La simulation numérique de l'interaction fluide-structure par la méthode des éléments finis a été étudiée dans le cadre des équations de Navier-Stokes pour un fluide visqueux newtonien incompressible en interaction avec un solide élastique.<br />La formulation Euler-Lagrange Arbitraire (ALE) a été utilisée, en considérant un maillage dynamique, où le solide est décrit par une formulation Lagrangienne et le fluide par une formulation Eulérienne. Le modèle fluide est validé en considérant des cas tests académiques et concernent les cas : de la marche, de la cavité, de l'écoulement autour d'un cylindre, etc... Le modèle solide est validé en considérant le cas d'une poutre encastrée-libre et encastrée-encastrée, le cas d'un cylindre soumis à son poids propre et le cas d'une arche elliptique.<br />Un algorithme de couplage est alors mis au point pour la mise en oeuvre de cette interaction fluide-structure. Cet algorithme, basé sur un schéma explicite, permet le transfert de champs de façon interactive. L'efficacité de la méthode ALE et du couplage fluide-structure a été évaluée en considérant plusieurs cas tests: solide immergé dans un canal, où s'écoule un fluide en écoulement transitoire ou stationnaire, écoulement d'un fluide dans une canalisation à parois élastiques, etc...<br />Les résultats montrent que ce couplage explicite-interactif permet d'utiliser un maillage et un schéma différent pour le fluide et la structure, et jouit de l'avantage de ne pas utiliser de grosses matrices de stockage des données.

Le but de cette thèse est la construction et l'implémentation d'une méthode de Lagrange-Galerkin d'ordre élevé dans un code de simulation d'interactions fluide/structure. Cette méthode repose sur une formulation par éléments finis mixtes et une méthode des caractéristiques d'ordre 2 en maillage fixe ou mobile. La stabilité de ce schéma a été étudiée dans des cas simples. Des analyses aéroélastiques de structures généralement rencontrées dans le Génie Civil ont été effectuées à travers des tests numériques sur des coupes de ponts en mouvements forcés et libres. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à ceux obtenus avec la méthode de Lagrange-Galerkin d'ordre 1 ainsi qu'à des études réalisées en soufflerie expérimentale. Enfin, l'utilisation des méthodes de Lagrange-Galerkin dans des problèmes de contrôle optimal a été étudiée. Un schéma discret linéarisé basé sur la méthode des caractéristiques a été construit et quelques tests simples pour des problèmes de contrôle et d'identification en maillages fixes et mobiles ont été effectués.

Un enjeu actuel de la modélisation du laminage de produits plats est de pouvoir prédire l'apparition de défauts d'épaisseur et de planéité. Cela n'est possible qu'avec un modèle tridimensionnel prenant en compte la déformation des cylindres à l'origine de ces défauts. Or la gestion du maillage pour un tel modèle s'avère difficile. La zone de déformation, nécessairement finement maillée, est très petite par rapport à l'ensemble du volume maillé. Une description de maillage adaptée est la méthode Arbitrairement Lagrangienne Eulérienne (ALE). Le maillage ayant une vitesse différente de celle de la matière, il est possible de modéliser de grandes déformations tout en conservant une meilleure qualité du maillage qu'en lagrangien et de concentrer durablement un grand nombre d'éléments dans la zone de déformation en la couplant à un maillage adaptatif. Lors d'un précédent travail, une approche ALE découplée a été implémentée dans Forge3®. A chaque incrément de temps, la vitesse matérielle est tout d'abord calculée (étape purement lagrangienne), puis la vitesse du maillage est déterminée telle que la qualité des éléments soit améliorée à topologie donnée (r-adaptation), enfin a lieu un transport. Un point critique de la méthode ALE est de conserver précisément la frontière du domaine, en particulier lors de forte vitesse tangentielle de la matière, comme en laminage. Pour ce, une nouvelle gestion du maillage a été développée et utilisée pour la tôle. Elle consiste à projeter la position de tout nœud frontière sur la surface réactualisée lagrangienne. Une méthode de lissage des surfaces confère un degré de précision supplémentaire requis pour les zones légèrement courbes et faiblement raffinées, par exemple un bombé apparu lors du laminage. L'ensemble de ces procédures, applicables a priori à tout type de géométrie, sont effectuées localement pour des questions d'efficacité et de facilité d'implémentation. Ce caractère local n'a pas d'influence sur le choix du pas de temps grâce à une méthode de « sous-incrémentation ». La déformation élastique des cylindres est, elle, gérée par une formulation quasi-eulérienne qui conduit à des maillages de taille beaucoup plus faible qu'en lagrangien. Un cas industriel de laminage a été modélisé avec la formulation ALE. Les temps de calculs sont considérablement réduits en comparaison à la formulation lagrangienne de Forge3®. Les résultats en terme d'efforts, de contraintes, etc. sont en général meilleurs en ALE qu'en lagrangien et proches de ceux de la formulation quasi-eulérienne de Lam3.

This thesis explores experimentally and theoretically two different aspects of the properties and behaviour of metals: their ability to damp noise and their susceptibility to crack when solidifying. The first part concerns intrinsic material damping, and is motivated by increased demands from society for reductions in noise emissions. It is a material’s inherent ability to reduce its vibration level, and hence noise emission, and transform its kinetic energy into a temperature increase. To design new materials with increased intrinsic material damping, we need to be able to measure it. In this thesis, different methods for measurement of the intrinsic damping have been considered: one using Fourier analysis has been experimentally evaluated, and another using a specimen in uniaxial tension to measure the phase-lag between stress and strain has been improved. Finally, after discarding these methods, a new method has been developed. The new method measures the damping properties during compression using differential calorimetry. A specimen is subjected to a cyclic uniaxial stress to give a prescribed energy input. The difference in temperature between a specimen under stress and a non-stressed reference sample is measured. The experiments are performed in an insulated vacuum container to reduce convective losses. The rate of temperature change, together with the energy input, is used as a measure of the intrinsic material damping in the specimen. The results show a difference in intrinsic material damping, and the way in which it is influenced by the internal structure is discussed. The second part of the thesis examines hot cracks in solidifying shells. Most metals have a brittle region starting in the two-phase temperature range during solidification and for some alloys this region extends as far as hundreds of degrees below the solidus temperature. To calculate the risk of hot cracking, one needs, besides knowledge of the solidifying material’s ability to withstand stress, knowledge of the casting process to be able to calculate the thermal history of the solidification, and from this calculate the stress. In this work, experimental methods to measure and evaluate the energy transfer from the solidifying melt have been developed. The evaluated data has been used as a boundary condition to numerically calculate the solidification process and the evolving stress in the solidifying shell. A solidification model has been implemented using a fixed-domain methodology in a commercial finite element code, Comsol Multiphysics. A new solidification model using an arbitrary Lagrange Eulerian (ALE) formulation has also been implemented to solve the solidification problem for pure metals. This new model explicitly tracks the movement of the liquid/solid interface and is much more effective than the first model. / QC 20100929

Ce travail de thèse se consacre au développement et à l'analyse d'une méthode de décomposition spectrale en temps TSM (Time Spectral Method) visant à calculer efficace- ment des écoulements à périodicité temporelle. L'intérêt principal de cette formulation réside dans la possibilité de s'affranchir du calcul de la solution transitoire pour rechercher directe- ment l'état périodique établi et dans l'utilisation de grands pas de temps grace à la précision spectrale de la discrétisation temporelle TSM. La méthode TSM consiste à remplacer le calcul instationnaire d'une solution périodique en temps en le calcul de 2N + 1 problèmes station- naires couplés où N est le nombre d'harmoniques retenus dans la série de Fourier tronquée du système Navier-Stokes. La TSM est implémentée dans un code numérique qui résoud les équations instationnaires de Navier-Stokes dans un contexte de maillages non-structurés mis en mouvement grace à une approche ALE (Arbitary Lagrangian Eulerian). Une formulation implicite est proposée afin de rendre la méthode encore plus attrayante en termes de temps de calcul. Un apport original de cette thèse est l'extension de la TSM au calcul d'écoulements incompressibles laminaires en utilisant une méthode de compressibilité artificelle. Les cas tests de profils en mouvement de battement et d'oscillation permettent d'analyser et d'apprécier l'efficacité de cette nouvelle approche.

Beer, brewing, and the public house have been celebrated institutions in English culture for centuries. The drink occupies a venerable position in the gastronomy of most regions and is an integral component in the lives of many. There is an emerging literature on culinary tourism as an increasingly important element of cultural tourism. Local cuisine can be used to distinguish unique tourist regions from their competitors in an ever-globalising world. While wine tourism in particular has been studied quite thoroughly in recent years, beer tourism has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of, and potential for beer tourism in Yorkshire, England. Beer tourism can be described as “visitations to breweries, beer festivals, and beer shows for which beer tasting and experiencing the attributes of a beer region are the prime motivating factors for visitors” (Plummer et al. 2003). Through the use of a mail survey, short interviews, participant observation and secondary data collection techniques the author explored the extent to which local breweries use beer tourism practices; the specific beer tourism techniques being used by breweries in Yorkshire, and their perceived benefits and limitations; the partnerships, alliances and cooperation that may exist between the brewers themselves, and the tourism and hospitality industries; if and how tourism stakeholders draw upon beer and brewing to promote and market the region to tourists, and the role that brewers may play in this process. The author also made recommendations for brewery managers and regional marketing boards based upon relevant academic literature and the specific findings of this study. The author makes note of numerous findings on participation rates for breweries in tours and beer festivals, the perceived benefits and limitations that beer tourism has for brewers, and research on the branding and marketing of Yorkshire beer. A detailed typology of breweries based upon their relationship and degree of integration with the tourism industry is introduced. Furthermore, a tentative hypothesis based upon a brewer’s rationale for involvement in tourism and the size and success of that brewery is presented. This hypothesis must be empirically tested in future research to determine its acceptability. The author also presented a detailed review of the relevance of wine tourism literature for the field of beer tourism. It was found that although the two forms of beverage tourism share many commonalities, there exist as many differences. This comparison ultimately emphasises the importance of developing a specific beer tourism literature. It is hoped that the findings of this beer-specific research may be used by others with a keen interest in beer and tourism to undertake additional studies in the field. This study solely investigates the links between beer producers and the tourism and hospitality industry in Yorkshire, England. A similar study in an alternative setting would most likely yield interesting results. Furthermore, additional studies on beer and tourism should take the size, brewing output capacity, and possibly the revenue of a brewery into account in order to investigate potential differences between breweries’ tourism strategies based upon their size and success in their market.

Beer, brewing, and the public house have been celebrated institutions in English culture for centuries. The drink occupies a venerable position in the gastronomy of most regions and is an integral component in the lives of many. There is an emerging literature on culinary tourism as an increasingly important element of cultural tourism. Local cuisine can be used to distinguish unique tourist regions from their competitors in an ever-globalising world. While wine tourism in particular has been studied quite thoroughly in recent years, beer tourism has been largely neglected. The purpose of this study is to explore the current state of, and potential for beer tourism in Yorkshire, England. Beer tourism can be described as “visitations to breweries, beer festivals, and beer shows for which beer tasting and experiencing the attributes of a beer region are the prime motivating factors for visitors” (Plummer et al. 2003). Through the use of a mail survey, short interviews, participant observation and secondary data collection techniques the author explored the extent to which local breweries use beer tourism practices; the specific beer tourism techniques being used by breweries in Yorkshire, and their perceived benefits and limitations; the partnerships, alliances and cooperation that may exist between the brewers themselves, and the tourism and hospitality industries; if and how tourism stakeholders draw upon beer and brewing to promote and market the region to tourists, and the role that brewers may play in this process. The author also made recommendations for brewery managers and regional marketing boards based upon relevant academic literature and the specific findings of this study. The author makes note of numerous findings on participation rates for breweries in tours and beer festivals, the perceived benefits and limitations that beer tourism has for brewers, and research on the branding and marketing of Yorkshire beer. A detailed typology of breweries based upon their relationship and degree of integration with the tourism industry is introduced. Furthermore, a tentative hypothesis based upon a brewer’s rationale for involvement in tourism and the size and success of that brewery is presented. This hypothesis must be empirically tested in future research to determine its acceptability. The author also presented a detailed review of the relevance of wine tourism literature for the field of beer tourism. It was found that although the two forms of beverage tourism share many commonalities, there exist as many differences. This comparison ultimately emphasises the importance of developing a specific beer tourism literature. It is hoped that the findings of this beer-specific research may be used by others with a keen interest in beer and tourism to undertake additional studies in the field. This study solely investigates the links between beer producers and the tourism and hospitality industry in Yorkshire, England. A similar study in an alternative setting would most likely yield interesting results. Furthermore, additional studies on beer and tourism should take the size, brewing output capacity, and possibly the revenue of a brewery into account in order to investigate potential differences between breweries’ tourism strategies based upon their size and success in their market.

L'érosion est un phénomène d'arrachage et de transport de particules solides par des efforts hydrauliques au sein des ouvrages hydrauliques. Cette pathologie très représentée dans les ouvrages en terre peut conduire à la rupture, aussi, la comprendre et la maîtriser constituent des enjeux sociétaux et industriels très forts. L'érodabilité des matériaux se caractérise au travers notamment d'un essai dit d'érosion de conduit et sa modélisation numérique constitue le pivot de ce travail de thèse. Le phénomène d'érosion est un problème couplé entre le fluide et le solide et nous utiliserons deux codes construits sur des approches particulaires pour aborder le problème : ASPHODEL (ANDRITZLMFA) pour la partie fluide (méthode SPH-ALE Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics - Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian) et YADE (L3S-R) pour la fraction solide (méthode DEM Discrete Element Method). Alors que YADE a été largement utilisé pour modéliser des problèmes géotechniques, ASPHODEL n'a pas encore été évalué dans un tel contexte. Ce travail constituera alors une étude de faisabilité pour l'utilisation d'ASPHODEL dans un contexte du génie civil et donnera les conditions pour espérer obtenir des résultats quantitatifs pour les phénomènes étudiés. Dans un deuxième temps, le couplage entre les deux codes sera construit dans le but d'étudier les phénomènes d'arrachage de particules le long de conduits formés à travers des matériaux granulaires cohérents. La validation du code ASPHODEL à l'échelle de la particule a été effectuée par l'étude de l'écoulement visqueux autour d'un objet 2D (cylindre) fixe et isolé de section circulaire mais aussi carrée ou triangulaire. Les forces de trainée, de portance, le coefficient de pression autour du cylindre et le nombre de Strouhal sont comparés à des résultats issus de la littérature pour différents Reynolds en régime laminaire. La validation du code ASPHODEL à l'échelle de l'échantillon a consisté à étudier un écoulement fluide entre des parois lisses ainsi que des parois constituées de particules solides fixes créant une rugosité. Le coefficient de frottement a été systématiquement calculé et comparé aux résultats issus de la littérature et le torseur fluide sur chaque particule solide des parois a été aussi évalué. Enfin, le couplage partitionné entre les deux codes fluide et solide a été construit et validé qualitativement pour le problème de la sédimentation sous gravité d'un grain solide rigide dans un fluide visqueux.

This work extends a previously developed finite-volume overset-grid fluid flow solver to enable the characterisation of rigid-body-fluid interaction problems. To this end, several essential components have been developed and blended together. The inherent time-dependent nature of fluid-solid interaction problems is captured through the laminar transient incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid, and the Euler-Newton equations for rigid-body motion. First and second order accurate time discretisation schemes have been implemented for the former, whereas second and third order accurate time discretisation schemes have been made available for the latter. Without doubt the main advantage the overset-grid method offers regarding moving entities is the avoidance of the time consuming grid regeneration step, and the resulting grid distortion that can often cause numerical stability problems in the solution of the flow equations. Instead, body movement is achieved by the relative motion of a body fitted grid over a suitable background mesh. In this case, the governing equations of fluid flow are formulated using a Lagrangian, Eulerian, or hybrid flow description via the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method. This entails the need to guarantee that mesh motion shall not disturb the flow field. With this in mind, the space conservation law has been hard-coded. The compliance of the space conservation law has the added benefit of preventing spurious mass sources from appearing due to mesh deformation. In this work, two-way fluid-solid interaction problems are solved via a partitioned approach. Coupling is achieved by implementing a Picard iteration algorithm. This allows for flexible degree of coupling specificationby the user. Furthermore, if strong coupling is desired, three variants of interface under-relaxation can be chosen to mitigate stability issues and to accelerate convergence. These include fixed, or two variants of Aitken’s adaptive under-relaxation factors. The software also allows to solve for one-way fluid-solid interaction problems in which the motion of the solid is prescribed. Verification of the core individual components of the software is carried out through the powerful method of manufactured solutions (MMS). This purely mathematically based exercise provides a picture of the order of accuracy of the implementation, and serves as a filter for coding errors which can be virtually impossible to detect by other means. Three instances of one-way fluid-solid interaction cases are compared with simulation results either from the literature, or from the OpenFOAM package. These include: flow within a piston cylinder assembly, flow induced by two oscillating cylinders, and flow induced by two rectangular plates exhibiting general planar motion. Three cases pertaining to the class of two-way fluid-interaction problems are presented. The flow generated by the free fall of a cylinder under the action of gravity is computed with the aid of an intermediate ‘motion tracking’ grid. The solution is compared with the one obtained using a vorticity based particle solver for validation purposes. Transverse vortex induced vibrations (VIV) of a circular cylinder immersed in a fluid, and subject to a stream are compared with experimental data. Finally, the fluttering motion of a rectangular plate under different scenarios is analysed.

Apresenta-se uma formulação de adaptação de malha para problemas com grandes deformações. A formulação Arbitrária Lagrangeana-Euleraina (ALE) permite manter a qualidade dos elementos finitos durante o processo de cálculo através de rearranjo ou movimento de malha independente do movimento material. Nas formulações Lagrangeanas a malha fica “colada” ao corpo durante toda a análise, logo quando este sofre grandes deformações diferenciais o mesmo se reproduz numa malha distorcida. A formulação ALE desacoplada consta de dois passos: O passo Lagrangeano onde são aplicados os incrementos de carga, a malha permanece “colada” à matéria durante a análise. E cada certo “tempo” o passo Euleriano onde “descola-se” a malha da matéria e efetua-se o movimento de malha que se ajusta melhor ao corpo deformado. São apresentados assim métodos de realocação da malha e transferência ou atualização das variáveis necessárias para, depois do passo Euleriano, continuar a análise com a nova malha sem grandes distorções dos elementos. Os problemas de grandes deformações e deslocamentos são acompanhados de não linearidades físicas e geométricas, assim, são abordados os métodos para o tratamento destas não linearidades. Trabalha-se com o elemento hexaédrico tri-linear com integração reduzida e controle dos modos espúrios que tem demostrado um bom comportamento frente a grandes não linearidades geométricas assim como para as não linearidades físicas. A formulação ALE tem ganhando seu espaço na mecânica dos sólidos, em problemas de conformação mecânica e impacto, devido às grandes deformações e na última década está abrindo-se passo na área da geomecânica tratando problemas recalque e penetração de fundações em solos. / This work presents remeshing techniques for finite element simulation and investigates their performance for large deformation problems. Lagrangian formulation generally results in excessive mesh distortion owing to its attachment to the material. Meanwhile, the Lagrangian- Eulerian (ALE) formulation alouds to keep the finite element quality through the arbitrarily rearrangement or movement of the mesh, to optimize the element’s shape. The decoupled Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach consists in a sequence of Lagrangian and Eulerian steps. The mesh is “coupled” to the material during the Lagrangian steps. From step to step, mesh is decoupled from the system material (Eulerian step), the nodes corresponding to free boundaries are relocated using an analytical approach, remeshing is performed and finally the state variables are remapped. Rearrangements methods for the element’s node are presented, as well as the variables remapping algorithms at the new quadrature points, in order to continue with the finite element analysis without altering the element topology of the original mesh. Special attention is given to methods dealing with geometric and physical nonlinearities. A trilinear hexahedral element is used with reduced integration and hourglass control. This combination has shown well behavior in front of large geometric and physical nonlinearities. ALE formulation field has considerably grown in geotechnical research, especially in impact and mechanical extrusion problems. Over the last decade, geomechanic is dealing with settlement problems and foundation penetration in soils.