No description available.

Tourism research has tended to overlook issues relating to the variability of tourism access and participation across diverse social groups. This study selects one particular minority group, the UK Afro-Caribbean community, and examines whether this group emulates, or may wish to emulate, various tourism patterns. It is hypothesised that the community's impetus to travel and be involved in tourism is , different from established norms. This supposition is derived from a theoretical assessment of the possible factors which influence Afro-Caribbean access and participation: the economic, the social, the cultural and the product-related determinants. Accordingly, this work considers, through a "marginality perspective", structural factors which could have a significant influence upon tourism involvement, especially racism, economic disparities and urban constraints. However, through recognising an "ethnicity perspective", it is suggested that "tourism" could be culturally discordant and considered not to be a priority in people's lives. Therefore, particular forms of "travel" (eg. the visiting of friends and relatives market), reflecting cultural aspirations and preferences, are believed to be of importance to the Afro-Caribbean community. This study employs an ethnographic method, applied to various members of Manchester's (Moss Side) Afro-Caribbean community. This method, developed through a variety of strategies (informal/unstructured. interviews, "casual conversations", observation/participation, etc.), attempts to reveal people's perceptions (impressions! opinions) and experiences of traveVtourism. The approach adopted is reflexive, intracultural and based on an emic (insider) perspective .. The ethnographic presentation explores degrees of access and forms of participation through particular case studies: UK travel (with reference to countryside travel), European travel, Caribbean island travel, and transatlantic travel (with reference to America and Canada). The fmdings indicate that "travel" by the study group is atypical of mass and mainstream "tourism", distinguished by differences of kind and volume. Tourism involvement per se is limited, an outcome of both the marginality and the ethnicity determinants. The interrelationships between ethnic and racial boundaries have an effect of differential access, thereby influencing various aspects of tourism and travel: motivations, preferences, trips and destinations chosen (and not chosen), frequency of ventures, quality of experiences, host and guest relationships, etc . .. . An analysis of the social data reveals that whilst members of an Afro-Caribbean community do not aspire to a tourist identity, tourism and travel can, in various ways, reinforce an ethnic and cultural identity.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Köln.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Erlangen.

Dirbančiojo poilsis ir apmokėjimas už poilsio laiką yra visuotinė žmonijos problema, kurios tinkamas reglamentavimas užtikrina kitų gyvenimiškai svarbių sferų funkcionavimą. Dirbančio žmogaus teisės į atostogas įtvirtinimas konstitucijoje, šios teisės reglamentavimas tarptautiniu mastu, bei teisės normų reglamentuojančių šios teisės įgyvendinimą poreikis ir įvairovė atskleidžia šios temos aktualumą. Remiantis Konstitucija kiekvienas dirbantysis Lietuvoje turi teisę į kasmetinį laisvą nuo darbo funkcijų vykdymo laiką. Tam, kad darbuotojai galėtų pailsėti jiems yra suteikiamos kasmetinės apmokamos atostogos. Teisė į kasmetines apmokamas atostogas yra priskiriama prie pagrindinių kiekvieno dirbančiojo teisių. Tam, kad įgytų teisę į atostogų apmokėjimą dirbantysis privalo būti darbo teisinių santykių subjektu. Ši teisė nepriklauso nuo darbo vietos, užimamų pareigų, apmokėjimo už darbą formos, rėžimo, darbo sąlygų, darbo sutarties trukmės. Laisvas nuo darbo funkcijų vykdymo laikas ir apmokėjimas už jį yra suprantamas kaip darbo santykių garantija, kuri skiria darbo teisinius santykius nuo kitų panašių teisinių santykių, pvz., civilinių (rangos). / There is a wide range of literature concerning a holiday payment, nevertheless, the aspect of the peculiarities of a given paid holiday period has not been analysed and no research has been carried out in this sphere. The objective of the thesis is to reveal the character, accuracy and significance of a holiday payment as an additional guarantee for an employee. To determine the shortcomings of a holiday payment procedure regulated by legal acts and offer possible solutions. The aims of the thesis:1) to analyse the conception and concept of holidays; 2) to compare the legal and practical aspects of the different types of holiday payments; 3) to analyse the problems and shortcomings of a holiday payment implementation procedure which is determined by legal acts; 4) to analyse the court practice in solving legal disputes in the sphere of holiday payment. Methods applied: the analysis of scientific literature, comparative and historical-comparative methods.

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To determine if children ≤5 years of age come in contact with a greater number of harmful exposures, including medications during holidays compared to non-holidays from January 1, 2000- December 31, 2009. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study of children ≤5 years of age that are exposed to harmful substances. The independent variable will be holidays versus non-holidays. The primary dependent variable will be the number of harmful exposures. There will be two secondary dependent variables. The first being the number of medication exposures and the second will be the number of non-medication exposures. RESULTS: The proportion of total exposures (med and non-med) significantly increased during the period of 2005-2009 compared to 2000-2004 (1.1%, p<0.001). There were significantly fewer exposures on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday compared to the rest of the week (p<0.001). When comparing the number of exposures on holidays versus non-holidays, there were significantly fewer overall exposures for holidays versus non-holidays (p=0.039). Labor Day had significantly higher exposures than control data (p=0.019) while Christmas and New Year's had significantly less exposures than control data (p<0.0001 and p=0.007 respectively). Labor Day was associated with the highest average number of exposures (30.8) and Christmas was associated with the lowest average number of exposures (21.2) when comparing holidays to each other. A statistically significant greater number of exposures were due to non- medication versus medications for both holiday and non-holiday data (<0.001). The total number of exposures was significantly greater for boys (52.8%) versus girls (46.2%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric exposures for the pre-defined holidays are less common when compared to corresponding non-holidays. Interestingly, the same was found for weekends in general where Friday, Saturday, and Sunday yield fewer pediatric exposures than Monday through Thursday. The majority of exposures are due to non-medication sources with all exposures more common in boys than girls.

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No description available.

This dissertation examines the production and consumption of nature in middle-class American holidays. Focusing on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it follows the creation of new symbols and practices associated with Easter, the Fourth of July, Thanksgiving and Christmas. In each of these holidays, members of the middle class used nature to narrate their new identity as Americans belonging less to local, regional, or ethnic communities and more to the nuclear family and the nation. In Thanksgiving, the turkey became an important symbol in the antebellum era, the same period in which the Easter rabbit was born, the Fourth of July picnic became popular, and the Christmas tree rose to prominence. These trends resulted from the middle-class desire to make the home an idealized private life complete with its own rituals and symbols that separated it from the public life of the street. While the middle class retreated into its imagined private sphere, it did so while simultaneously claiming that their families represented the core building blocks of the nation. By conflating family and nation, the middle class generated a large demand for the physical goods that made such symbolic meaning manifest--in particular, Thanksgiving turkeys and Christmas trees. Reproducing these plants and animals, however, created agroecological problems, including crop diseases. While middle-class family holidays reinforce the scales of popular culture and mass agriculture, they do so only tenuously.