioral findings for this model as an explanation for alcohol-related aggression. Men were randomly assigned to a beverage (Alcohol, No-Alcohol Control) and a distraction (Moderate Distraction, No Distraction) condition. All men were provoked by a male confederate and completed a dot probe task and a laboratory aggression task without distraction or while presented with a moderate distraction task. Results indicated that intoxicated men whose attention was distracted displayed significantly lower levels of aggression bias and enacted significantly less physical aggression than intoxicated men whose attention was not distracted. However, aggression bias did not account for the lower levels of alcohol-related aggression in the distraction, relative to the no-distraction, condition. Discussion focused on how these data inform intervention programming for alcohol-related aggression.

Människors alkoholkonsumtion påverkar både individen själv och dess omgivningen. I medier förekommer kampanjer om en vit jul vilket skapade intresset att undersöka hur alkoholkonsumtionen ter sig även vid nyår, påsk, valborg och midsommar samt om det finns skillnader mellan dem och andra tillfällen där alkohol förekommer. I studien deltog tolv personer, 23–58 år med olika erfarenheter kring ämnet. Datainsamling skedde med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och intervjuguiden innehöll frågor som undersökte människors upplevelser. Fyra teman kunde urskiljas: (1) anledning till alkoholkonsumtion, (2) alkoholens konsekvenser, (3) normer och traditioner och (4) skillnader och likheter mellan högtid och vanligt tillfälle. Anledningar till att konsumera alkohol kunde bero på invant beteende och för att lätta upp stämningen och att avstå från alkohol grundade sig i dåliga minnen och att relationer förstörs. Studien skulle kunna bidra till ett öppet klimat om alkohol och belyser dess negativa konsekvenser.

Two impulsivity-related traits, negative and positive urgency (i.e., the tendency to act rashly in the face of extreme negative and positive emotions, respectively) are important risk factors for alcohol use escalation during college and for problematic and disordered level alcohol use, in part through increasing motives for alcohol use. The majority of research to date has focused on the causal direction from trait to motives to alcohol consumption. The goal of the current study was to conduct an initial test of how continued and escalating alcohol use may drive increases and shifts in positive and negative urgency, and how such changes drive subsequent increased drinking motives over the first year of college. Data were analyzed using an archival dataset of 418 first-year college students (age 18-21) enrolled in an introduction to psychology course at a large Midwestern university. Participants were sampled at three timepoints: at the beginning of the fall semester, the end of the fall semester, and the end of the spring semester. A series of hierarchical multiple regression and mediation analyses were used to test study hypotheses. Changes in alcohol use did not predict later changes in positive and negative urgency. Results did replicate previous research showing that changes in positive and negative urgency predicted later changes in drinking motives. Finally, there was some evidence that alcohol use at baseline predicted changes in enhancement drinking motives through changes in positive urgency; but this pattern was not seen with negative urgency. This work extends existing work with urgency theory, which has primarily focused on the effects of urgency on subsequent alcohol consumption and not the inverse. The fact that alcohol use drives subsequent changes in positive urgency and drinking motives can help to better identify mechanisms contributing increased risk for transition to problematic levels of alcohol consumption, can lead to better identification of those at risk for problematic alcohol use and can set the stage to better integrate urgency theory with other well-established alcohol risk models.

As a result of alcohol consumption being highly prevalent in today’s society, research has been done to investigate the effects of alcohol on the body’s physiological systems. Research has indicated that heavy alcohol consumption is detrimental to the normal structure and function of some organs, especially the liver. However, little research has focused on the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on the female reproductive system. To investigate these effects, the uterine tissues of mice fed an ethanol diet (the NIAAA model also known as the Lieber-DeCarli diet) and mice fed a control diet were compared. The NIAAA model was chosen for this research because it simulates the drinking pattern that is known to cause liver disease in alcoholic hepatitis patients. This is achieved by incorporating both chronic and binge drinking patterns of alcohol consumption. In this study, the mucin layer that lines the endometrial surface of the uterus was analyzed in mice separated into ethanol and control fed groups. The ethanol fed mice were put on the Lieber-DeCarli 5% (v/v) ethanol diet ad libitum for 10-days followed by a single high dose of ethanol (5g/kg) on the 11th day. The control fed mice were placed on an ethanol free isocaloric diet (supplemented with maltose dextrin to match the calories of ethanol). After the 11th day, the mice were sacrificed, and uterine tissues were harvested. The tissues were then embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained via the Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) technique, and examined under a microscope. The thickness of the uterine mucin layer was then measured for each animal and the average thicknesses were calculated. A one-way ANOVA test was employed to compare the mucin thickness between the two groups of animals. The test revealed no statistically significant difference between the thicknesses of the uterine mucin layer in the control and ethanol fed animals (P-value: 0.774).

Background: Long term negative physical and mental health problems occur from the lack of appropriate interventions targeting the adult population who experienced adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and partake in risky alcohol consumption behaviors. Objective: This study aimed to identify the risk for alcohol consumption behaviors, specifically binge drinking (BD) and any drinking (AD), among adults with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Methods: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2011–2012 data were used. Descriptive statistics were completed followed by simple and multiple logistic regression to determine the strength of association between ACEs and alcohol consumption, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results: The final adjusted sample size was 69,793. Adults who experienced household abuse were 30% more likely to BD (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.30, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20–1.41) and 21% more likely for AD (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.14–1.28) in the past month. Males were over two times more likely to BD (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.96–2.29) and 60% more likely for AD (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.51–1.69) in the past month compared to females. Individuals who completed some college were at higher risk of BD (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.26–1.82), whereas those who graduated college were nearly two and a half times more likely to report AD in the past month (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.99–2.59) compared to individuals with less than high school education. Conclusion: Adults who experienced household abuse, are male, or possess at least some college education are at increased risk for BD and AD.

Background: Evidence supports a significant non-linear relationship between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality among US adults. Epidemiologic investigations presume that the J/U-shaped distribution is the sum of the detrimental effect of high consumption on other causes of death and the protective effect on coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality. Studies demonstrated that heavy alcohol consumption reduces the risk of CHD. However, results have been inconsistent among heavy drinkers. In this study, we investigated the association of heavy alcohol consumption with CHD among different subgroups in the US. Methods: Data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were used. BRFSS is an annual survey of Americans’ health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and the use of preventive services among the general adult population via self-report. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the association between history of CHD and heavy alcohol consumption. Heavy alcohol use was defined as consuming greater than 14 drinks per week for men and greater than 7 drinks per week for women. The model was adjusted for other risk factors. Results: A total of 398,656 cases were included. Approximately, 5.67% of the study population reported history of CHD and 6.47% reported heavy alcohol consumption. Overall, the odds of having CHD among heavy alcohol drinkers was 42% less than those who were not heavy alcohol drinkers (adjusted odds ratio): 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): (0.50-0.68). Stratified by age, we found that heavy alcohol consumption could be either risk factor or protective factor of CHD or no effect on CHD across different age groups: for 18-24 age group, the odds of having CHD among heavy alcohol drinkers was 25% higher than those who were not heavy alcohol drinkers, OR 1.25 (CI 0.54-2.90); for 25-34 age group, 1.42 (0.94-2.14); for 35-44 age group, 1.04 (0.75-1.43); for 45-54 age group, 0.78 (0.63-0.96); for 55-64 age group, 0.71 (0.62-0.82); for >64 age group, 0.61 (0.55-0.67). Stratified by race, for the male group, the odds of having CHD among heavy alcohol drinkers was 45% lower than those who were not heavy alcohol drinkers, 0.55 (0.46-0.67); for the female group, 0.52 (0.41-0.66). Stratified by race, for the White group, the odds of having CHD among heavy alcohol drinkers was 47% lower than those who were not heavy alcohol drinkers 0.53 (0.49-0.57); for the Black group, 0.44 (0.30-0.66); for the Hispanic group, 0.84 (0.62-1.13); for Other groups, 0.56 (0.41-0.77). Conclusion: The study findings demonstrate that heavy alcohol consumption is a protective factor for CHD among people aged >44, the older the more protective, but the younger the more risk of having CHD among people aged

No description available.

The findings of association between alcohol consumption and arthritis are mixed while little is known about age differences in the associations of mental health and behavioral factors with arthritis. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of arthritis among US adults using data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. In total, 8,229 adults with arthritis and 26,256 controls were selected from the adult respondents. Weighted univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals. The overall prevalence of arthritis was 22.1 %. The prevalence increased with age (6.8, 29.6, and 47.9 % for 18-49, 50-64, and 65+ years of age, respectively). The prevalence of mental problems was higher in cases than controls [4 vs. 1 % for serious psychological distress (SPD), 29 vs. 16 % for anxiety, and 26 vs. 11 % for depression, respectively]. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that being female, older age, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, SPD, depression, and anxiety were positively associated with arthritis. Stratified by age, SPD was associated with arthritis only in young adults (18-49 years old) while the ORs of anxiety and depression with arthritis decreased as age increased. Alcohol consumption revealed stronger associations in middle-aged adults and elderly. Using a large nationally representative sample in the USA, alcohol consumption, smoking, SPD, anxiety, and depression were associated with arthritis, and the associations varied across different age groups.