La industria arequipeña textil de fibra de alpaca es una de las actividades económicas más importantes de nuestro país debido a que tiene una gran influencia sobre la economía de nuestro país, ya que cuenta con productos de calidad sumamente reconocidos a nivel mundial. Arequipa cuenta con empresas afianzadas y consolidadas económicamente que están integradas horizontalmente, con procesos estandarizados y mercados desarrollados lo que se traduce en una ventaja competitiva, a esto también le suma la disponibilidad de variedad de fibras y lanas de diversos camélidos lo que la hace aún más competitiva en el mercado mundial, pero esto no sería suficiente para mantenernos en el mercado ya que la industria textil arequipeña de fibra de alpaca debe mantenerse en una búsqueda constante de innovación y mejorar sus productos en base a la fibra de alpaca. Es importante tener en cuenta que debemos de impulsar el crecimiento sostenible y diversificar las exportaciones peruanas, la industria textil debe adaptarse al escenario cambiante del mercado mundial, buscando adoptar medidas para mejorar la competitividad del sector de fibra de alpaca, debido a que es uno de nuestros principales motores para la economía de la región Arequipa. Actualmente el 80% de las alpacas son de propiedad de comunidades campesinas y productores de escasos recursos con un cuidado de tipo tradicional carente de innovación tecnológica y el resto es de medianos productores y empresas asociativas, es por ello que la industria textil debe enfocarse en generar alianzas estratégicas con sus proveedores para generar un ganar-ganar en corto y largo plazo. Asimismo la fibra de alpaca tiene una producción aproximada de 3,400 toneladas anuales aproximadamente, de las cuales el 85% es destinado a la industria, la cual usualmente es para exportación, el 15% es para el uso en artesanía o consumo propio. El presente plan estratégico ayudara a identificar los principales factores que afectan la industria textil de fibra de alpaca en Arequipa y como logrará mantenerse competitivos en un mercado internacional cambiante, considerando que se cuenta con una evidente ventaja comparativa como es la disponibilidad de materia prima y ventajas competitivas desarrolladas, buscando tener un factor de desarrollo sostenible con aprovechamiento racionalizado de nuestros recursos y generar una cadena de abastecimiento por medio de alianzas entre productores, exportadores y clientes / The alpaca fiber textile sector is one of the most important industries of our country because it has a great influence on the economy of our country, since it is a market highly recognized worldwide. Arequipa has a good quality alpaca raw material at an economical price, which is the main comparative advantage in this sector compared to the rest of regions, to this is also added the variety of fibers and wool of various camelids what Makes it competitive in the world market, but this would not be enough to keep us in the market since Arequipa must be in a constant search to innovate and improve its products based on alpaca fiber. It is important to bear in mind that we must promote sustainable growth and diversify Peruvian exports, Arequipa must adapt to the changing scenario of the textile market, seeking to adopt measures to improve the competitiveness of the alpaca fiber sector, because it is one of our Main drivers for the economy of our region. Currently 80% of alpacas are owned by peasant communities and producers of scarce resources with a traditional type of care lacking technological innovation and the rest are medium producers and associative enterprises, which is why the textile sector should focus on generating Strategic alliances with its suppliers to generate a short-term and long-term winwin. In addition, alpaca fiber has an approximate production of 3,400 tons per year, of which 85% is destined for industry, which is usually for export, 15% is for use in handicrafts or own consumption. This strategic plan will help us to identify the main factors that affect the alpaca fiber textile industry in Arequipa and how to remain competitive in an international market, considering that we have an evident comparative advantage with the alpaca population, looking for a factor of Sustainable development with a rational use of our resources and generate a supply chain through alliances between producers, exporters and customers / Tesis

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo generar una propuesta de valor para una micro y pequeña empresa confeccionista de prendas de fibra de alpaca en relación con el aprovisionamiento de hilo 100% de fibra de alpaca proveniente de comunidades alto andinas, para lo cual se desarrolló una investigación a nivel exploratorio y descriptivo, con el fin de reconocer a los actores involucrados en la cadena de pelos finos y la detección de los puntos críticos en relación con el suministro de la materia prima. A través de la investigación, se demostró que el trabajar con hilatura sin normalización genera un mayor costo para la empresa, por lo que es necesario establecer las fuentes de suministros, los criterios de selección de proveedores y contar con normas técnicas que permitan el control de la calidad de la hilatura, integrando los procesos de crianza, producción e hilado de la fibra de alpaca que coadyuve a un desarrollo bilateral entre la empresa Nani Killay y los proveedores del sector de las micro y pequeñas empresas de tejeduría de pelos finos.

No description available.

These projects were conducted to determine the digestibility of forage diets with differing CP levels in llamas and alpacas. The Utah study was designed to compare llama and alpaca nutritional parameters to determine if nutritional recommendations for llamas can be directly extrapolated to alpacas. The first study evaluated the effects of forage quality on blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in mature, intact male llamas (n = 4, 36 ± 4.4 months, 87 ± 17 kg) at high altitude in Letanias, Bolivia (4,267 m = aprox.14,000 ft above sea level). A second experiment was conducted with eight adult gelded camelids (n = 8; 4 llamas, 24-36 months, 90 ± 10.7 kg; 4 alpacas, 24-36 months, 50 ± 4 kg) at Brigham Young University, Provo, UT (altitude 1370 m). Animals were randomly fed barley hay (B) and 80% barley/20% alfalfa hay (BA). A fresh cut grass pasture (P) was included as the third forage for Bolivian llamas. Animals were housed in metabolism crates and diets were fed for a 7 d adjustment period followed by a 5 d collection period. Feed, feed refusal, feces and urine were collected, dried and N content determined by combustion analysis. Venous blood samples were collected on d 12 at 30 min intervals over a 6 h period. Plasma was harvested and analyzed for electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Ca++, P, Mg) and metabolites (glucose, non- esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), urea N, creatinine, albumin, total protein (TPP), osmolality (Osm)). Llamas and alpacas demonstrated differences with respect to nitrogen metabolism when consuming forage diets with differing protein concentration. Llamas showed a N maintenance requirement of 0.75 g crude N/ W0.75. Using the standard CP to digestible protein (DP) conversion factor of 0.8, llamas required 0.60 digestible N/W0.75. When consuming the same high protein barley alfalfa diet, llamas had a much greater increase in N retention than alpacas. These species differences indicate that alpacas have a higher N requirement to meet metabolic needs, and extrapolations with respect to nitrogen requirements and balance are not valid between llamas and alpacas. In the Bolivian llama trial, locally grown and harvested hycrested and Siberian wheat grass pasture (P), barley (B), and barley80%/alfalfa20% (BA) hays were fed. The Bolivian llamas were in negative N balance when fed the B and P diets. Dry matter digestibility was greater with the B and BA than P forage, and N digestibility was significantly higher with BA than either the B or P forages. Nitrogen maintenance requirement for Bolivian llamas at 4,267 m was 0.58 compared to 0.75 g crude N/W0.75 for Utah llamas, an increased digestive efficiency and a lower N maintenance requirement at higher altitude.

This study was done in the subtropical high Andes of Ulla Ulla. Its objectives were to determine the botanical composition, nutritional value, and preferred forages in the wetlands (hydromorphic and mesico) diet, by season (dry and wet), and by botanical family (12 families). Three-hundred sixty samples were collected from 6 alpacas with esophageal fistulations, and from them nutritional value and botanical composition were determined; the latter was compared with the botanical composition of the wetlands to determine preference. The results are highly significant (p<0.01) for botanical families, interaction between season and family, interaction of wetland type and family, and interaction of the season with wetland type and family. Species from the family Juncaceae were the most consumed with 27.78%, followed by moderate consumption of Cyperaceae (21.03%), Gramineae (15.02%), and Rosaceae (12.39%). Lower consumption occurred with Umbeliferaceae and Asteraceae with 6.61% and 5.64%, respectively, and the lowest consumption was of Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae, minor plants, Gentianiaceae, unidentified plants, and Ranunculaceae with 2.86%, 2.50%, 2.17%, 2.08%, 1.03%, and 0.89%, respectively. The botanical families with the greatest preference value (PV) were Gramineae (PV=6.48), Scrophulariaceae (PV=8.75), Gentianiaceae (PV=7.55), and Ranunculaceae (PV=8.16). Proportional preference was observed in Juncaceae (PV=1.49), Cyperaceae (PV= -1.72), Rosaceae (PV=1.82), and Umbeliferaceae (PV= -0.82). The Asteraceae family was classified as a forced preference (PV= -6.29). The average nutritional value of the diet shows high values: 14.69% of raw protein, 14.58% ash, 85.42% organic matter, 21.43% raw fiber, and 31.00% neutral detergent fiber. It was concluded that alpacas efficiently select their diet for nutritional value, however, consumption is not appropriate, which results in negative live weight gain, especially in the dry season. On the other hand, the plants' preference values correspond to the lowest and one of the highest is a forced preference, according to the botanical composition of the wetland, which suggests that the preferred plants are repeatedly consumed in current continual pastures, and that alpacas are forced to consume unpalatable plants. This reflects on bad CANAPAS wetlands management in Ulla Ulla. Consequently, reversing this situation implies changes in pasture management and a reduction of the animal load.

En el presente proyecto se desarrollará la reinvención de Namacu, empresa de moda sostenible en base a la elaboración y exportación de prendas de fibra de alpaca producidas por artesanos cusqueños especializados, lo que garantiza una alta calidad. La fibra de alpaca es un tipo de lana cada vez más demandada en el mercado peruano e internacional. Sin embargo, la comercialización de este tipo de fibra es mayormente como materia prima. Si bien existe producción en menor escala, esta producción de prendas tiene diseños básicos y comunes. Por tal motivo, Namacu comercializa prendas de fibra de alpaca de diseñador, con una cadena de valor justa con los productores y artesanos. Esto permite al consumidor tener ropa exclusiva y tener el conocimiento de que se realizan prácticas justas permitiendo el desarrollo de todos los involucrados. Esto es una clara muestra de responsabilidad social y sostenibilidad como parte fundamental de la visión de la empresa para generación de valor agregado. La principal fuente de ingresos será la venta minorista en Lima, Arequipa, Cusco y más adelante en las principales ciudades de Estados Unidos. Se requiere un socio inversionista que aporte el 20% del capital, es decir S/ 12,218. Este capital considera el lote de producción y herramientas necesarias para el rediseño de la compañía. Esta inversión podrá ser recuperada por los inversionistas en menos de 2 años y demuestra una alta rentabilidad. / In this project, the reinvention of Namacu, a sustainable fashion company based on the production and export of alpaca fiber garments produced by specialized Cusco artisans, will be developed, guaranteeing high quality. Alpaca fiber is a type of wool that it’s demand is increasing in the Peruvian and international markets. However, the commercialization of this type of fiber is mainly as a raw material. Although there is production on a smaller scale, this garment production has basic and common designs. For this reason, Namacu sells designer alpaca fiber garments, with a fair value chain with producers and artisans. This allows the consumer to have exclusive clothing and have the knowledge that fair practices are carried out allowing the development of all those involved. This is a clear sign of social responsibility and sustainability as a fundamental part of the company's vision for generating added value. The main source of income will be retail sales in Lima, Arequipa, Cusco and later in the main cities of the United States. An investment partner is required to contribute 20% of the capital, that is, S/ 12,218. This capital considers the batch of production and tools necessary for the redesign of the company. This investment can be recovered by investors in less than 2 years and shows high profitability. / Trabajo de investigación

The myc family of oncogenic transcription factors, which includes c-myc, N-myc and L-myc, control major cellular processes such as proliferation and differentiation by integrating upstream signals and orchestrating global gene transcription. They do this largely through dimerising with Max, which together bind to enhancer (E)-box elements in DNA. Myc proteins function similarly but differ in potency and tissue distribution. For instance, N-myc is expressed predominantly during development in undifferentiated cells of the nervous system, whereas c-myc is ubiquitously expressed in all proliferating cells. Myc proteins, when deregulated, are major drivers of tumourigenesis. Myc deregulation occurs in up to 70% of all human cancers and is often associated with the most aggressive forms. For example, MYCN, the gene encoding N-myc, is amplified in 20-30% of neuroblastomas, and amplification strongly correlates with advanced stage and poor prognosis. Myc proteins are therefore considered “most wanted” targets for cancer therapy, but have long been considered undruggable mainly due to challenges in nuclear drug delivery and physically targeting myc directly given that it is a largely disordered protein that lacks discernible clefts and pockets for small molecules to inhabit. Furthermore, c-myc is important in normal tissue maintenance so the effect of its inhibition in humans is difficult to predict. However, recent in vivo studies showed that systemic myc inhibition (using the peptide pan myc inhibitor Omomyc) has mild and reversible side effects and induces tumour regression. This has alleviated concerns about the side effects that myc inhibition might have, and reinforced the promise of myc as a powerful drug target. However, the translation of Omomyc into the clinic has been hindered by poor cellular delivery. In fact, no direct myc inhibitor has yet been approved, indicating that novel approaches are needed. Moreover, inhibitors in development tend to inhibit all myc family proteins. An inhibitor that could specifically target N-myc might improve safety through bypassing c-myc inhibition. This could be used for the treatment of N-myc-driven cancers such as MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibodies, are a relatively new drug class. Whilst some are already in clinical trials for a wide range of diseases, these are specific for cell-surface or extracellular targets. However, their properties also make them ideal for use as intracellular antibodies or ‘intrabodies’. For example, they are small (just 12-15 kDa) and highly soluble due to naturally occurring hydrophobic to hydrophilic amino acid substitutions. Their small size and convex shape makes them advantageous in capturing structures in intrinsically disordered proteins and allows them to reach hidden epitopes not accessible to conventional antibodies, which could improve biological activity. Importantly, nanobodies retain the high specificities and affinities of conventional antibodies. Their small, single-domain nature also means they can be engineered with ease to modify aspects of their localisation and/or function. For example, they can be coupled to carrier molecules to facilitate cellular entry, and a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) can be added to drive them into the nucleus. Also, it was recently shown that an F-box domain could also be incorporated into nanobodies to recruit degradation machinery to its antigen, which depletes the antigen from cells via the proteasomal degradation pathway. Due to their highly advantageous properties, nanobodies raised against N-myc might overcome the barriers to targeting N-myc, providing potent and specific means of directly inhibiting N-myc therapeutically, which has not yet been achieved. In this thesis, nine unique nanobodies were raised against N-myc. These included three against the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) domain where Max dimerises, and six against the transactivation domain where numerous regulatory and cofactor proteins bind, such as the E3 ubiquitin ligase Skp2. Nanobodies against the transactivation domain were more specific for N-myc and were shown to inhibit its Skp-2-mediated ubiquitylation. This could provide novel means of eradicating tumours based on a study showing that inhibition of ubiquitylation at this domain triggers a transcriptional ‘switch’ that induces a non-canonical target gene Egr1, leading to p53-independent apoptosis. A nanobody against the bHLH-LZ (Nb C2) was shown to bind both N- and c-myc to similar magnitudes. Its affinity for N-myc bHLH-LZ was superior to that of the small molecule myc inhibitor 10058-F4, which prolongs survival in a MYCN-dependent mouse model of high-risk neuroblastoma. Nb C2 spontaneously transduced cell membranes and its coupling to a novel small molecule carrier (SMoC) enhanced its cellular uptake. Furthermore, the addition of a NLS increased its nuclear localisation. Preliminary experiments showed that Nb C2 might slow proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines expressing c-myc, suggesting that Nb C2 might also be effective against cancers characterised by deregulated c-myc. Taken together, data generated in this thesis have revealed intriguing findings that provide a basis for the development of these nanobodies for the treatment of N-myc- and c-myc-driven cancers.

The pharmacokinetics of two antimicrobials were investigated in alpacas. Six healthy alpacas were each administered a single dose of 10 mg/kg of oxytetracycline by IV injection and IM injection. In addition, a single dose of 20 mg/kg of florfenicol by IV administration was given to alpacas in a separate study. The pharmacokinetic parameters of oxytetracycline and florfenicol in alpacas were compared to the results previously obtained in llamas. There were significant differences between llamas and alpacas in several of oxytetracycline pharmacokinetic parameters but there were no significant differences in all of florfenicol pharmacokinetic parameters in these two animals. It can be concluded that llamas and alpacas have different oxytetracycline disposition kinetics while they have similar disposition kinetics of florfenicol. The pharmacokinetics of clorsulon, a narrow-spectrum anthelmintic agent, was investigated in llamas following oral administration at a single dose of 14 mg/kg. The plasma levels of clorsulon produced by this dose was lower than the values reported in the clorsulon pharmacokinetic studies carried out in sheep and goats following oral administration at a single dose of 7 mg/kg This suggests the entire dose of clorsulon is not absorbed in llamas. Since the differential equations describing one-compartment system with first-order input and two-compartment system after IV administration with nonlinear elimination kinetics cannot be solved, there is no mathematical expression for the AUC for drugs following these models. The AUC values calculated from the proposed preliminary AUC equations for drugs following these models were compared to the AUC calculated using the trapezoidal rule method based on computer-generated data using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Except for a few exceptions, the predicted AUC from the proposed equations matched the values calculated from the theoretically generated data. / Graduation date: 2004

During the past few years a development of breeding llamas and alpacas took place in Czech Republic. Increasing interest in those animals entails the need to determine how they respond to the conditions of our country. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the growth ability of crias, some of the physical dimensions (withers height) and bodyweight of adult llamas. The same indicators are to be evaluated for alpacas as well. The results are to be compared with the standard for llamas and alpacas. A total of 104 animals were measured and weighted, namely 44 llamas and 60 alpacas, and 280 pairs of weight and height data were obtained. Weighing and measuring of adult llamas and alpacas took place once a year around the end of August for two years (2009 and 2010). Young llamas were weighed and measured at approximately monthly intervals according to the possibilities of their breeders. Young alpacas were weighed at approximately weekly intervals. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part evaluates llamas. It was discovered that the average birth weight of llamas in the Czech Republic is 11 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 130.3 kg and average height of 110.2 cm. Average daily gains were observed as follows: from birth to 7 weeks 0.20 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.18 kg per day and from 24 to 72 weeks 0.13 kg per day. The second part of this thesis is devoted to alpacas, for which the same parameters as for the llamas were monitored. It was found that the average birth weight of alpacas in the Czech Republic is 6.5 kg. Once mature, they reach an average live weight of 65.6 kg and average height at 88.4 cm. Average daily gains are at the following levels: from birth to 7 weeks 0.1 kg per day, from 7 weeks to 24 weeks 0.09 kg per day and from 24 weeks to 72 weeks 0.08 kg per day. It was found that these two species reach final physical maturity later in the Czech Republic than stated by literature. Compared to the standard, most of the llamas and alpacas are up to their standards.

No description available.