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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Fenhexamid : mode d’action et résistance chez le complexe d’espèces Botrytis SPP., responsable de la pourriture grise de la vigne / Fenhexamid : mode of action and resistance in the complex of species Botrytis spp., responsible for grey mould disease

Billard, Alexis 28 January 2011 (has links)
La lutte chimique est la principale méthode utilisée pour contrôler les maladies causées par les champignons phytopathogènes. Dans certains cas, desphénomènes de résistance envers les fongicides se développent au sein despopulations, altérant parfois l’efficacité des molécules. La compréhension du moded’action des fongicides et des mécanismes de résistance sous-jacents participe à élaboreret à adapter des stratégies de management anti résistance ; et ainsi permettre depérenniser la durée de vie des molécules. Le fenhexamid est un fongicide récent (BayerCropScience, 2000), avec un mode d’action unique. Il est le seul fongicide commercialisébloquant l’étape de C4-déméthylation de la biosynthèse de l’ergostérol. Plusieurs typesde résistance (naturelle et acquises) ont été détectées dans les vignobles européens chez lecomplexe d’espèces Botrytis spp. responsable de la pourriture grise de la vigne. Lestravaux développés durant la thèse s’inscrivent dans l’objectif de la caractérisation dumode d’action et de l’élucidation des mécanismes de résistance. Le premier axe s’estattaché à la caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux gènes impliqués dans la C-4déméthylation de la biosynthèse de l’ergostérol : le gène erg27 codant la 3-céto réductase,cible du fenhexamid, et le gène erg28 codant une protéine qui interagirait en partie avecla 3-céto réductase. Concernant la résistance au fenhexamid, il a été démontré que, pargénétique inverse, les mutations détectées dans le gène erg27 de différents types d'isolatsrésistants issus du vignoble (phénotypes de résistance HydR3- et HydR3+) conféraient larésistance. Par ailleurs, une analyse de fitness du phénotype le plus préoccupant(phénotype HydR3+) a été réalisée en conditions contrôlées sur des souches isogéniquesartificielles afin d’apporter une réponse sur la persistance possible de ces souches auvignoble. Une méthode fine de quantification moléculaire de ces mêmes isolats aégalement été mise au point pour faciliter le suivi de leur évolution et de la persistancedes populations naturelles à l’échelle des vignobles. Cette nouvelle méthode, nomméeASPPAA PCR, exploite le polymorphisme nucléotidique du gène erg27, à l’origine de larésistance. Enfin, la résistance naturelle au fenhexamid de l’espèce apparentée à Botrytiscinerea, appelée Botrytis pseudocinerea a été élucidée. La résistance au fongicide de cetteespèce a été expliquée par la combinaison de modifications de cible (mécanismeminoritaire) et d’une dégradation du fongicide par un cytochrome P450 nomméCyp68.4 (mécanisme majeur). Il s’agit de la première identification et caractérisationgénétique d’un mécanisme de résistance à un fongicide conférée par un processus dedétoxification chez un champignon phytopathogène. / Chemical control is the main method used to control diseases caused byphytopathogenic fungi. In some cases, the resistance phenomena towardfungicides occur within fungal populations, which might alter practicalefficiency of molecules. Understanding modes of action of fungicides andunderlying resistance mechanisms participate to the development and adaptationof management strategies against resistance, and thus help to sustain the life ofmolecules. Fenhexamid is a recent fungicide (Bayer CropScience, 2000), with aparticular mode of action. It is the only fungicide marketed blocking the C4-demethylation step of ergosterol biosynthesis. Several types of resistance (naturaland acquired) were detected in European vineyards in the Botrytis spp speciescomplex, causing grey mold disease. This work focused on the characterization ofthe mode of action and the elucidation of resistance mechanisms. The first aspectinvestigated the functional characterization of two genes involved in the C4-demethylation of ergosterol biosynthesis. The erg27 gene potentially encoding the3-keto reductase which is the fenhexamid target and the erg28 gene encoding aprotein that interact in part with the 3-ketoreductase. Concerning fenhexamidresistance, we shown by reverse genetics that mutations detected in the erg27 genefrom different resistant isolates from the vineyards (phenotypes HydR3- andHydR3+) confer resistance. Furthermore, a fitness analysis under controlledconditions on the most worrying resistant phenotype (HydR3+) was performed onisogenic artificial strains in order to predict the possible persistence of these strainsin vineyards. A fine molecular method to quantify these isolates was developed tofacilitate the follow-up of evolution and persistence of resistant populations in thevineyard. This new method, named ASPPAA PCR is based on the nucleotidepolymorphism of the erg27 gene, responsible for fenhexamid resistance. Finally,the natural resistance to fenhexamid of the related species to Botrytis cinerea, B.pseudocinerea, was elucidated. Fungicide resistance of this species is explained bythe combination of target site modifications (minor mechanism) and fungicidedegradation mediated by a cytochrome P450 named Cyp68.4 (major mechanism).This is the first characterization of a genetic resistance mechanism to a fungicideconferred by detoxification in a phytopathogenic fungus.
82

Mutational Analysis and Redesign of Alpha-class Glutathione Transferases for Enhanced Azathioprine Activity

Modén, Olof January 2013 (has links)
Glutathione transferase (GST) A2-2 is the human enzyme most efficient in catalyzing azathioprine activation. Structure-function relationships were sought explaining the higher catalytic efficiency compared to other alpha class GSTs. By screening a DNA shuffling library, five recombined segments were identified that were conserved among the most active mutants. Mutational analysis confirmed the importance of these short segments as their insertion into low-active GSTs introduced higher azathioprine activity. Besides, H-site mutagenesis led to decreased azathioprine activity when the targeted positions belonged to these conserved segments and mainly enhanced activity when other positions were targeted. Hydrophobic residues were preferred in positions 208 and 213. The prodrug azathioprine is today primarily used for maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease. Therapy leads to adverse effects for 30 % of the patients and genotyping of the metabolic genes involved can explain some of these incidences. Five genotypes of human A2-2 were characterized and variant A2*E had 3–4-fold higher catalytic efficiency with azathioprine, due to a proline mutated close to the H-site. Faster activation might lead to different metabolite distributions and possibly more adverse effects. Genotyping of GSTs is recommended for further studies. Molecular docking of azathioprine into a modeled structure of A2*E suggested three positions for mutagenesis. The most active mutants had small or polar residues in the mutated positions. Mutant L107G/L108D/F222H displayed a 70-fold improved catalytic efficiency with azathioprine. Determination of its structure by X-ray crystallography showed a widened H-site, suggesting that the transition state could be accommodated in a mode better suited for catalysis. The mutational analysis increased our understanding of the azathioprine activation in alpha class GSTs and highlighted A2*E as one factor possibly behind the adverse drug-effects. A successfully redesigned GST, with 200-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency towards azathioprine compared to the starting point A2*C, might find use in targeted enzyme-prodrug therapies.
83

Untersuchungen zur Assoziation genetischer Polymorphismen im Gen des Endotoxinrezeptors CD14 mit der transkriptionellen Aktivität / Investigations of Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in the CD14 Endotoxin Receptor Gene with Transcriptional Activity

Bregadze, Rusudan 20 October 2010 (has links)
No description available.

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