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Evaluer le caractère équitable d'une politique publique ne va pas de soi tant les critères associés à l’idée d’équité sont divers, imprécis et potentiellement contradictoires. Dans cette thèse, une approche en deux temps, qui vise à identifier des options de politiques publiques équitables et susceptibles de faire l’objet d’un consensus à l’issue d’une délibération entre les personnes concernées, est développée et discutée. Dans un premier temps, il est proposé de clarifier des principes invoqués et leur articulation dans un contexte de décision formalisé. Une telle approche met l’accent sur les arbitrages nécessaires entre ces principes et permet d'identifier des possibilités de conciliation, parfois nouvelles, entre eux. Ensuite, il est proposé d’évaluer le caractère équitable des options identifiées à partir des jugements et des valeurs des personnes concernées tels qu’ils peuvent être observés à travers des travaux d’enquête ou des expériences en laboratoire. Cette approche est ensuite mise en œuvre dans un contexte de décision particulier où l'équité constitue une attente forte : celui de la localisation d'équipements collectifs socialement souhaitables mais localement indésirables. Dans le quatrième chapitre, j'étudie les propriétés de différentes règles de décisions dans un cadre simple où un unique projet indivisible doit être alloué entre plusieurs agents qui présentent des coûts et des exigences de compensation variables. Dans le cinquième chapitre, je présente les résultats d'une expérience en laboratoire qui s'intéresse aux jugements de sujets placés dans une situation similaire à celle étudiée dans le chapitre précédent. Enfin, un dernier chapitre est consacré à l'étude de certaines implications d'une généralisation du cadre initial à un ensemble de situations qui permet l'existence d'externalités. / Assessing the fair character of a public policy is not a straightforward endeavour because of the numerous, imprecise and potentially contradictory criteria associated with the idea of fairness. In this thesis, I develop and discuss a two-stage approach that aims at identifying fair policy options that are likely to achieve a consensus among stakeholders after deliberation. This approach first consists in clarifying and combining the principles invoked in a formal decision framework. This sets a focus on existing trade-offs between different principles and allows identifying, sometimes innovative, conciliation opportunities. Then, I focus on identifying fair options on the basis of the judgments and values of stakeholders as they can be observed through survey methods or laboratory experiments. A discussion and three research articles are then presented to illustrate how this approach could be implemented in a particular decision context where fairness is high in demand: the location of socially desirable, but locally undesirable, land uses. In the fourth chapter, I study the fairness properties of several decision rules in a simple framework that consists of a single and indivisible project that can be allocated among a group of agents that feature different costs and willingness to accept the project. In the fifth chapter, I present the results of a laboratory experiments that consists of a situation similar to the one studied in the preceding chapter. The last chapter is devoted to the study of some implications of broadening the simple initial framework to a set of situation that allows for externalities.

A methodology to estimate stochastic surface water flows was developed and applied to a case study area using chance constrained programming model. The results were analyzed as to the effects on different areas of production in Utah.

We consider joint chance-constrained programs with random lefthand sides. The motivation of this project is that this class of problem has many important applications, but there are few existing solution methods. For the most part, we deal with the subclass of problems for which the underlying parameter distributions are discrete. This assumption allows the original problem to be formulated as a deterministic equivalent mixed-integer program. We rst approach the problem as a mixed-integer program and derive a class of optimality cuts based on irreducibly infeasible subsets of the constraints of the scenarios of the problem. The IIS cuts can be computed effciently by means of a linear program. We give a method for improving the upper bound of the problem when no IIS cut can be identifi ed. We also give an implementation of an algorithm incorporating these ideas and finish with some computational results. We present a tabu search metaheuristic for fi nding good feasible solutions to the mixed-integer formulation of the problem. Our heuristic works by de ning a sufficient set of scenarios with the characteristic that all other scenarios do not have to be considered when generating upper bounds. We then use tabu search on the one-opt neighborhood of the problem. We give computational results that show our metaheuristic outperforming the state-of-the-art industrial solvers. We then show how to reformulate the problem so that the chance-constraints are monotonic functions. We then derive a convergent global branch-and-bound algorithm using the principles of monotonic optimization. We give a finitely convergent modi cation of the algorithm. Finally, we give a discussion on why this algorithm is computationally ine ffective. The last section of this dissertation details an application of joint chance-constrained stochastic programs to a vaccination allocation problem. We show why it is necessary to formulate the problem with random parameters and also why chance-constraints are a good framework for de fining an optimal policy. We give an example of the problem formulated as a chance constraint and a short numerical example to illustrate the concepts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how selected factors are related to the time children in single parent families spend in the household tasks of meal preparation; dishwashing; shopping; housecleaning; maintenance of home, yard, car and pets and nonphysical care of family members. The data for this study were collected from 89 female headed single-parent/ two-child households in the greater metropolitan Salt Lake City 1Utah area. Time use data were collected for mothers and their children between the ages of 6 and 17. There were 178 children in the 89 families , of which 150 were in the specified age range. It was not possible to select a random sample for this study. Thus, to reflect a random sample of singleparent/ two-child urban Utah households, data were weighted using standard weighting procedures and 1980 census figures. Two instruments were used to collect data from respondents, a time diary and a questionnaire. Research that has examined children in single-parent households has compared their time allocations to those of children in two-parent households. There has been no research that has specifically examined variations in the time spent by children in single-parent families that could be related to their household work. Multiple regression was used to analyze the relationship between a child's age, gender, birth order, gender of sibling, mother's time in paid work and school attendance, household income, season of the year, household equipment and certain household conditions with the amount of time children of single-parent families spent in the six selected household tasks. This study found that children of single-parent families spent varying amounts of time on household tasks depending on the task, age of the child, gender of the child, gender of the sibling, mother's time in paid work and school attendance, household income, season of the year, household equipment and certain household conditions.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24394号 / 理博第4893号 / 新制||理||1699(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 小林 佑輔, 教授 牧野 和久, 教授 長谷川 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

There have been many deadly terrorist attacks which have taken place in the 21st Century. At the turn of the century the world was transfixed as two planes were hijacked and flown into the ‘Twin Towers.’ Many recent attacks have been carried out by Islamic Fundamentalist groups. In 2015, Boko Haram, the Taliban, Daesh and Al-Qaeda were responsible for 74% of all terrorist attacks which took place across the globe. It is widely recognised that aid is used to promote donor interests in areas such as curbing terrorism. This thesis is focused on identifying whether terrorist attacks which have been carried out by Islamic Fundamentalist groups has increased the amount of aid to Muslim countries. The research identifies that in the earliest parts of the 21st century Iraq and Afghanistan received large proportions of aid due to the ‘War on Terror.’ From 2010 onwards this trend shifts and other countries that have large Muslim populations have increasingly received vast proportions of aid. This trend has been attributed to the changing context and concerns such as the War in Syria and the migration crisis. The research also looks at whether isolated terrorist incidents influence aid allocations. I have examined trends related to UK aid before and after the 7/7 bombings. The evidence shows that countries which are defined by the US Department of State as ‘state sponsors of terrorism’ and ‘terrorist safe havens’ have received more aid after the 9/11 hijackings and then after the 7/7 bombings.

Esse estudo tem como objetivo investigar o comportamento da oferta de trabalho dos cônjuges brasileiros e verificar o grau de adequação desse em relação a um modelo específico dentro da abordagem coletiva (\'collective models\'). O modelo coletivo de oferta de trabalho com fatores distributivos oferece uma estrutura teórica para interpretar o processo decisório intra-familiar e seus resultados, as alocações de consumo e oferta de trabalho das famílias, que são Pareto eficientes por hipótese. Fatores distributivos são variáveis que afetam a decisão sobre oferta de trabalho, mas não tem impactos sobre as preferências nem a restrição orçamentária das famílias. As informações relativas à amostra de famílias brasileiras foram obtidas a partir da PNAD e da Estatística de Registros Civis, ambas para o ano de 2004. Os resultados não rejeitam as restrições derivadas do modelo coletivo, tanto em sua forma geral quanto na versão restrita pela imposição de preferências egoístas. Além disso, as variáveis adotadas como fatores distributivos, sex-ratio e \'participação em divórcios\', influenciam, de forma significativa e condizente com a teoria, a oferta de trabalho de maridos e esposas. / This paper has as objective to investigate the Brazilian spouses\' labor supply behavior and to empirically check the adequacy of a specific collective model. The collective labor supply model with distribution factors offers a theoretical structure to interpret the intra-household decision process and its results, the families\' choices of consumption and labor supply, who are Pareto efficient. Distribution factors are variables that affect the labor supply decision, but do not have impacts on the preference relations nor the budget constraint of the families. The sample of Brazilian families had been gotten from the \"PNAD\" and \"Estatística de Registros Civis\", for the year of 2004. The results do not reject the restrictions derived from the collective model, neither in its general form nor in the egoisti preferences form. Moreover, distribution factors, sex-ratio and \'participação em divórcios\', are found to affect labor supply of husbands and wives in the directions predicted by the theory and to be statistically significant.

Although water is considered a renewable resource, there is only a fixed amount of water available. No additional water can be made, and we cannot easily control how fast water is recycled or in what form it will appear and where. With expected growth in the world’s population and economy, the same amount of water must supply more needs. Taking into account climate change projections and water-related environmental stresses, even less water might be available for human uses. People will need to decide how to serve a multitude of water needs. This dissertation uses the Southern Nevada Water Authority’s (SNWA) Groundwater Development Project to investigate how water policy designs handle the challenges of meeting urban and rural as well as human and ecological water needs when allocating scarce water supplies. The Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) plans to build a pipeline to transfer groundwater from five rural basins in northeastern Nevada 300 miles south to the Las Vegas metropolitan area in Southern Nevada. SNWA has asked the Nevada State Engineer to approve its water right applications to develop and use groundwater from these rural basins. One of the basins, Snake Valley, straddles the border between Nevada and Utah. An interstate agreement allocating the groundwater between the two states is required before the State Engineer can approve water rights that would be diverted from Snake Valley. We found that policy debates and people’s rationales for how water should be allocated revolved around disagreements over beneficial use. In addition, water agreements need to be designed so that the risks from hydrologic uncertainties and impacts from other users are also apportioned clearly and equitably. Policy designs are purposefully crafted and have enormous impact, yet analysis of the actual contents of policies and their societal impacts has not received adequate attention within the policy sciences. The significance of this research is that it focuses on the foundational principles and rules for the allocation of scarce water resources that must necessarily balance urban and rural interests as well as human and environmental needs.

Resource management is important for network design and deployment. Resource management and allocation have been studied under a wide variety of scenarios --- routing in wired networks, scheduling in cellular networks, multiplexing, switching, and channel access in opportunistic networks are but a few examples. In this dissertation, we revisit resource management in the context of routing and scheduling in multihop wireless networks and pricing in single resource systems. The first issue addressed is of delays in multihop wireless networks. The resource under contention is capacity which is allocated by a joint routing and scheduling algorithm. Delay in wireless networks is a key issue gaining interest with the growth of interactive applications and proliferation of wireless networks. We start with an investigation of the back-pressure algorithm (BPA), an algorithm that activates the schedule with the largest sum of link weights in a timeslot. Though the BPA is throughput-optimal, it has poor end-to-end delays. Our investigation identifies poor routing decisions at low loads as one cause for it. We improve the delay performance of max-weight algorithms by proposing a general framework for routing and scheduling algorithms that allow directing packets towards the sink node dynamically. For a stationary environment, we explicitly formulate delay minimization as a static problem while maintaining stability. We see similar improved delay performance with the advantage of reduced per time-slot complexity. Next, the issue of pricing for flow based models is studied. The increasing popularity of cloud computing and the ease of commerce over the Internet is making pricing a key issue requiring greater attention. Although pricing has been extensively studied in the context of maximizing revenue and fairness, we take a different perspective and investigate pricing with predictability. Prior work has studied resource allocations that link insensitivity and predictability. In this dissertation, we present a detailed analysis of pricing under insensitive allocations. We study three common pricing models --- fixed rate pricing, Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) auctions, and congestion-based pricing, and provide the expected operator revenue and user payments under them. A pre-payment scheme is also proposed where users pay on arrival a fee for their estimated service costs. Such a mechanism is shown to have lower variability in payments under fixed rate pricing and VCG auctions while generating the same long-term revenue as in a post-payment scheme, where users pay the exact charge accrued during their sojourn. Our formulation and techniques further the understanding of pricing mechanisms and decision-making for the operator.