O estudo dos nÃmeros complexos no ensino mÃdio à caracterizado, quase exclusivamente, pela abordagem algÃbrica deixando a parte geomÃtrica e suas aplicaÃÃes sem uma devida importÃncia. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre nÃmeros complexos bem como algumas de suas aplicaÃÃes tanto da parte algÃbrica, aplicada a polinÃmios, quanto da parte geomÃtrica aplicada em especial à trigonometria. De inÃcio fizemos uma abordagem dos fatos histÃricos desses nÃmeros citando alguns matemÃticos que deram suas contribuiÃÃes acerca desse conjunto complexo. Em seguida à apresentada a parte teÃrica, algÃbrica e geomÃtrica, bem como algumas aplicaÃÃes a trigonometria. Por fim apresentamos a teoria das equaÃÃes algÃbricas quadrÃticas e cÃbicas e a interaÃÃo dessas com os nÃmeros complexos. / The study of the complex numbers in the medium teaching is characterized, almost exclusively, for the algebraic approach leaving the geometric part and their applications without a due importance. This work presents a study on complex numbers as well as some of their applications so much of the algebraic part, applied to polynomials, as of the geometric part especially applied to the trigonometry. Of I begin did an approach of the historical facts of those numbers mentioning some mathematical that gave their contributions near of that complex group. Soon afterwards the part theoretical, algebraic and geometric is presented, as well as some applications the trigonometry. Finally we presented the theory of the quadratic and cubic algebraic equations and the interaction of those with the complex numbers.

Orientador: Fernando Eduardo Torres Orihuela / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T15:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castilho_TiagoNunes_M.pdf: 813127 bytes, checksum: 313e9951b003dcd0e0876813659d7050 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nesta dissertacao estudamos cotas para o numero de pontos racionais de curvas definidas sobre corpos finitos tendo como ponto de partida a teoria de Stohr-Voloch / Abstract: In this work we study upper bounds on the number of rational points of curves over finite fields by using the Stohr-Voloch theory / Mestrado / Algebra Comutativa, Geometria Algebrica / Mestre em Matemática

In this thesis we are dealing with basic methods of theoretical physics focusing on quantum theory of gravity, that are: Hamilton-Dirac formalism for singular systems, Dirac`s method of quantizing systems with constraints and its mathematical formulation - refined algebraic quantization, representation of compact groups and representation of Lorentz group. We apply these methods to find eigenstates of Lorentz group and General linear group generators. We construct a physical Hilbert space on temporal part of 3+1 decomposition of Einstein-Cartan theory. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

L'objet de cette thèse est une description effective des espaces de modules des courbes hyper- elliptiques de genre 3 en caractéristiques positives. En caractéristique nulle ou impaire, on obtient une paramétrisation de ces espaces de modules par l'intermédiaire des algèbres d'invariants pour l'action du groupe spécial linéaire sur les espaces de formes binaires de degré 8, qui sont de type fini. Suite aux travaux de Lercier et Ritzenthaler, les cas des corps de caractéristiques 3, 5 et 7 restaient ouverts. Pour ces derniers, les méthodes classiques de la caractéristique nulle sont inno- pérantes pour l'obtention de générateurs pour les algèbres d'invariants en jeu. Nous nous sommes donc contenté d'exhiber des invariants séparants en caractéristiques 3 et 7. En outre, nos résultats concernant la caractéristique 5 suggèrent l'inadéquation de cette approche pour ce cas. À partir de ces résultats, nous avons pu expliciter la stratification des espaces de modules des courbes hyperelliptiques de genre 3 en caractéristiques 3 et 7 selon les groupes d'automorphismes et implémenté divers algorithmes, dont celui de Mestre, pour la reconstruction d'une courbe à partir de son module, ie la valeur de ses invariants. Pour cette phase de reconstruction, nous nous sommes notamment attaché aux questions arithmétiques, comme l'existence d'une obstruction à être un corps de définition pour le corps de module et, dans le cas contraire, à l'obtention d'un modèle de la courbe sur ce corps minimal. Enfin pour la caractéristique 2, notre approche est différente, dans la mesure où les courbes sont étudiées via leur modèle d'Artin-Schreier. Nous exhibons pour celles-ci des invariants bigradués qui dépendent de la structure arithmétique des points de ramifications des courbes. / The aim of this thesis is to provide an explicite description of the moduli spaces of genus 3 hyperelliptic curves in positive characteristic. Over a field of characteristic zero or odd, a parame- terization of these moduli spaces is given via the algebra of invariants of binary forms of degree 8 under the action of the special linear group. After the work of Lercier and Ritzenthaler, the case of fields of characteristic 3, 5 and 7 are still open. However, in these remaining case, the classical methods in characteristic zero do not work in order to provide generators for these algebra of invariants. Hence we provide only separating invariants in characteristic 3 and 7. Furthermore our results in characteristic 5 show this approach is not suitable. From these results, we describe the stratification of the moduli spaces of genus 3 hyperelliptic curves in characteristic 3 and 7 according to the automorphism groups of the curves and imple- ment algorithms to reconstruct a curve from its invariants. For this reconstruction stage, we paid attention to arithmetic issues, like the obstruction to be a field of definition for the field of moduli. Finally, in the characteristic 2 case, we use a different approach, given that the curves are defined by their Artin-Schreier models. The arithmetic structure of the ramification points of these curves stratify the moduli space in 5 cases and we define in each case invariants that characterize the isomorphism class of hyperelliptic curves.

This thesis covers improvements on the upperbounds for ropelength of a specific class of algebraic knots.

This thesis develops various aspects of Algebraic Geometry and its applications in different fields of science. In Chapter 2 we characterise the feasible set of an optimisation problem relevant in chemical process engineering. We consider the polynomial dynamical system associated with mass-action kinetics of a chemical reaction network. Given an initial point, the attainable region of that point is the smallest convex and forward closed set that contains the trajectory. We show that this region is a spectrahedral shadow for a class of linear dynamical systems. As a step towards representing attainable regions we develop algorithms to compute the convex hulls of trajectories. We present an implementation of this algorithm which works in dimensions 2,3 and 4. These algorithms are based on a theory that approximates the boundary of the convex hull of curves by a family of polytopes. If the convex hull is represented as the output of our algorithms we can also check whether it is forward closed or not. Chapter 3 has two parts. In this first part, we do a case study of planar curves of degree 6. It is known that there are 64 rigid isotopy types of these curves. We construct explicit polynomial representatives with integer coefficients for each of these types using different techniques in the literature. We present an algorithm, and its implementation in software Mathematica, for determining the isotopy type of a given sextic. Using the representatives various sextics for each type were sampled. On those samples we explored the number of real bitangents, inflection points and eigenvectors. We also computed the tensor rank of the representatives by numerical methods. We show that the locus of all real lines that do not meet a given sextic is a union of up to 46 convex regions that is bounded by its dual curve. In the second part of Chapter 3 we consider a problem arising in molecular biology. In a system where molecules bind to a target molecule with multiple binding sites, cooperativity measures how the already bound molecules affect the chances of other molecules binding. We address an optimisation problem that arises while quantifying cooperativity. We compute cooperativity for the real data of molecules binding to hemoglobin and its variants. In Chapter 4, given a variety X in n-dimensional projective space we look at its image under the map that takes each point in X to its coordinate-wise r-th power. We compute the degree of the image. We also study their defining equations, particularly for hypersurfaces and linear spaces. We exhibit the set-theoretic equations of the coordinate-wise square of a linear space L of dimension k embedded in a high dimensional ambient space. We also establish a link between coordinate-wise squares of linear spaces and the study of real symmetric matrices with degenerate eigenspectrum.

The diploma with the help of algebraic tiles thesis focuses on teaching expressions with variables in the eighth grade in middle school. It is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. A particular chapter is devoted to an analysis of selected textbooks. First of all, the aim of this thesis was to analyse mathematics textbooks from the perspective the algebraic expressions. Some knowledge acquired thanks to the textbook analysis was used for my own educational experiment, whose preparation, realisation and assessment were the second objective of this thesis. The theoretical part provides a look at expressions with variables in curricular documents. Thereafter the pillars of teaching algebraic expressions are presented. This part is completed by the classification of errors made by students in relation to the topic. An analysis of selected textbooks follows the theoretical part. The core of this thesis is the experimental part, where teaching is based on constructivist principles. The preparation of the course explains the manipulation of the algebra tiles used during the lessons. After the teaching experiments, we may conclude that the application of algebra tiles helps students get into the environment of algebraic expressions, improves the understanding of the rules of manipulations with...

The major part of this thesis revolves around the real algebraic geometry of curves, especially curves of degree six. We use the topological and rigid isotopy classifications of plane sextics to explore the reality of several features associated to each class, such as the bitangents, inflection points, and tensor eigenvectors. We also study the real tensor rank of plane sextics, the construction of quartic surfaces with prescribed topology, and the avoidance locus, which is the locus of all real lines that do not meet a given plane curve. In the case of space sextics, a classical construction relates an important family of these genus 4 curves to the del Pezzo surfaces of degree one. We show that this construction simplifies several problems related to space sextics over the field of real numbers. In particular, we find an example of a space sextic with 120 totally real tritangent planes, which answers a historical problem originating from Arnold Emch in 1928. The last part of this thesis is an algebraic study of a real optimization problem known as Weber problem. We give an explanation and a partial proof for a conjecture on the algebraic degree of the Fermat-Weber point over the field of rational numbers.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions certains invariants birationnels des variétés projectives lisses, en lien avec les questions de rationalité de ces variétés. Elle se compose de trois chapitres qui peuvent être lus indépendamment.Dans le premier chapitre, nous étudions, pour certaines familles de variétés, certains invariants birationnels stables, nuls pour l'espace projectif, apparaissant naturellement avec les formules de Manin. D'une part, nous montrons que l'invariant birationnel qu'est le groupe des cycles de torsion de codimension 3 contenus dans le noyau de l'application classe de cycle de Deligne est pour, les hypersurfaces cubiques complexes de dimension 5, contrôlé par l'invariant birationnel de sa variété des droites donné par le groupe des 1-cycles de torsion contenus dans le noyau de l'application classe de cycle de Deligne. D'autre part on établit la nullité du groupe de Griffiths des 1-cycles pour la variété des droites d'une hypersurface de l'espace projectif sur un corps algébriquement clos de caractérsitique 0, lorsque celle-ci est lisses et de Fano d'indice au moins 3.Les deux derniers chapitres se concentrent sur des aspects différents d'une propriété invariante par équivalence birationnelle stable introduite récemment par Voisin: l'existence d'une décomposition de Chow de la diagonale. Dans le second chapitre, nous étendons à la caractéristique positive p > 2 une partie des résultats obtenus par Voisin sur la décomposition de Chow de la diagonale des hypersurfaces cubiques complexes de dimension 3.Dans le dernier chapitre, on étudie la notion de dimension CH0 essentielle introduite par Voisin et reliée à l’existence d’une décomposition de Chow de la diagonale en ce que dire d’une variété qu’elle est de dimension CH0 essentielle nulle équivaut à affirmer l’existence d’une décomposition de Chow de sa diagonale. Nous présentons des conditions suffisantes (et nécessaires) pour assurer qu’une variété complexe dont le groupe des 0-cycle est trivial et dont la dimension CH_0 essentielle est au plus 2 est de dimension CH_0 essentielle nulle. / In this thesis, we study some birational invariants of smooth projective varieties, in view of rationality questions for these varieties. It consists of three parts, that can be read independently.In the first chapter, we study, for some families of varieties, some stable birational invariants, that vanish for projective space and that appear naturally with Manin formulas. On one hand, we show for complex cubic 5-folds that the birational invariant given by the group of torsion codimension 3 cycles annihilated by the Deligne cycle map is controlled by the group of torsion 1-cycles of its variety of lines annihilated by the Deligne cycle map. We also prove that the Griffiths group of 1-cycles for the variety of lines of a hypersurface of the projective space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0, is trivial when the variety is smooth and Fano of index at least 3.The two last chapters focus on different aspects of the Chow-theoretic decomposition of the diagonal, a property which is invariant under stable birational equivalence, recently introduced by Voisin. In the second chapter, we adapt in characteristic greater than 2, part of the results, obtained by Voisin over the complex numbers, on the decomposition of the diagonal of cubic threefolds.In the last chapter, we study the concept of essential CH_0-dimension introduced by Voisin and related to the decomposition of the diagonal in that having essential CH_0-dimension 0 is equivalent to admitting a Chow-theoretic decomposition of the diagonal. We give sufficient (and necessary) conditions, for a complex variety with trivial group of 0-cycles, having essential CH_0-dimension non greater than 2 to admit a Chow-theoretic decomposition of the diagonal.

We first provide a detailed background of a geometric projection methodology developed by Professor Roswitha Marz at Humboldt University in Berlin for showing uniqueness and existence of solutions for ordinary differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). Because of the geometric and operator-theoretic aspects of this particular method, it can be extended to the case of infinite-dimensional abstract DAEs. For example, partial differential equations (PDEs) are often formulated as abstract Cauchy or evolution problems which we label abstract ordinary differential equations or AODE. Using this abstract formulation, existence and uniqueness of the Cauchy problem has been studied. Similarly, we look at an AODE system with operator constraint equations to formulate an abstract differential-algebraic equation or ADAE problem. Existence and uniqueness of solutions is shown under certain conditions on the operators for both index-1 and index-2 abstract DAEs. These existence and uniqueness results are then applied to some index-1 DAEs in the area of thermodynamic modeling of a chemical vapor deposition reactor and to a structural dynamics problem. The application for the structural dynamics problem, in particular, provides a detailed construction of the model and development of the DAE framework. Existence and uniqueness are primarily demonstrated using a semigroup approach. Finally, an exploration of some issues which arise from discretizing the abstract DAE are discussed. / Ph. D.